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Earth Layers and Plate Tectonics Guide

The document outlines the Earth's layers, including the crust, mantle, and core, and describes plate boundaries and their associated landforms. It discusses earthquakes and seismic waves, detailing their types and effects, as well as methods for locating epicenters. Additionally, it covers the Continental Drift Theory and Seafloor Spreading, specifically in the context of the Philippine setting, which is characterized by its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire.

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Joemarie Solares
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16 views1 page

Earth Layers and Plate Tectonics Guide

The document outlines the Earth's layers, including the crust, mantle, and core, and describes plate boundaries and their associated landforms. It discusses earthquakes and seismic waves, detailing their types and effects, as well as methods for locating epicenters. Additionally, it covers the Continental Drift Theory and Seafloor Spreading, specifically in the context of the Philippine setting, which is characterized by its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Uploaded by

Joemarie Solares
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Science 10 – 1st Quarter Reviewer

Earth’s Layers
The Earth is made of different layers:

Layer Description
Crust Outermost layer; thin; divided into
continental (thick, light) and oceanic (thin,
dense).
Mantle Middle layer; convection currents here move
plates.
Core Inner part; made of iron and nickel (liquid
outer core, solid inner core).
Remember: Plates float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere (upper mantle).

Plate Boundaries
Type Movement Resulting Landforms
Convergent Plates collide Mountains, volcanoes,
trenches
Divergent Plates move apart Mid-ocean ridges, new crust
Transform Plates slide past Earthquakes

Earthquakes & Seismic Waves


Wave Type Speed & Path Effect
P-Waves Fastest; travel through solid Arrive first at seismographs
& liquid
S-Waves Slower; only through solid Cause shaking; arrive after
P-waves
Surface Waves Slowest; on Earth's surface Cause most damage to
structures
To find the epicenter, seismologists use the arrival times of P- and S-waves from 3 stations
(triangulation).

Continental Drift & Seafloor Spreading

- Alfred Wegener (1912): Proposed the **Continental Drift Theory**.


- Evidence: Similar fossils (Mesosaurus), matching coastlines, mountain ranges, and rock
layers.
- Harry Hess: Proposed **Seafloor Spreading** at mid-ocean ridges, where magma rises and
forms new crust.

Philippine Setting

- The Philippines is in the **Pacific Ring of Fire**.


- Surrounded by trenches (Philippine Trench, Manila Trench) due to subduction zones.
- Many active volcanoes (e.g., Mayon, Taal, Pinatubo).
- Islands like Palawan & Mindoro are not part of the Philippine Mobile Belt.

Quick Recall
✔ Subduction → One plate sinks under another.
✔ Convection Currents → Cause plate movement.
✔ Fault → Crack in Earth’s crust.
✔ Trench → Deep depression at subduction zones.
✔ Ring of Fire → Zone of frequent earthquakes & volcanoes.

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