LOYOLA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
Listen. Learn. Lead
(Affiliated To CBSE, New Delhi, Aff No. 6630206)
Oasis Campus, Al Wukair
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ATTENTION TO ALL STUDETS OF CLASS XI
You have to finish the following work during the summer vacation July –August 2025
1. Complete the record work as per the instructions given earlier.
i. Salt analysis - 4 numbers
ii. Volumetric analysis-1
2. Revise all the reader exercise and in-text exercise of the First Term portion.
3. The last date of submission of record, project and holiday Assignment is 1st September 2025.
EX. NO: 1
SALT ANALYSIS -1
AIM
To identify the anion and cation present in the given salt.
MATERIALS REUIRED:
Test tubes, test tube holder, spatula, glass rod, watch glass.
PROCEDURE
PRELIMINARY TEST
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Colour Colourless Cu2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+
may be absent.
2 Solubility test:
i. Solubility in water Soluble but gives a ppt with NH4+ absent.
ii. Solubility in dil. HCl Na2CO3 Pb2+ absent.
3 Flame test: Soluble
The substance is made into a Absence of Cu2+,Sr2+, Ca2+,
paste with conc. HCl in a watch No characteristic flame colour. Ba2+
glass and a little of this shown in
the flame
4 Ash test:
Salt + conc. HNO3 + Cobalt
nitrate solution and heat the Pink ash. Mg2+ present.
mixture. Then dip a filter paper
in it and burn to ash.
[1]
Systematic test for anions.
1 Add a pinch of substance to dil. No characteristic change. Absence of CO32-
HCl
2 Salt + 2 or more drops of conc. No characteristic change. Absence of Cl-
H2SO4 and warm it.
-
3 Salt + conc. H2SO4 + Cu Light brown gas and solution Presence of NO3
turnings + heat turns bluish.
Confirmatory Test for Nitrate
-
Brown -Ring test Brown ring at the junction of Presence of NO3
-
To a solution of NO3 , add two layers. confirmed.
freshly prepared FeSO4 solution
followed by conc. H2SO4 along
the sides of
the test tube.
Result:
The given salt contains NO3- as anion.
Systematic test for cations:
+
I Test for NH4 :
+
Heat the salt with NaOH No characteristic smell NH4 absent.
solution.
II Salt solution + dil. HCl No ppt. Group 1 absent.
III Salt solution + dil. HCl + H2S No ppt. Group 2 absent.
IV Salt solution + NH4Cl + No ppt Group 3 absent.
NH4OH No ppt. Group 4 absent.
V Salt solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH+ H2S No ppt Group 5 absent.
VI Salt solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH +NH4(CO3)2 White ppt Group 6 (Mg2+) Present.
VII Salt solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH +Na2HPO4
Confirmatory test for magnesium ion
i Magneson test:
Salt solution + magneson reagent Blue ppt. Presence of Mg2+ confirmed.
followed by NaOH.
ii Ash test:
Salt + conc. HNO3 + Cobalt
nitrate solution and heat the Pink ash Presence of Mg2+ confirmed.
mixture. Then dip a filter paper
in it and burn to ash.
[2]
Result:
The given salt contains Mg2+ cation.
Report:
The given simple salt is Magnesium nitrate [Mg(NO3)2]
==========================================================================
EX. NO: 2 SALT ANALYSIS -2
AIM
To identify the anion and cation present in the given salt.
MATERIALS REUIRED:
Test tubes, test tube holder, spatula, glass rod, watch glass.
PROCEDURE
PRELIMINARY TEST
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Colour Colourless Cu2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+,
Mn2+ may be absent.
2 Solubility test:
i. Solubility in water Soluble but gives a ppt with NH4+ absent.
ii. Solubility in dil. HCl Na2CO3 Pb2+ absent.
3 Flame test: Soluble
The substance is made into a Presence of Ca2+
paste with conc. HCl in a watch Brick red flame.
glass and a little of this shown
in the flame
Ash test:
4 Salt + conc. HNO3 + Cobalt
nitrate solution and heat the No characteristic ash. Absence of Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+.
mixture. Then dip a filter paper
in it and burn to ash.
Systematic test for anions.
1 Add a pinch of substance to dil. No characteristics reaction. Absence of CO32-
HCl
2 Salt + 2 or more drops of conc. Colourless fuming gas with Presence of Cl-
H2SO4 and warm it. pungent smell which gives
dense white fumes with
NH4OH
Confirmatory Test for Chloride ion
AgNO3 test:
Add AgNO3 to salt solution in White curdy ppt soluble in Presence of Cl- confirmed.
the presence of dil.HNO3 excess of NH4OH.
[3]
Result:
The given salt contains Cl- anion.
Systematic test for cations.
+
I Test for NH4 :
+
Heat the salt with NaOH No characteristic smell NH4 absent.
solution.
II Salt solution + dil. HCl No ppt. Group I absent.
III Salt solution + dil. HCl + H2S No ppt. Group 2 absent.
IV Salt solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No ppt. Group 3 absent.
V Salt solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH No ppt. Group 4 absent.
+ H2S
VI Salt solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH White ppt. Group 5 (Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+)
+NH4(CO3)2 present.
Confirmatory test for cation
Dissolve group 5 ppt in dilute acetic acid and divide the solution into 3 parts.
i To the first part, add K2CrO4 No yellow ppt. Absence of Ba2+.
ii To the second part, add CaSO4 No white ppt. Absence of Sr2+.
To the third part add (NH4)2C2O4 White ppt. Presence of Ca2+
iii Flame test:
The substance is made into a Brick red flame. Presence of Ca2+ confirmed.
paste with conc. HCl in a watch
glass and a little of this shown in
the flame
Result:
The given salt contains Ca2+ cation.
Report:
The given simple salt is Calcium chloride [CaCl2]
==========================================================================
Ex. NO: 3 SALT ANALYSIS -3
AIM
To identify the anion and cation present in the given salt.
MATERIALS REUIRED:
Test tubes, test tube holder, spatula, glass rod, watch glass.
PROCEDURE
PRELIMINARY TEST
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Colour Colourless Cu2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+
may be absent.
2 Solubility test:
[4]
+
i. Solubility in water Insoluble NH4 absent.
ii. Solubility in dil. HCl
Flame test: Soluble Pb2+ absent.
3 The substance is made into a
paste with conc. HCl in a watch No characteristic flame colour. Absence of Cu2+,Sr2+, Ca2+,
glass and a little of this shown in Ba2+
the flame
Ash test:
Salt + conc. HNO3 + Cobalt
4 nitrate solution and heat the Blue ash.
mixture. Then dip a filter paper Al3+ present.
in it and burn to ash.
Systematic test for anions.
i Add a pinch of substance to No characteristic reaction. Absence of CO32-
dil. HCl
ii Salt + 2 or more drops of conc. No characteristic reaction. Absence of Cl-
H2SO4 and warm it.
-
iii Salt + conc. H2SO4 + Cu No characteristic reaction. Absence of NO3
turnings + heat
iv Salt solution in dil HCl + White ppt. Presence of SO42-
BaCl2 solution
Confirmatory Test for Sulphate
Salt solution+BaCl2 solution White ppt insoluble in Con Presence of SO42- confirmed.
HCl.
Result:
The given salt contains SO 42- anion.
Systematic test for cations.
+
I Test for NH4 :
+
Heat the salt with NaOH No characteristic smell NH4 absent.
solution.
II Salt solution + dil. HCl No ppt. Group I absent.
III Salt solution + dil. HCl + H2S No ppt. Group 2 absent.
IV Salt solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH White gelatinous ppt Group 3(Al3+) present.
Confirmatory test for Aluminium ion
i To the salt solution in dil. HCl, Gelatinous blue ppt suspended Presence of Al3+ confirmed.
add 2 drops of blue litmus and in solution.
then NaOH drop by drop.
ii Ash test:
Salt + conc. HNO3 + Cobalt Blue ash Presence of Al3+ confirmed.
nitrate solution and heat the
mixture. Then dip a filter paper
in it and burn to ash.
[5]
Result:
The given salt contains Al3+ cation.
Report:
The given simple salt is Aluminium sulphate [Al2(SO4)3]
==========================================================================
EX. NO: 4 SALT ANALYSIS -4
AIM
To identify the anion and cation present in the given salt.
MATERIALS REUIRED:
Test tubes, test tube holder, spatula, glass rod, watch glass.
PROCEDURE
PRELIMINARY TEST
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Colour Colourless Cu2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+
Solubility test: may be absent.
2 i. Solubility in water
ii. Solubility in dil. HCl Soluble but no ppt with Na2CO3 NH4+ present.
Flame test: Soluble Pb2+ absent.
3 The substance is made into a
paste with conc. HCl in a watch No characteristic flame colour. Absence of Cu2+,Sr2+, Ca2+,
glass and a little of this shown in Ba2+
the flame
Ash test:
Salt + conc. HNO3 + Cobalt
4 nitrate solution and heat the
mixture. Then dip a filter paper No characteristic ash. Mg2+, Zn2+, Al3+ absent.
in it and burn to ash.
Systematic test for anions.
1 Add a pinch of substance to dil. No characteristic reaction. Absence of CO32-
HCl
-
2 Salt + 2 or more drops of conc. No characteristic reaction. Absence of Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3
H2SO4 and warm it.
-
3 Salt + conc. H2SO4 + Cu No characteristic reaction. Absence of NO3
turnings + heat
4 Salt solution in dil HCl + BaCl2 White ppt. Presence of SO42-
solution
Confirmatory Test for Sulphate
Salt solution + BaCl2 solution White ppt insoluble in conc. Presence of SO42- confirmed.
HCl
[6]
Result:
The given salt contains SO 42- anion.
Systematic test for cations.
+
I Test for NH4 :
+
Heat the salt with NaOH Smell of ammonia. NH4 present.
solution.
Confirmatory test for NH4+ ion
+
Salt solution in water + Nessler’s Brown ppt. Presence of NH4 confirmed.
reagent + NaOH
Result:
The given salt contains NH 4+ cation.
Report:
The given simple salt is Ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4)]
==========================================================================
RIGHT HAND SIDE OF RECORD (WRITE WITH PEN)
INORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
TITRATION:--
Process of interaction between two solutions in a controlled way.
END POINT:-
The point in a titration at which the reaction just get completed.
INDICATOR:-
The substance which denotes the completion of a reaction in a titration by colour change.
TITRANT:-
The solution which is to be titrated- solution taken in the conical flask.
TITRAND:-
The solution taken in the burette or titrand is a solution of unknown concentration which is added (titrated) to
another solution of known concentration.
STANDARD SOLUTION:-
A solution of known strength.
PRIMARY STANDARD:-
The standard solution which can be prepared directly by weighing it accurately.
QUALITIES OF PRIMARY STANDARD:-
The substance should possess constant chemical composition, sufficient stability and It should be available in
highly pure form.
MOLARITY:-
Number of moles of solute per litre of solution is called molarity. It is denoted by ‘M’
M= mass of solute x 1000
Molar mass of solute x volume of solution in ml.
PRECAUTIONS:-
Apparatus should be thoroughly cleaned, washed and the pipette and burette should be rinsed with
[7]
appropriate solution.
Always take KMnO4 solution in the burette
Do not forget to remove the air bubbles from the nozzle.
Wash the burette after use ie do not leave the reagent in the burette after completing the experiment.
==========================================================================
RIGHT HAND SIDE OF RECORD
[Link] 5
00 / 00/2025
Determination of strength of a given solution of hydrochloric acid by titrating it against standard
solution of sodium carbonate.
Aim:
(a) To prepare 100ml of M/10 Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) solution.
(b) To calculate the Molarity and strength of HCl solution.
Apparatus Required
Burette, Pipette, Standard flask, Conical flask and burette stand.
Preparation of M/10 Standard solution of Sodium carbonate:
Theory:
(a) Sodium carbonate, commonly known as soda ash or washing soda, has the molecular formula Na₂CO₃.
The molar mass of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) is 106 g/mol.
(b) Calculation of amount of sodium carbonate to be weighed to prepare 100ml M/10 solution:
Formula for weight calculation
M=0.1
Molar mass= 106g/mol
Volume=100ml
Weight (g)=________________________ g
Procedure
Weigh 1.06 gram of sodium carbonate using an electronic balance.
Using a funnel, transfer sodium carbonate into the volumetric flask.
Add distilled water to dissolve the oxalic acid.
Make up the volume to the required level using distilled water.
The standard solution is prepared.
Titration of HCl by standard solution of sodium carbonate
Theory:
The strength of hydrochloric acid is determined by titrating it against sodium carbonate solution. When HCl
reacts with sodium carbonate, it undergoes neutralization, as per the following reaction;
[8]
Methyl orange, being a weak base, is used in this titration. Methyl orange is yellow in unionized form. In
this reaction, When the entire solution of sodium carbonate is neutralized, the last drop of acid added
produces the pinkish red colour. Appearance of this colour marks the end point of the reaction.
PROCEDURE:
Rinse the burette with HCl solution. Fill the burette with HCl solution. Upper meniscus of HCl solution
should be read.
Rinse the pipette with sodium carbonate solution and pipette out 20ml. of sodium carbonate solution into
the conical flask.
Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator into the conical flask.
Keep a glazed tile under the burette and place the conical flask on it.
Note down the initial reading of the burette.
Run down the HCl solution into the conical flask drop wise with shaking.
Stop the titration when a permanent pinkish red colour is obtained in the solution.
This is the end point. Note down the final burette reading.
Repeat the experiment until three concordant values are obtained.
OBSERVATION TABLE: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE LEFT-HAND SIDE USING A PENCIL)
HCl Vs Sodium Carbonate
Indicator: Methyl Orange
End point: Appearance of permanent pinkish red colour
[Link] Volume of Na2CO3 Burette Reading Volume of HCl
(ml) (ml)
Initial Final
1 20 0
2 20 0
3 20 0
CALCULATIONS: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE LHS USING A PENCIL)
Molarity of HCl (M2)=1/10 M
=0.1 M
[9]
a1=basicity of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3=2)
M1 = molarity of HCl
V1 = volume of HCl
a2=acidity of HCl (HCl=1)
V2 = volume of Na2CO3
M2 = molarity of Na2CO3
Molarity of HCl
=
= ________________ M
Calculate the Strength of HCl:
Strength of HCl Solution= MHCl x Molecular mass of HCl
= MHCl x 36.6 g/l
= _______________ g/l
Result: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE RHS USING A PEN)
1. Molarity of HCl = --------------------- M
2. Weight per litre of HCl = -------------------- g/l
[10]
