How to calculate gas pipes

February 1, 2019 by Bruno12 comments

In this entry, I will discuss the use of Renouard's formulas for calculation.
fuel gas pipes. We can use these equations to determine the
diameter, or to justify the pressure drop in butane, propane or pipelines
natural gas.

If you are interested in watching a video tutorial where I solve a calculation using these
formulas, visit the page titled Example of low pressure gas pipe calculations.

The Renouard formulas are collected in various reference texts, such as the
UNE 60621 standard, or the Installation Manuals for Cepsa or Gas
Natural.

Renoaurd Linear Formula

This formula is valid for relative pressures lower than 0.05 bar. This range of
pressure is the usual after the subscriber regulator.

Being:

P1Initial relative pressure (mbar)

P2Final relative pressure (mbar)

Fictitious or calculated density (without units)

LeEquivalent length of the segment (m)

Gas flow rate (m3(n)/h), under normal conditions. If you are interested in finding out
how to obtain the simultaneous flow of a section, you can consult the entry
How to calculate design flows in gas installations.

D: Interior diameter of the pipe (mm)

This formula is useful for determining or justifying the diameter of the pipes.
in gas receiving facilities that operate at low pressure. This is usually the case for
individual or private facilities.
In the following tables, we summarize the pressure to consider at the output of the regulator plus
close to gas appliances and the minimum pressure for proper operation of the
most common devices. In the case of industrial devices, it will be necessary to consult the
minimum operating pressure to the manufacturer's specifications.

Pressure to the Minimum pressure at the valve

Case output of of the device (UNE Standard
regulator 60670 part 4)

Butane or propane with regulator

20 mbar for butane
domestic K30 coupled 28 mbar
25 mbar for propane
directly into the bottle

Propane with K50 regulator

50 mbar 42.5 mbar
directly coupled to the bottle

Propane with subscription regulator

37 mbar 25 mbar
installed in the pipe

Natural gas with regulator of

20 mbar 17 mbar
subscriber installed in the pipe

Renouard Quadratic Formula

The quadratic formula is valid for any range of pressures. It has the
inconvenience that presents greater difficulty for its resolution. This difficulty is
easily saved by using a spreadsheet.

Being:

P1Initial absolute pressure (bar)

P2Final absolute pressure (bar)

Fictitious or calculated density (without units)

Equivalent length of the section (m)

Gas flow (m3(n)/h), under normal conditions, see the note at the end.

D: Internal diameter of the pipe (mm)

Pay attention that in this version of the formula the expressions are absolute and they
expressed in bar. To obtain the absolute pressure from the gauge pressure
we must sum the normal atmospheric pressure. In gas calculations and working in bar
The atmospheric pressure is 1.01325 bar.

Formula for calculating gas velocity

The gas speed through the pipes is usually limited to 20 m/s by regulations.
application. Thus, in addition to justifying the diameter and pressure loss, in the calculations
for gas projects, we must validate that the speed is within acceptable values.
For that we can use the following formula:

Where:

V: Gas velocity (m/s)

Gas flow rate (m3(n)/h), under normal conditions, see the note at the end.

Absolute pressure (bar)

D:Diámetro interior de la tubería (mm)

In the pressure ranges used in combustible gas projects, it is not

necessary to apply the compressibility factor (Z = 1). Regarding the pressure to be applied (the
initial or final), note that the pressure drop along the section influences the
speed. That is why I recommend determining the speed at the end of the section, which you
It will give the highest value, and therefore the most unfavorable.

Fictitious or calculated density

Below is a table where you can check the fictitious density or
density to be used in the formulas of Renouard.

Gas Fictitious density (s)

Natural gas 0.60

Commercial propane 1.16

Commercial butane 1.44

Gas conditions
The calculations for gas fuel receiving installations can be solved in
two different conditions, standard conditions (also called reference conditions) and
normal conditions. They are summarized in the following table:

Conditions Absolute pressure Temperature

Normals 1.01325 bar 0ºC (273,15 K)

Standard 1,01325 bar 15ºC (288,15 K)

The equations presented in this post are for normal conditions. They can
find versions with the constants for standard conditions. In any case
we can quickly change the conditions of the gas using the equation of the
ideal gases, which for the case could be expressed as:

change-of-gas-conditions
 Being:

QnFlow under normal conditions (m3(n)/h)

QstFlow rate under standard conditions (m)3(st)/h

Conclusions
Remember that if you want to find a spreadsheet that uses these formulas to
solve an example, can you do it on the pageExample of gas pipe calculation
at low pressure, where you can also find a video that explains its use.

In the entry titledHow to calculate design flows in gas installationscanis

find more useful information about the design of gas receiving installations.

Filed under: Calculations and Tutorials Tagged as: Gas

Reader interactions
Comentarios

1. ELLERO GORIdice

April 10, 2019 at 2:40

I am looking for a way to size a

PIPE FOR PROPANE GAS WITH THE DIAMETER AND THE
LONGITUDE MAKE A CONTINUOUS PRESSURE DROP.
CORDIAL GREETINGS ELLERO GORI

Responder
o brunodice

10 abril 2019 al 10:29

Hello Ellero!

You can use any of those mentioned in the article, clearing.

the diameter.

To better assist you, I need the following information:

Gas power or flow required by the device

Pressure at the beginning of the section
Pressure required for the device to function
Pipe length

I await your comment.

A cordial greeting.

o ELLERO GORIdice

May 1, 2019 at 0:01

I WANT TO KNOW IF THERE IS A FORMULA TO DIMENSION.

A propane gas pipe that has to do with the length
A continuous drop in pressure
o Brunodice

May 1, 2019 at 10:28

Hello Ellero!

If the pipe feeds a single device, it is relatively simple, with the

indicated formulas.

You need to know the following data:

P1: Pressure at the beginning of the section, usually that which comes out of the last one
regulator before the device
P2: Pressure I need for the device to work
correctly
Lr: Real length of the section
Gas flow rate of the device (m3/h)

Let's suppose we have a natural gas device that consumes 2

m3/h of gas. The gas supply regulators in Spain have
a nominal output pressure of 20 mbar, and the device has a
minimum operating pressure of 17 mbar. The length of the
The pipe is 20m.

STEP 1. Calculate the equivalent length

In gas, it is normal to increase the actual length by 20% and the

30%, considering the 20%

Le = 1.2 x Lr = 1.2 x 20m = 22m

This is done to take into account accessories and unique elements.

like the device key.

STEP 2. I calculate the unit head loss as follows:

 (P1–P2) / Le = (20 mbar–17 mbar) / 22 m = 0.136 mbar/m

If I had an abacus or a pipe calculation table, I would have to

choose the pipe that gives me a flow rate greater than or equal to 2 m3/h with
a pressure drop LESS than or equal to 0.136 mbar/m.

If I can't go to step 3.

STEP 3. I use the appropriate Renouard Formula, in this case, by

the pressure of less than 50 mbar, the linear, cleared I have:

D = { ( 25078 * S * Q^1.82 ) * [ 1 / [ (P1–P2) / Le ] }^(1 / 4.82)

The formula requires some experience with spreadsheets.

If you have any issue with your application, please specify your
doubts as comments.

Greetings.

o ELLERO GORI says

June 4, 2019 at 0:01

PROBLEM: PROPANE GAS: FLOW RATE 100 LITERS PER MINUTE.

DIAMETRO INTERNO DE LA TUBERIA 2.5 mm.PRESION INICIAL 5
bar
FINAL PRESSURE MUST BE 1 bar. PRESSURE DROP 4 bar.
HOW LONG SHOULD THE PIPE BE TO MAKE
A pressure drop of 4 bar?
 o Brunodice

4 junio 2019 al 11:28

Hello Ellero:

For that pressure range you can use the Renouard equation.
quadratic (although I don't know if it appears in your study syllabus),
clearing would be:

L = (P1^2 - P2^2) / (51.5 x s x Q^1.82 x D^(-4.82))

Keep in mind that in the formula the pressures are absolute (you must
add 1,013 bar before squaring), and that the flow Q goes
expressed in m3/h. You have the complete reference in the following
article:

https://www.ingenierosindustriales.com/como-calcular-tuberias-de-gas/

A warm greeting.

2. She says

3 mayo 2019 al 16:17

How to size the piping to supply gas to a boiler of

multifamily housing with a gasification degree of 3. From the
connection outside the building?
 Responder

o Brunodice

May 3, 2019 at 18:29

Hello Laia!

We need the following data:

–Tipo de gas
Boiler power or gas flow
Length of the pipe
Pressure at the start of the pipe
Necessary pressure in the boiler

If you give me the data, we will solve an example!

A warm greeting.

3. Irving says

28 mayo 2019 al 21:30

I need to calculate the diameter of exhaust gas pipes.

bombs, I don't know if I could apply those formulas or any additional ones?
 It is a water pump for fire fighting. I hope you help me with
thank you.

Responder

o Brunodice

29 mayo 2019 al 11:29

Hello Irving!

If you are referring to the exhaust pipe or chimney of the diesel engine of the
electric generator (generator set), these equations do not work for you.
To size this pipe, you can best use the European standard.
of chimneys EN 13384 (which is quite complex), but the best thing is
that you request software from a chimney manufacturer. I know
the ofhttp://www.dinak.comand the one ofhttps://jeremias.com.es/ although it is
It is possible that you prefer to contact a manufacturer from your place of origin.

You will tell us if the information has been useful to you.

A cordial greeting.

4. VÍCTOR PATRICIO says

11 junio 2019 al 9:24

 Dear Bruno, greetings: I would like to point out that in this article
(How to calculate gas pipes), in the information provided in
"Gas Conditions," summarized in the table, show that the
Standard conditions are Pressure = 1.01325 bar and Temperature =
15°C (298.15 °K), should not the Temperature (°K) = 15°C +
273.15 = 288.15 K (in standard C). Please, I am interested.
clarify this situation, since later the relationship is used
273.15 : 298.15 for gas calculations under different conditions. Another
consultation; The fictitious density (correction of relative density) is
use only when the Renouard equations are employed for the
Calculations? I would appreciate a response.
Victor Patricio

Responder

o Brunodice

11 junio 2019 al 18:26

Hello Victor,

Thank you very much for your comment.

At first, you are completely right, it is 288.15 K.

Regarding the second point, the fictitious density should only be used in application.
from the Renouard equation.

A warm greeting.

Calculations for Low Pressure Gas Pipelines

Pressure
To calculate low pressure copper pipes, the linear formula of Renouard is applied, which
establish a relationship between pressure drop, relative density of the gas, flow rate, length and
diameter of a pipe.

Thus known:
Inner diameter of the pipe, expressed in mm: D.
Equivalent length of the pipe segment, expressed in m: Le.
Flow through the pipe, expressed in Nm3/h: Q.
Relative density of the gas: ds.
We can obtain the difference between the initial and final pressure, in mmcda: AP.

The formula that gives us this pressure difference is:

It is common to express pressure in mbar as well as in mmcda. To carry out the

conversion, remember that 1 mbar is 10 mmcda. Therefore, to convert from mbar to mmcda, you
it will multiply by 10, and vice versa, to convert from mmcda to mbar it will be divided by 10.

Thus, the final pressure of a section will be:

The values used in Renouard's expression are easy to locate.

Relative density is the density of the gas compared to air:

In any case, the UNE 60.670 part 4 standard establishes that it is a data that
must necessarily provide, among others, the gas supplier.
We can usually take these values:
For propane: 1.6.
For butane: 2.04.
For natural gas: 0.62.
A relative density greater than 1 indicates that it is a gas heavier than air and therefore
it will tend to occupy the lower parts of the rooms (this is where the vents will be), and
a relative density less than 1 will indicate that it is a gas lighter than air, and therefore,
it will tend to occupy the upper parts of the rooms (thus these ventilations, if they exist,
they will be in the upper area of the rooms).

The equivalent length is a length greater than the actual length of the gas pipe for
take into account the point pressure losses of the accessories and 'accidents' of the
pipes such as: elbows, tees, valves, etc.

Equivalent length = 1.2 x Real length

The flow rate must be volumetric, that is, expressed in m3/h. The flow rate of a gas appliance
it can be obtained from the following expression:
The flow rate of a system can be obtained from its design power by applying the following
expression:

Let's remember that the design powers refer to the higher heating value and by
Thus, 1.10, which is the ratio between higher heating value and does not appear in the expression.
inferior. The power of the devices must be the calorific expenses, that is to say the power
consumed by the devices, not their useful powers. The heat expenses of
the devices are referred to the lower heating value of the gas, that is what we observe when
read it on the appliance's rating plate.

The two previous expressions are cited in Standard UNE 60.670-4.

The pipe diameter is expressed in mm, indicating the internal diameter of the pipe.
regardless of the pipe material: copper, steel, polyethylene,...

This way we can start "proposing" diameters and observe if the final pressure is satisfactory.
Let us remember that in the device keys a minimum pressure must be obtained, which according to the
Standard UNE 60.670 part 4 is:

We can also use the Renouard formula to calculate the minimum inner diameter that
It must have a section of pipe based on the maximum pressure drop we want in.
in section. To do this, we simply solve for the diameter in terms of the other values.
obtaining:

As at FORMATEC we like to analyze problems to offer solutions, we have

I have prepared an Excel sheet for all of you that performs these calculations, which despite being
Simple, sometimes we can make mistakes.

Download it by clicking on the following icon:

GASNATURALSECO. Pipeline system for industrial internal installations

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with the leak tests and operating conditions
•
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According to the schedule, Table 6 indicates the minimum thicknesses for steel pipes.
•
The minimum wall thickness of polyethylene pipes is indicated in Table%-
•
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1;.CONSTRUCTION%EL
S I S T E # A % E T U E R ( A S 1 ; . 1 . GENERAL I % A % E S

Gas pipes should be installed, as much as possible, in straight lines, and bends should be avoided.
unnecessary changes of address

Pipes must be installed in such a way that they are easily accessible for inspection and
the maintenance

Pipes should be installed in such a way that they avoid tension and changes of direction in the metal pipes.
For normal accessories, folding cannot be carried out accordingly.
pipes In the case of polyethylene pipes, directional changes through bends can be
carry out with a minimum of ;A!ecesel di#metronominalde the pipe, always in accordance with the recommendations of the
manufacturers

Pipes should not be installed in the vicinity of electrical cables, heating pipes, or others.
installations that can cause damage In the Oigura = the minimum distances between the pipes that carry gas are indicated
last tubes of other services

Install gas pipelines inside other conduits or channels used for

they are different

The pipes are installed in ducts, they should have welded joints to themselves, they should
have lower and upper ventilation, and be accessible for maintenance and inspection
T
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pipe systems
1 . C O N S T R U C C I & N % E T U E R (AS S U T E R R * N EAS

The materials that can be used are steel, polyethylene, and copper, according to the specifications.
material previously from nida
 This NTPS only recommends welded joints for steel and copper, and fusion joints for polyethylene.

siretIcommendedo
tuseh
teo
fllwnig34o
*fh
treoperanitgpressuresw
e
trinbeolw-

The materials must be deposited at a certain depth in polyethylene and copper in trenches. In the trenches and the backfill material.
they must be exempt from sharp objects (for example, stones) that can cause damage to the pipes or deteriorate them
The ppies must be nisa
e
tlld over a alyer of sand and h
te mnim
i um deph
t of h
te coanitg alyer shoudl be
serde 7& cm

Within the ank, the distance with respect to other pipes or cables must be at least ;& cm in parallel sections and
=& CM at the crossing points
Underground pipes should not be installed under buildings or constructions.

The assumptions must be made in a way to ensure the continuity of the supply of the pipes.

They must install signs or appropriate signage to indicate the location.

1 ' . C O N S T R U C C I & N % E T U E R (AS % E S U $ E R ) I C I E
•
The structures in which the pipes are placed must be solid. The pipes should not be subject to
a type of tension
•
The unions and mechanical accessories must remain invisible.
•
Pipes that go through a wall or a floor must be installed with a plastic sleeve around them.
same
•
Contact with chemicals or constant moisture must be avoided by installing the pipes at least 10 cm.
above the ground floor
•
If the piping is installed in a duct, the following requirements must be met:
The conductor must be correct / 3 u s p a r e d e s d e b e r # n
significant