Database

Management
Systems
 Importance of Course
The Database course is important
because:
• It builds the foundation for
how information is stored,
managed, and accessed in
almost every modern system
or application.
Importance of Course
 Core of All Information Systems.
 Efficient Data Storage and Retrieval.
 Logical Thinking and Data Modeling.
 Data Security and Integrity.
 Foundation for Advanced Technologies
▪ Data Science & Analytics
▪ Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning
▪ Web & App Development
▪ Cloud Computing & Big Data Systems
Lecture Overview
 Database Definition
 Comparison with the prior Data Processing approach
 Pros & Cons of Databases
What is a
Database
 Data and types
 STRUCTURED DATA:
Structured data is highly organized and stored in a fixed
schema (rows and columns). It’s easily searchable using SQL
and fits perfectly into relational databases. Characteristics:
• Data is stored in tables (rows & columns).
• Each field has a defined data type (e.g., integer, string).
• Easy to enter, store, query, and analyze.
Examples Nowadays:
• Banking transactions
• Student records in a university database.
Software: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle Database, Microsoft SQL
Server
 Data and types
 UNSTRUCTURED DATA: BIG DATA
Unstructured data has no predefined model or format. It
cannot be stored in traditional tables and often includes
text, multimedia, or social media content.
Characteristics:
• No fixed schema or organization
• Difficult to search or analyze directly
• Requires AI, NLP, or big data tools for processing
Examples Nowadays:
• Social media posts (Facebook, X/Twitter, Instagram)
• Videos on YouTube
• Emails, images, audio, PDFs, sensor data
Software: MongoDB, Apache Hadoop, Elasticsearch, Amazon
S3.
 Data and types
 SEMI-STRUCTURED DATA:
Semi-structured data does not follow a rigid table structure,but still
contains organizational tags or hierarchies (like JSON or XML).
It’s more flexible than structured data but more organized than
unstructured data.
Characteristics:
• Self-describing structure (e.g., tags, attributes)
• Can be stored in NoSQL databases
• Easier to analyze than unstructured data
Examples Nowadays:
• JSON and XML files from APIs
• Emails with headers and metadata
• Web log data, IoT sensor data
• Software: MongoDB, Cassandra, Firebase Firestore, Neo4j.
 PostgreSQL and MySQL are currently the most
widely used and efficient traditional databases.
For AI, Big Data, or Cloud applications,
MongoDB and Google BigQuery lead in
popularity and performance.
Database Def-1
A Database To Be A Collection Of Related
Data And A Database Management System
(DBMS) To Be The Software That Manages
And Controls Access To The Database.
Database Def-2
A database is a self-describing (Metadata) collection of
integrated records
Database Def-3

A database models a particular real world system in the

computer in the form of data
The concept of a shared organizational
database
Management Marketing

Product
Planning Control Sales
Development

Corporate
Database

Accounting Manufacturing

Accounts Accounts
Scheduling Production
Receivable Payable
A bit of History
 Computer initially used for computational/ engineering
purposes
 Commercial applications (data processing environment
where more calculations were not so much required)
introduced File Processing System
File Processing
System
A collection of programs that perform
services for the end-users such as
production of reports
 File Processing Systems
Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration

Applications Applications Applications

Library Examination Registration

Data Data Data
Files Files Files

Program and Data Interdependence

(both depends on each other)
 File Processing Systems
Library Examination Registration

Reg_Number Reg_Number Reg_Number

Name Name Name

Father Name Address Father Name

Books Issued Class Phone

Fine Semester Address

Grade Class

Duplication of Data
Vulnerable to Inconsistency
 Advantages of Database Approach
Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration

Applications Applications Applications

Database
Management
System

- Data Sharing University

- Data Independence
Students
- Controlled Redundancy Database - Better Data Integrity
 What we
going to study
next?
Common Terms
 Data
 Information

 Database Management system

(DBMS)
Common Terms
 Data: Facts concerning things, such as people, objects, or
events
 Common Terms
 Information: Data that have been processed and presented in a form
suitable for human interpretation
Data, Information
and Knowledge
Amir Shoes Amir is most
Database
?
Mohsin Scarves likely to buy new
Queries Tahira Jewelry product
Jahangir Groceries

50,000 MoU Tahira is profitable

46,800 Qty customer and is likely
29,200 Income to switch carriers
75,500 Education

Data Information Knowledge

 Common Terms
DBMS:
A software that handles all access
to the database
 Common Terms
DBMS:
A software that is responsible for applying the authorisation
checks and validation procedures
Other Advantages
Data consistency
Better data security
They also provide
Faster development of new
applications
Better data accessibility
They also provide
Better control concurrency
Better backup and recovery
procedures
BUT
Its not always just
the
SUGAR
Disadvantages
 Higher costs
 Conversion cost
 More difficult recovery
Summary of DB Pros
n Cons
 A very useful approach for data processing Provide a
???
Levels of Data
 Real-world data
 Metadata
 Data Occurrence
Database Users
 Application Programmers
 End Users
Naïve
Sophisticated
Database Users
 Database Administrator (DBA)
A person who has central control
over data and programs that
access this data
Functions of DBA
Routine Maintenance
Backups
Monitoring disk space
Monitoring jobs running
What is schema?
 Schema definition (structure or blueprint of
database)
 Granting data access.
 It defines:
•What tables exist
•What columns each table has
•What are the data types (e.g.,INT, VARCHAR, DATE)

•Primary and foreign keys

•Relationships between tables
•Constraints (e.g., NOT NULL, UNIQUE)
Data, Database, Data Model and
DBMS
End users
Software interact

Application Programs Application

develop
Programmers
“What” to get

DBMS Database
maintain Administrators
“How” to get
Data
Database
design Designers
Database
Users
 Database
Management
Systems
Chapter 1