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Software Telemetry 1st Edition Jamie Riedesel

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inside front cover
 Software Telemetry
RELIABLE LOGGING AND MONITORING

JAMIE RIEDESEL

To comment go to liveBook

Manning

Shelter Island

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 Copyright

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reserved.

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Where those designations appear in the book, and Manning
Publications was aware of a trademark claim, the
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♾ Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been

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without the use of elemental chlorine.

Manning Publications Co.

20 Baldwin Road Technical

PO Box 761

Shelter Island, NY 11964

 Development editor: Marina Michaels

Technical development editor: Miloš Todorović

Review editor: Aleksandar Dragosavljević

Production editor: Deirdre S. Hiam

Copy editor: Keir Simpson

Proofreader: Keri Hales

Technical proofreader: Serge Simon

Typesetter: Gordan Salinović

Cover designer: Marija Tudor

ISBN: 9781617298141
dedication
To my wife, Amy. We’ve been together over half our lives, from when we really
met while you were avoiding a long walk in subzero Minnesota winter
weather by hanging out in my dorm hall to everything we’ve done since. I love
you.
brief contents

1 Introduction

Part 1. Telemetry system architecture

2 The Emitting stage: Creating and submitting
telemetry
3 The Shipping stage: Moving and storing telemetry
4 The Shipping stage: Unifying diverse telemetry
formats
5 The Presentation stage: Displaying telemetry
6 Marking up and enriching telemetry
7 Handling multitenancy

Part 2. Use cases revisited: Applying

architecture concepts
8 Growing cloud-based startup
9 Nonsoftware business
10 Long-established business IT

Part 3. Techniques for handling telemetry

11 Optimizing for regular expressions at scale
12 Standardized logging and event formats
13 Using more nonfile emitting techniques
14 Managing cardinality in telemetry
15 Ensuring telemetry integrity
16 Redacting and reprocessing telemetry
17 Building policies for telemetry retention and
aggregation
18 Surviving legal processes

Appendix A. Telemetry storage systems

Appendix B. Recommendation checklist reference
Appendix C. Exercise answers
contents
preface
acknowledgments
about this book
about the author
about the cover illustration
1 Introduction
 1.1 Defining the styles of telemetry
Defining centralized logging
Defining metrics
Defining distributed tracing
Defining SIEM
1.2 How telemetry is consumed by different teams
Telemetry use by Operations, DevOps, and SRE teams
Telemetry use by Security and Compliance teams
Telemetry use by Software Engineering and SRE teams
Telemetry use by Customer Support teams
Telemetry use by business intelligence

1.3 Challenges facing telemetry systems

Chronic underinvestment harms decision-making
Diverse needs resist standardization
Information spills and cleaning them up to avoid legal
problems
Court orders break your assumptions
1.4 What you will learn

Part 1. Telemetry system architecture

2 The Emitting stage: Creating and submitting
telemetry
 2.1 Emitting from production code
Emitting telemetry into a log file
Emitting telemetry into the system log
Emitting telemetry into standard output
Formatting telemetry for emissions
2.2 Emitting from hardware
Explaining SNMP
Ingesting telemetry from a Cisco ASA firewall
2.3 Emitting from as-a-Service systems
Emitting events from SaaS systems
Emitting events from IaaS systems

3 The Shipping stage: Moving and storing telemetry

3.1 Emitter/shipper functions, telemetry from
production code
Shipping directly into storage
Shipping through queues and streams
Shipping to SaaS systems
3.2 Shipping between SaaS systems
3.3 Tipping points in Shipping-stage architecture
4 The Shipping stage: Unifying diverse telemetry
formats
 4.1 Shipping locally-emitted telemetry
Shipping telemetry from a log file
Shipping telemetry from the system logger
Shipping telemetry from standard output
4.2 Unifying diverse emitting formats
Encoding telemetry into strings
Picking a shipping format
Converting Syslog to JSON or other object-encoding formats
Designing with cardinality in mind

5 The Presentation stage: Displaying telemetry

5.1 Displaying telemetry in metrics systems
Making pretty pictures with telemetry
Feeding the graphs with aggregation functions
Using aggregations with pdf_pages
5.2 Displaying telemetry in centralized logging systems
Selecting needed features in a display system for centralized
logging
Demonstrating centralized logging display
5.3 Displaying telemetry in security systems
5.4 Displaying telemetry distributed tracing systems
5.5 Displaying telemetry in large organizations
6 Marking up and enriching telemetry
 6.1 Markup in the Emitting stage
6.2 Markup and enrichment in the Shipping stage
Applying context-related telemetry in the Shipping stage
Extracting and enriching telemetry in-flight
Converting field types during the Shipping stage
6.3 Enrichment in the Presentation stage
6.4 How telemetry style affects markup and enrichment
Markup and enrichment with centralized logging
Markup and enrichment with SIEM systems
Markup and enrichment with metrics
Markup and enrichment with distributed tracing systems

7 Handling multitenancy
7.1 How multitenant architectures come about
Evolving multitenancy in an early-stage startup
Evolving multitenancy in a culture of free sharing
Evolving multitenancy in a culture of strong separation
7.2 Designing multitenant telemetry systems
Multitenancy in the Shipping stage
Multitenancy in the Presentation stage

Part 2. Use cases revisited: Applying

architecture concepts
8 Growing cloud-based startup
 8.1 Telemetry at the small-company stage
Describing the small company’s telemetry system
Analyzing the small company’s telemetry system

8.2 Telemetry at the medium-size company stage

Describing the medium-size company’s telemetry system
Analyzing the medium-size company’s telemetry system
8.3 Telemetry at the large-company stage
Describing the large company’s telemetry system
Analyzing the large company’s telemetry system
8.4 Telemetry at the enterprise stage
8.5 Looking back at all this growth
9 Nonsoftware business
9.1 Telemetry use in small organizations
9.2 Telemetry use in medium-size organizations
9.3 Telemetry use in large organizations
9.4 Telemetry use in enterprise organizations
10 Long-established business IT
10.1 Telemetry use in medium-size organizations
Telemetry use in office IT
Telemetry use in production systems

10.2 Telemetry use in large organizations

10.3 Telemetry use in global organizations
Telemetry use in the Booking and Passenger Manifest
department
Telemetry use in the Loyalty Programs department

Part 3. Techniques for handling telemetry

11 Optimizing for regular expressions at scale
 11.1 Anchoring expressions for speed
11.2 Building expressions to fail fast
11.3 Digging into the Cisco ASA firewall telemetry
11.4 Refining emissions to speed regular-expression
performance
11.5 Additional regular-expression resources
12 Standardized logging and event formats
12.1 Implementing structured logging in your code
12.2 Implementing standards in your code
12.3 Implementing standards in the Shipping stage
13 Using more nonfile emitting techniques
13.1 Designing for socket- and datagram-based emitters
13.2 Emitting and shipping for container- and serverless-
based code
Emitting and shipping from containerd-based code
Emitting and shipping from serverless-based code

13.3 Encrypting UDP-based telemetry

14 Managing cardinality in telemetry
14.1 Identifying cardinality problems
Cardinality in time-series databases
Cardinality in logging databases
14.2 Lowering the cost of cardinality
Use logging standards to contain cardinality
Using storage-side methods to tame cardinality
Make cardinality someone else’s problem

15 Ensuring telemetry integrity

 15.1 Getting telemetry out of reach of an attacker
Move telemetry too fast to catch
Use ACLs to enforce write-only telemetry
Durable telemetry when using SaaS providers
15.2 Making telemetry harder to mess with
Using access control requirements to defend against attacks
Ensuring configuration integrity in your telemetry systems
Making changes obvious

16 Redacting and reprocessing telemetry

16.1 Identifying toxic data and where it comes from
16.2 Redacting toxic information spills
16.3 Reprocessing telemetry to support upgrades
16.4 Isolating toxic data to reduce cleanup costs
17 Building policies for telemetry retention and
aggregation
17.1 Creating a retention policy
Building a policy for centralized logging
Building a policy for metrics
Building a policy for distributed tracing
Building a policy for SIEM systems
17.2 Creating an aggregation policy
17.3 Using sampling to reduce costs and increase
retention
18 Surviving legal processes
 18.1 Defining the eDiscovery process
18.2 Dealing with records-retention requests
Examining an ELK-based centralized logging system
Examining a Sumo Logic-based centralized logging system

18.3 Dealing with document-production requests

Telemetry in the collection phase
Telemetry in the review phase
Telemetry in the production phase

18.4 Working with lawyers

Appendix A. Telemetry storage systems

Appendix B. Recommendation checklist reference
Appendix C. Exercise answers

index
front matter

preface
I came to software telemetry the way most of us do: as a producer through the
use of print statements in my code and as a consumer by reading the logs and
metrics produced by the code I was using. In spite of my computer science
degree, I did not go into software engineering right out of college. No, I went
into what was then called IT or operations, and I stayed there until I had
clocked 14 years of experience. That brought me to 2011, which was a new era
in a lot of ways.

That year, I left my job in higher education to join a 20-person legal technology
startup as its only operations person. That year also was in the middle of a
revolution in software telemetry, when the monitoring systems long used by
operations teams and systems administrators started to be extended for use
directly by software. The metrics style of telemetry was born. Over the next
decade, we saw two more styles of telemetry emerge as databases became
featured enough to support them: observability (which did not last long on its
own) and distributed tracing.

When I had the idea for this book in 2019, I had watched the feedback
software engineers use evolve over two and a half decades. In the beginning, it
was common for developers to watch log files inside a telnet session directly in
production, and by 2019, all that telemetry was instead accessed through
browser-based applications. Telemetry—the feedback engineers use to
understand their environments—was an understood concept centering on the
three Pillars of Observability: logs, metrics, and traces. And I, who was still on
the systems or platform side of the infrastructure, realized that all these new
telemetry methods had the same core concepts—and the same core
vulnerabilities. I looked for, and I found, plenty of resources on specific
technologies such as Kafka, Prometheus, application monitoring, and how to do
centralized logging. But no resources discussed the ecosystem of telemetry
systems that were available.

That lack is terrible. Telemetry systems underpin the efficient functioning of

software development organizations, because these systems tell you how your
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