Mathematics Module: Sets & Functions
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abhinavranjan2825Mathematics Module: Sets & Functions
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Topics
Chapter 1. Sets, Relations and Functions................................................(2-37)
1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................................(2)
2. Sets and their Representations............................................................................................................(2)
3. Subsets..................................................................................................................................................(4)
4. Relation...............................................................................................................................................(12)
5. Functions.............................................................................................................................................(16)
6. Classification of functions....................................................................................................................(18)
7. Some important graphs.........................................................................................................................(26)
8. Miscellaneous examples.......................................................................................................................(29)
9. Assignment..........................................................................................................................................(31)
Chapter 2. Trigonometrical Function of Angles ...................................(38-57)
1. Trigonometrical functions of acute angles.............................................................................................(38)
2. Trigonometrical functions of angles of arbitrary magnitude....................................................................(44)
3. Periodic Function..................................................................................................................................(49)
4. Some Important Results to find period of a periodic function................................................................(50)
5. Miscellaneous examples.......................................................................................................................(52)
6. Assignment..........................................................................................................................................(55)
Chapter 3. Transformation Formulae.....................................................(58-85)
1. Trigonometric Ratio of Compound Angles..............................................................................................(58)
2. Transformation Formulae.....................................................................................................................(59)
3. Multiple and sub-multiple Angles.........................................................................................................(62)
4. Maximum & Minimum Values of Trigonometrical Expressions...............................................................(67)
5. Trigonometric Series in which Angles Are in A.P....................................................................................(70)
6. Conditional Identities..........................................................................................................................(75)
7. Miscellaneous Examples......................................................................................................................(78)
8. Assignment..........................................................................................................................................(82)
Chapter 4. Trigonometric Equations.....................................................(86-111)
1. Some Basic Results.................................................................................................................................(86)
2. How to Solve Trigonometric Equations......................................................................................................(88)
3. Trigonometric Inequality..............................................................................................................................(92)
4. Simultaneous Equations..............................................................................................................................(93)
5. Two Equations in Two Variable......................................................................................................................(93)
6. Miscellaneous Examples..............................................................................................................................(98)
7. Assignment........................................................................................................................................(105)
Answer Key . ...............................................................................................(112-113)
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
CHAPTER SETS, RELATIONS AND
1 FUNCTIONS
1. INTRODUCTION
The concept of set serves as a fundamental part of the present day mathematics. Today this concept is
being used in almost every branch of mathematics. Sets are used to define the concepts of relations
and functions. The study of geometry, sequences, probability etc. requires theknowledge of sets.
2. SETS AND THEIR REPRESENTATIONS
A set is a well-defined collection of objects.
The following points may be noted :
(i) Objects, elements and members of a set are synonymous terms.
(ii) Sets are usually denoted by capital letters A, B, C, X, Y, Z etc.
(iii) The elements of a set are represented by small letters a, b, c, x, y, z etc.
If a is an element of a set A, we say that “ a belongs to A” the Greek symbol (epsilon) is used to
denote the phrase ‘belongs to’. Thus, we write a A. If ‘b’ is not an element of a set A, we write b
A and read “b does not belong to A”.
Thus, in the set V of vowels in the English alphabet, a V but b V. In the set P of prime factors
of 30, 3 P but 15 P.
There are two methods of representing a set :
(i) Roster or tabular form (ii) Set-builder form.
(i) In roster form, all the elements of a set are listed, the elements are being separated by
commas and are enclosed within braces { }. For example, the set of all even positive integers
less than 7 is described in roster form as {2, 4, 6}.
(ii) In set-builder form, all the elements of a set possess a single common property which is not
possessed by any element outside the set. For example, in the set {a, e, i, o, u}, all the
elements possess a common property, namely, each of them is a vowel in the English alphabet,
and no other letter possess this property. Denoting this set by V, we write
V = {x : x is a vowel in English alphabet}
Comparison table :
Statement Roster form Set builder form
(1) The set of currencies used in {Dollar, Pound, Yen, Euro, Rouble} {x : x is the currencies used in USA,
USA, England, Japan, Germany England, Japan, Germany and Russia}
and Russia.
(2) The set of Capital of Kerala, {Thiruvananthapuram, Bangalore, Chennai, {x : x is the capitals of Kerala, Karnataka,
Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Andra Hyderabad, and Gandhi Nagar} Tamilnadu, Andra Pradesh and Gujarat}
Pradesh and Gujarat.
(3) The set of all distinct letters used {s, t, u, d, e, n} {x : x is the distinct letters used in the
in the word student. word student}
(4) The set of all the states of India {Andhra Pradesh, Arunchal Pradesh, {x : x is the state of India beginning with
beginning with the letter A. Assam} the letter A}
(5) The set of six presidents of India {Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, Gyani Zail {x : x is the presidents of India
since 1980. Singh, Radha Swami Venkat Raman since 1980}
Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma, K.R. Naryan
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam}
(6) The set of all natural numbers {12, 13, 14} {x : x N, 11 < x < 15}
between 11 and 15.
Illustration 1: Write the set {x : x is a positive integer and x2 < 40} in the roster form.
Solution : The required numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. So, the given set in the roster form is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
(2)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
1 2 3 4 5 6
Illustration 2: Write the set , , , , , in the set-builder form.
2 3 4 5 6 7
Solution : We see that each member in the given set has the numerator one less than the denominator.
Also, the numerator begin from 1 and do not exceed 6. Hence, in the set-builder form the
n
given set is x : x , where n is a natural number and 1 n 6
n1
TYPES OF SETS
1. The Empty set :
A set which does not contain any element is called the empty set or the null set or the void set.
According to this definition, B is an empty set while A is not an empty set. The empty set is
denoted by the symbol or { }
We give below a few examples of empty sets.
(i) Let A = {x : 1 < x < 2, x is a natural number}. Then, A is the empty set, because there is no
natural number between 1 and 2.
(ii) B = {x : x2 – 2 = 0 and x is a rational number}. Then, B is the empty set because the equation
x2 – 2 = 0 is not satisfied by any rational value of x.
(iii) C = {x : x is an even prime number greater than 2}. Then C is the empty set, because 2 is the
only even prime number.
(iv) D = { x : x2 = 4, x is odd }. Then D is the empty set, because the equation x2 = 4 is not satisfied
by any odd value of x.
2. Finite and Infinite Sets :
A set which is empty or consists of a definite number of elements is called finite otherwise, the set
is called infinite.
Consider some examples :
(i) Let W be the set of the days of the week. Then, W is finite.
(ii) Let S be the set of solutions of the equation x2 –16 = 0. Then, S is finite.
(iii) Let G be the set of points on a line. Then G is infinite.
When we represent a set in the roster form, we write all the elements of the set within braces { }.
It is not possible to write all the elements of an infinite set within braces { } because the numbers
of elements of such a set is not finite. So, we represent some infinite set in the roster form by
writing a few elements which clearly indicate the structure of the set followed ( or preceded ) by
three dots. For example, {1, 2, 3 . . .} is the set of natural numbers, {1, 3, 5, 7, . . .} is the set of odd
natural numbers,
{. . .,–3, –2, –1, 0,1, 2 ,3, . . .} is the set of integers. All these sets are infinite.
3. Equal sets :
Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have exactly the same elements and we write A = B.
Otherwise, the sets are said to be unequal and we write A B.
(i) Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 1, 4, 2}. Then A = B.
(ii) Let A be the set o`f prime numbers less than 6 and P the set of prime factors of 30. Then A
and P are equal, since 2, 3 and 5 are the only prime factors of 30 and also these are less than 6.
4. Singleton set :
A set, consisting of a single element is called a singleton set. The sets {0}, {5}, {–7} are singleton sets.
{x : x + 6 = 0, x Z} is a singleton set, because this set contains only integer namely, – 6.
Illustration 3: Which of the following pairs of sets are equal? Justify your answer.
(i) X, the set of letters in “ALLOY” and B, the set of letters in “LOYAL”.
(ii) A = {n : n Z and n2 4} and B = {x : x R and x2 – 3x + 2 = 0}.
Solution : (i)We have, X = {A, L, L, O, Y}, B = {L, O, Y, A, L}. Then X and B are equal sets as repetition
of elements in a set do not change a set. Thus, X = {A, L, O, Y} = B
(ii)A = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}, B = {1, 2}. Since 0 A and 0 B, A and B are not equal sets.
Illustration 4: Are the following pair of sets equal ? Give reason.
(i) A = {2, 3}, B = {x : x is a solution of x2 + 5x + 6 = 0}
(ii) A = {x : x is a letter in the word FOLLOW}
(3)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
B = {y : y is a letter in the word WOLF}.
Solution :
We have,
(i) A = {2, 3}, B = {x : x is a solution of x2 + 5x + 6 = 0}
Now, x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
x2 + 3x + 2x + 6 = 0
x (x + 3) + 2 (x + 3) = 0
(x + 3) (x + 2) = 0 x = – 2, – 3
Therefore, B = {–2, –3}
Here, we observe that the elements of set A are not exactly the same to that of set B, hence A and
B are not equal sets.
(ii) We have, A = {x : x is a letter in the word FOLLOW}
A = {F, O, L, W}
And B = {x : x is a letter in the word WOLF}
B = {W, O, L, F}
Here, we observe that the elements of both sets are exactly same, hence the sets are equal.
3. SUBSETS
A set A is said to be a subset of a set B if every element of A is also an element of B. In other
words, A B if whenever a A, then a B. It is often convenient to use the symbol “” which
means implies. Using this symbol, we can write the definition of subset as follows:
A B if a A a B
We read the above statement as “A is a subset of B if a is an element of A implies that a is also an
element of B”. If A is not a subset of B, we write A B. For example :
(i) The set of rational numbers is a subset of the set of real numbers, and we write .
(ii) If A is the set of all divisors of 56 and B the set of all prime divisors of 56, then B is a subset of A
and we write B A.
(iii) Let A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {x : x is an odd natural number less than 6}. Then A B and B A and
hence A = B.
(iv) Let A = { a, e, i, o, u} and B = { a, b, c, d}. Then A is not a subset of B, also B is not a subset of A.
Proper subset : If A B and A B, then A is called a proper subset of B, written as A B.
For example : Let A = {x : x is an even natural number} and B = {x : x is a natural number}. Then,
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, .........} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .....} A B.
Theorems on subsets :
Theorem 1 : Every set is a subset of itself.
Proof : Let A be any set. Then, each element of A is clearly in A. Hence A A.
Theorem 2 : The empty set is a subset of every set.
Proof : Let A be any set and be the empty set. In order to show that A, we must show that
every element of is an element of A also. But, contains no element, So, every element of is
in A. Hence A.
Theorem 3 : The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n element is 2n.
Proof : Let A be a set of n elements.
The null set is a subset of A containing no element.
Number of subsets of A containing no element = 1 = nC0.
Number of subsets of A containing 1 element = Number of groups of n elements taking 1 at a time = nC1.
Number of subsets of A containing 2 elements = Number of groups of n elements taking 2 at a time = nC2.
Number of subsets of A containing n elements i.e. A = 1 = nCn
Total number of subsets of A = nC0 + nC1 + nC2 + .... + nCn = 2n [Using binomial theorem]
Some properties of subsets :
(a) If A B and B C, then A C.
Let x A x B ( A B) and x B x C ( B C) A C
(b) A = B if and only if A B and B A.
Let A B and B A x A x B ( A B) and x B x A ( B A)
A=B
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
Conversely, Let A B
x A x B ( A = B) A B
Similarly, x B x A ( A = B) B A
Subsets of set of real numbers :
There are many important subsets of . We give below the names of some of these subsets.
The set of natural numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . .}
The set of integers = {. . ., –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}
p
The set of rational numbers = { x : x = , p, q and q 0}
q
p
which is read “ is the set of all numbers x such that x equals the quotient , where p and q are
q
5 5 1
integers and q is not zero”. Members of include –5 (which can be expressed as , , 3
4 7 2
7 11
(which can be expresses as ) and .
2 3
The set of irrational numbers, denoted by T, is composed of all other real numbers. Thus T = { x : x
and x }, i.e., all real numbers that are not rational. Members of T include 2, 5 and .
Some of the obvious relations among these subsets are:
, , , .
Intervals as subsets of : Let a, b and a < b. Then the set of real numbers {y : a < y < b} is
called an open interval and is denoted by (a, b). All the points between a and b belong to the open
interval (a, b) but a, b themselves do not belong to this interval.
The interval which contains the end points also is called closed interval and is denoted by [ a, b ]. Thus
[ a, b ] = {x : a x b}
We can also have intervals closed at one end and open at the other, i.e.,
[ a, b ) = {x : a x < b} is an open interval from a to b, including a but excluding b.
( a, b ] = { x : a < x b } is an open interval from a to b including b but excluding a.
These sets can be shown by the dark portion of the number line.
(a , b ) [ a, b] [ a, b) (a , b ]
a b a b a b a b
The number (b – a) is called the length of any of the intervals (a, b), [a, b), (a, b], [a, b]
POWER SET :The collection of all subsets of a set A is called the power set of A. It is denoted by P(A). In
P(A), every element is a set. If A has n elements then its power set has 2n elements
UNIVERSAL SET :If there are some sets under consideration, then there happens to be a set which is a
superset of each one of the given sets. Such a set is known as the universal set, denoted by U or .For example,
(i) In the context of human population studies, the universal set consists of all the people in the world.
(ii) Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 5, 6}, C = {1, 3, 7, 8, 9}, then
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} is the universal set.
Illustration 5: Show that : n {P {P (P ())}} = 4
Solution : We have, P () = {}
P (P ()) = {, {}} P {P (P ())} = {, {}, {{}}, {, {}}}
Hence, n {P {P (P ())}} = 4
Illustration 6: Prove that A A =
Solution : We know that, Two sets A and B are equal if an only if A B and B A
Also, we know that, A and A
A =
Illustration 7: Write the following intervals in set builder form :
(i)(–3, 0) (ii) [6, 12] (iii) (6, 12] (iv) [–23, 5)
Solution : The following intervals are written in set builder form
(i) (–3, 0) is an open interval which excludes both – 3 and 0. So, it can be shown in the form
of a set i.e.,
(5)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
{x : x , –3 < x < 0}
(ii) [6, 12] is a closed interval which includes both 6 and 12. So, it can be shown in the set builder
form i.e., {x : x , 6 x 12}
(iii) (6, 12] is an interval closed at the second end only i.e. it excludes 6 but includes 12. So it is
shown in the set builder form i.e., {x : x , 6 < x 12}
(iv) [–23, 5) is an interval closed at the first end point but open at the second end point. It means
that the interval includes –23 but excludes 5. It is written in the set builder form i.e.
{x : x , –23 x < 5}.
Illustration 8: What universal set would you propose for each of the following :
(i)The set of right triangles. (ii) The set of isosceles triangles.
Solution : (i)The universal set for the set of right triangles is set of triangle.
(ii)The universal set for the set of isosceles triangle is set of equilateral triangle or set of
triangles.
VENN DIAGRAMS :In order to illustrate in a clear and simple way, the ideas involving universal sets,
subsets there of, and certain operations on sets, we make use of geometric figures. These figures are
called [Link] Venn diagrams, the elements of the sets are written in their respective circles.
In Fig 3.1, U = {1, 2, 3, ..., 10} is the universal set of which A = {2,4,6,8,10}and B = {4, 6} are subsets,and
also B A.
1 A 3
2
B
5
8 4
6
9 10 7
(Fig. 3.1)
OPERATIONS ON SETS
Union of sets : The union of two sets A and B is the set C which consists of all those elements which are
either in A or in B (including those which are in both). In symbols, we write A B = { x : x A or x B }
The union of two sets can be represented by a Venn diagram as shown in Fig. 3.2
U
B
A B
(Fig. 3.2)
The shaded portion in Fig represents A B.
Some Properties of the Operation of Union
(i) A B = B A (Commutative law)
(ii) ( A B ) C = A ( B C) (Associative law )
(iii) A = A (Law of identity element, is the identity of )
(iv) A A = A (Idempotent law)
(v) U A = U (Law of U)
Intersection of sets : The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of all those elements which
belong to both A and B. Symbolically, we write A B = {x : x A and x B}
The shaded portion in Fig. 3.3 indicates the intersection of A and B.
U
B
A B
(Fig. 3.3)
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
If A and B are two sets such that A B = , then A and B are called disjoint sets.
For example, let A = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } and B = { 1, 3, 5, 7 }. Then A and B are disjoint sets, because there
are no elements which are common to A and B. The disjoint sets can be represented by means of
Venn diagram as shown in the Fig. 3.4
In the above diagram, A and B are disjoint sets.
U
A B
(Fig. 3.4)
Some properties of operation of intersection
(i) A B = B A (Commutative law).
(ii) ( A B ) C = A ( B C ) (Associative law).
(iii) A = , U A = A (Law of and U).
(iv) A A = A (Idempotent law)
(v) A ( B C ) = ( A B ) ( A C ) (Distributive law ) i. e., distributes over
This can be seen easily from the following Venn diagrams [Figs 3.5 (i) to (v)].
U U
B B
A A
C C
(i) (B C) (ii) A (B C)
U U
C B
A A
B C
(iii) (A B) (iv) (A C)
U
C
A
(v) (A B) (A B)
(Fig. 3.5)
Difference of sets :
The difference of the sets A and B in this order is the set of elements which belong to A but not to
B. Symbolically, we write A – B and read as “ A minus B”.
Using the setbuilder notation, we can rewrite the definition of difference
U
A B
A–B
(Fig. 3.6)
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
as A – B = { x : x A and x B }
The difference of two sets A and B can be represented by Venn diagram as shown in Fig. 3.6
The shaded portion represents the difference of the two sets A and B.
The sets A – B, A B and B – A are mutually disjoint sets, i.e., the
intersection of any of these two sets is the null set as shown in Fig. 3.7
U
A B
A–B B–A
(Fig. 3.7)
Complement of set :
Let U be the universal set and A a subset of U. Then the complement of A is the set of all elements
of U which are not the elements of A. Symbolically, we write A' to denote the complement of A with
respect to U. Thus, A' = {x : x U and x A }.
Obviously A' = U – A
We note that the complement of a set A can be looked upon, alternatively, as the difference
between a universal set U and the set A.
The complement of the union of two sets is the intersection of their complements and the
complement of the intersection of two sets is the union of their complements. These are called De
Morgan’s laws.
These are named after the mathematician De Morgan.
The complement A' of a set A can be represented by a Venn diagram as
U
A'
(Fig. 3.8)
shown in Fig. 3.8 The shaded portion represents the complement of the set A.
Some Properties of Complement Sets :
1. Complement laws: (i) A A' = U (ii) A A' =
2. De Morgan’s law: (i) (A B)' = A' B' (ii) (A B )' = A' B'
3. Law of double complementation : (A' )' = A
4. Laws of empty set and universal set ' = U and U' = .
These laws can be verified by using Venn diagrams.
Illustration 9: Find the union of each of the following pairs of sets :
(i) A = {x : x is a natural number and 1 < x 6}
B = { x : x is a natural number and 6 < x 10}
A B U
2 3
4 5 7 8
6 9 10
(ii) A = {1, 2, 3}, B =
Solution : (i) A = { x : x is a natural number and 1 < x 6}
A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
B = { x : x is a natural number and 6 < x 10}
B = {7, 8, 9, 10}
A B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} {7, 8, 9, 10}
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
A B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A B= U
(ii) We have, A = {1, 2, 3}, B =
A B = {1, 2, 3} 1
A B = {1, 2, 3} 2
3
Illustration 10:If A = {x : x = 3n, n } and B = {x : x = 4n, n }, then find (A B ).
Solution : Let x (A B ) x A and x B
x is a multiple of 3 and x is a multiple of 4.
x is a multiple of 3 and 4 both
x is a multiple of 12
x = 12n, n
Hence A B = {x : x = 12n, n }
Illustration 11: Shade the following sets :
(i) A' (B C) (ii) A' (C – B)
Solution : We have, the given sets shaded in the following figures.
(i) A' (B C) (ii) A' (C – B)
A U A U
B B
C C
Illustration 12: In a class of 35 students, 24 like to play cricket and 16 like to play football. Also, each
student likes to play at least one of the two games. How many students like to play both
cricket and football ?
Solution : Let X be the set of students who like to play cricket and Y be the set of students who like to
play football. Then X Y is the set of students who like to play at least one game, and X Y
is the set of students who like to play both games.
Given n ( X) = 24, n ( Y ) = 16, n ( X Y ) = 35, n (X Y) = ?
Using the formula n ( X Y ) = n ( X ) + n ( Y ) – n ( X Y ), we get
35 = 24 + 16 – n (X Y)
Thus, n (X Y) = 5 i.e., 5 students like to play both games.
USEFUL TIPS
1. In roster form, the order in which the elements are listed is immaterial.
2. All infinite sets cannot be described in the roster form. For example, the set of real numbers
cannot be described in this form, because the elements of this set do not follow any particular
pattern.
3. A set does not change if one or more elements of the set are repeated. For example, the sets A =
{1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 2, 1, 3, 3} are equal, since each element of A is in B and vice-versa. That is why
C a set.
we generally do not repeat any element in describing
4. If A is a subset of the universal set U, then its complement A' is also a subset of U.
5. Union rule for counting : n (A B) = n (A) + n (B) – n (A B)
Illustration 13:There are 200 individuals with a skin disorder, 120 had been exposed to the chemical C1,
50 to chemical C2, and 30 to both the chemicals C1 and C2. Find the number of individuals
exposed to (i) Chemical C 1 but not chemical C 2 (ii) Chemical C 2 but not chemical C 1
(iii) Chemical C1 or chemical C2
Solution : Let U denote the universal set consisting of individuals suffering from the skin disorder, A
denote the set of individuals exposed to the chemical C1 and B denote the set of individuals
exposed to the chemical C2.
Here n ( U) = 200, n ( A ) = 120, n ( B ) = 50 and n ( A B ) = 30
(i) From the Venn diagram given in Fig. below, we have A = ( A – B ) ( A B ).
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
n (A) = n ( A – B ) + n ( A B ) (Since (A – B) and A B are disjoint.)
or n ( A – B ) = n ( A ) – n ( A B ) = 120 – 30 = 90
U
A–B B–A
A B
Hence, the number of individuals exposed to chemical C1 but not to chemical C2 is 90.
(ii) From the Fig, we have B = ( B – A) ( A B).
and so, n (B) = n (B – A) + n ( A B) (Since B – A and A B are disjoint.)
or n ( B – A ) = n ( B ) – n ( A B ) = 50 – 30 = 20
Thus, the number of individuals exposed to chemical C2 and not to chemical C1 is 20.
(iii) The number of individuals exposed either to chemical C1 or to chemical C2, i.e.,
n ( A B ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) – n ( A B ) = 120 + 50 – 30 = 140.
Illustration 14: Let B be a subset of a set A and let P (A : B) = {X P (A) : B X}
(i)Show that P (A : ) = P (A)
(ii)If A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {a, b}. List all the members of the set P (A : B).
Solution : (i)We have, P (A : B) = {X P (A) : B X}
= Set of all those subsets of A which contain B.
P (A : ) = Set of all those subsets of A which contain .
= Set of all subsets of set A = P (A)
(ii)If A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {a, b}. Then,
P (A : B) = Set of all those subsets of set A which contain B
= {a, b, c}, {a, b, d}, {a, b, c, d}
Illustration 15: A college warded 38 medals in football, 15 in basketball and 20 in cricket. If these
medals went to a total of 58 men and only three men got medals in all the three sports, how
many received medals in exactly two of the three sports ?
Solution : Let F, B and C denote the set of men who received medals in football, basketball and cricket
respectively.
Then n ( F ) = 38, n ( B ) = 15, n ( C ) = 20
n (F B C ) = 58 and n (F B C ) = 3
Therefore, n (F B C ) = n ( F ) + n ( B ) + n ( C )
– n (F B ) – n (F C ) – n (B C ) + n ( F B C ),
U
a B
F
d
b c
C
gives n ( F B ) + n ( F C ) + n ( B C ) = 18
Consider the Venn diagram as given in the above figure.
Here, ‘a’ denotes the number of men who got medals in football and basketball only, ‘b’ denotes
the number of men who got medals in football and cricket only, c denotes the number of men who
got medals in basket ball and cricket only and d denotes the number of men who got medal in all
the three. Thus, d = n ( F B C ) = 3 and a + d + b + d + c + d = 18
Therefore a + b + c = 9, which is the number of people who got medals in exactly two of the three
sports.
Illustration 16: In a group of 65 people, 40 like cricket, 10 like both cricket and tennis. How many like
tennis only and not cricket ? How many like tennis.
Solution : Let A be the set of people who like cricket and B be the set of people who like tennis. Then
(A B) = 65, n (A) = 40, n (A B) = 10
We know that, n (A B) = n (A) + n (B) – n (A B)
65 = 40 + n (B) – 10 n (B) = 35
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
Number of people who like tennis only and not cricket U
A B
= n (B – A)
Also, n (B) = n (B – A) + n (A B) Cricket 10 Tennis
25
35 = n (B – A) + 10 30
n (B – A) = 35 – 10 = 25 A–B A B B–A
Illustration 17: Jeff Friedman is a section chief for an electric utility company. The employees in his
section cut down all trees, climb poles, and splice wire. Friedman reported the following
information to the management of the utility.
Of the 100 employees in my section, 45 can cut all trees, 50 can climb poles, 57 can splice
wire, 28 can cut trees and climb poles, 20 can climb poles and splice wire, 25 can cut trees
and splice wire, 11 can do all three, 9 can’t do any of the three (management trainees).
Solution : The data supplied by Friedman lead to the numbers shown in figure. Add the numbers from
all the regions to get the total number of Friedman’s employees.
9 + 13 + 14 + 23 + 11 + 9 + 17 + 13 = 99
Friedman claimed to have 100 employees, but this data indicate only 99.
Cut Climb
17
3 13
11
14 9
23
Splice
9
The management decided that Friedman didn’t qualify as a section chief,
and reassigned him as a nightshift meter reader in Guam.
Illustration 18: State which of the following sets are finite or infinite :
(i){x : x N and (x – 1) (x –2) = 0} (ii) {x : x N and 2x = 4}
(iii){x : x N and 2x –1 = 0} (iv) {x : x N and x is prime}
(v){x : x N and is odd}
Solution : (i)Given set = {1, 2}. Hence, it is finite.
(ii)Given set = {2}. Hence, it is finite.
(iii)Given set = . Hence, it is finite.
(iv)The given set is the set of all prime numbers and since set of prime numbers is infinite.
Hence the given set is infinite
(v)Since there are infinite number of odd numbers, hence, the given set is infinite.
Illustration 19: Let A = { a, e, i, o, u } and B = { a, i, u }. Show that A B = A
Solution : We have, A B = { a, e, i, o, u } = A.
This example illustrates that union of sets A and its subset B is the set A itself, i.e., if B A,
then A B = A.
Q.1 In a survey it was found that 21 people liked product A, 26 liked product B and 29 liked product C.
If 14 people liked products A and B, 12 people liked products C and A, 14 people liked products B
and C and 8 liked all the three products. How many liked product C only –
(A) 11 (B) 12 (C) 13 (D) 10
Q.2 In a survey of 60 people, it was found that 25 people read newspaper H, 26 read newspaper T, 26
read newspaper I, 9 read both H and I, 11 read both H and T, 8 read both T and I, 3 read all three
newspapers. The number of people who read at least one of the newspapers is
(A) 50 (B) 52 (C) 40 (D) 60
Q.3 In a group of students, 100 students know Hindi, 50 know English and 25 know both. Each of the
students knows either Hindi or English. How many students are there in the group –
(A) 100 (B) 115 (C) 110 (D) 125
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
Q.4 In a survey of 600 students in a school, 150 students were found to be taking tea and 225 taking
coffee, 100 were taking both tea and coffee. How many students were taking neither tea nor
coffee –
(A) 325 (B) 300 (C) 330 (D) 350
Q.5 Let A and B be sets. If A X = B X = and A X = B X for some set X, then
(A) A = B. (B) A B (C) A = A (A X) (D) None of these
Q.6 Let A, B, and C be the sets such that A B = A C and A B = A C then
(A) B C (B) B = C (C) B = B (B C) (D) None of these
Q.7 If A B and B C , then
(A) A C (B) A C (C) A C (D) None of these
Q.8 If A B and x B , then
(A) A C (B) x B (C) x A (D) None of these
Q.9 If X and Y are two sets such that n ( X ) = 17, n ( Y ) = 23 and n ( X Y ) = 38, then n ( X Y )
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q.10 If X and Y are two sets such that X Y has 18 elements, X has 8 elements and Y has 15 elements;
how many elements does X Y have
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
Q.11 In a group of 400 people, 250 can speak Hindi and 200 can speak English. How many people can
speak both Hindi and English –
(A) 60 (B) 50 (C) 55 (D) 65
ANSWER KEY
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (A) 6. (B) 7. (A)
8. (C) 9. (A) 10. (D) 11. (B)
4. RELATION
Definition.
Let A and B be two non-empty sets, then every subset of A × B defines a relation from A to B and
every relation from A to B is a subset of A × B.
Let R A × B and (a, b) R. Then, we say that a is related to b by the relation R and write it as
a R b . If (a,b) R, we write it as a R b .
Example: Let A = {1, 2, 5, 8, 9}, B = {1, 3} we set a relation from A to B as: a R b iff a b; a A,
b B. Then R = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 3)} A × B
(1) Total number of relations : Let A and B be two non-empty finite sets consisting of m and n
elements respectively. Then A × B consists of mn ordered pairs. So, total number of subset of A ×
B is 2mn. Since each subset of A × B defines relation from A to B, so total number of relations from
A to B is 2mn. Among these 2mn relations the void relation and the universal relation A × B are
trivial relations from A to B.
(2) Domain and range of a relation : Let R be a relation from a set A to a set B. Then the set of all
first components or coordinates of the ordered pairs belonging to R is called the domain of R,
while the set of all second components or coordinates of the ordered pairs in R is called the range
of R.
Thus, Dom (R) = {a : (a, b) R} and Range (R) = {b : (a, b) R}.
It is evident from the definition that the domain of a relation from A to B is a subset of A and its range
is a subset of B.
(3) Relation on a set : Let A be a non-void set. Then, a relation from A to itself i.e. a subset of A × A
is called a relation on set A.
Illustration 20: Let A = {1, 2, 3}. The total number of distinct relations that can be defined over A is
(a) 29 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) None of these
2
Solution: (a) n(A × A) = n(A).n(A) = 3 = 9
So, the total number of subsets of A × A is 29 and a subset of A × A is a relation over the set A.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
Illustration 21: Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and Y = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Which of the following is/are relations from X to Y
(a) R1 {(x , y)| y 2 x , x X , y Y } (b) R2 {(1,1),(2,1),(3,3),(4,3),(5,5)}
(c) R3 {(1,1),(1,3)(3,5),(3,7),(5,7)} (d) R4 {(1,3),(2,5),(2,4),(7,9)}
Solution: (a,b,c) R4 is not a relation from X to Y, because (7, 9) does not belong to X × Y.
Illustration 22:Given two finite sets A and B such that n(A) = 2, n(B) = 3. Then total number of
relations from A to B is
(a)4 (b) 8 (c) 64 (d) None of these
Solution: (c)Here n(A × B) = 2 × 3 = 6
Since every subset of A × B defines a relation from A to B, number of relation from A to B is
equal to number of subsets of A × B = 26 = 64 which is given in (c).
Illustration 23: The relation R defined on the set of natural numbers as {(a, b) : a differs from b by 3},
is given by
(a){(1, 4, (2, 5), (3, 6),.....} (b) {(4, 1), (5, 2), (6, 3),.....}
(c){(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9),..} (d) None of these
Solution: (b) R {(a, b): a, b N ,a b 3} = {((n 3), n): n N} {(4,1),(5,2),(6,3).....}
INVERSE RELATION.
Let A, B be two sets and let R be a relation from a set A to a set B. Then the inverse of R, denoted
by R–1, is a relation from B to A and is defined by R–1 = {b, a ) : (a, b) R}
Clearly (a, b) R (b, a) R–1 . Also, Dom (R) = Range (R–1) and Range (R)=Dom (R–1)
Example :
Let A = {a, b, c}, B = {1, 2, 3} and R = {(a, 1), (a, 3), (b, 3), (c, 3)}.
Then,
(i) R–1 = {(1, a), (3, a), (3, b), (3, c)}
(ii) Dom (R) = {a, b, c} = Range (R–1)
(iii) Range (R) = {1, 3} = Dom (R–1)
Illustration 24:Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {1, 3, 5}. A relation R : A B is defined by R = {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 1)}.
Then R–1 is defined by
(a){(1,2), (3,1), (1,3), (1,5)} (b) {(1, 2), (3, 1), (2, 1)}
(c){(1, 2), (5, 1), (3, 1)} (d) None of these
1 1
Solution: (c) ( x , y) R (y , x ) R R {(3,1),(5,1),(1,2)}
Illustration 25: The relation R is defined on the set of natural numbers as {(a, b) : a = 2b}. Then R–1 is
given by
(a){(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3).....} (b) {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6)....}
(c)is not defined (d) None of these
Solution: (b) R = {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3),......} So, R–1 = {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6),.....}.
Types of Relations.
(1) Reflexive relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive if every element of A is related to itself.
Thus, R is reflexive (a, a) R for all a A.
A relation R on a set A is not reflexive if there exists an element a A such that (a, a) R.
Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3} and R = {(1, 1); (1, 3)}
Then R is not reflexive since 3 A but (3, 3) R
(2) Symmetric relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be a symmetric relation iff
(a, b) R (b, a) R for all a, b A
i.e. aRb bRa for all a, b A.
it should be noted that R is symmetric iff R–1 = R
Note :-
The identity and the universal relations on a non-void set are symmetric relations.
A relation R on a set A is not a symmetric relation if there are at least two elements a, b A such
that (a, b) R but (b, a) R.
A reflexive relation on a set A is not necessarily symmetric.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
(3) Anti-symmetric relation : Let A be any set. A relation R on set A is said to be an anti-symmetric
relation iff (a, b) R and (b, a) R a = b for all a, b A.
Thus, if a b then a may be related to b or b may be related to a, but never both.
Example: Let N be the set of natural numbers. A relation R N × N is defined by xRy iff x divides
y(i.e., x/y).
Then xRy, yRx x divides y and y divides x x = y
Note :-
The identity relation on a set A is an anti-symmetric relation.
The universal relation on a set A containing at least two elements is not anti-symmetric, because
if a b are in A, then a is related to b and b is related to a under the universal relation will imply
that a = b but a b.
(4) Transitive relation : Let A be any set. A relation R on set A is said to be a transitive relation iff
(a, b) R and (b, c) R (a, c) R for all a, b, c A i.e., aRb and bRc aRc for all a, b, c A.
In other words, if a is related to b, b is related to c, then a is related to c.
Transitivity fails only when there exists a, b, c such that a R b, b R c but a R c.
Example: Consider the set A = {1, 2, 3} and the relations
R1 = {(1, 2), (1, 3)}; R2= {(1, 2)}; R3 = {(1, 1)}; R4 = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1)}
Then R1, R2, R3 are transitive while R4 is not transitive since in (2, 1) R4, (1, 2) R4 but (2, 2) R4.
Note :-
The identity and the universal relations on a non-void sets are transitive.
The relation ‘is congruent to’ on the set T of all triangles in a plane is a transitive relation.
(5) Identity relation : Let A be a set. Then the relation IA = {(a, a) : a A} on A is called the identity relation on A.
In other words, a relation IA on A is called the identity relation if every element of A is related to
itself only. Every identity relation will be reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Example : On the set = {1, 2, 3}, R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} is the identity relation on A .
Note :-
It is interesting to note that every identity relation is reflexive but every reflexive relation need
not be an identity relation.
Also, identity relation is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
(6) Equivalence relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be an equivalence relation on A iff
(i) It is reflexive i.e. (a, a) R for all a A
(ii) It is symmetric i.e. (a, b) R (b, a) R, for all a, b A
(iii) It is transitive i.e. (a, b) R and (b, c) R (a, c) R for all a, b, c A.
Note :-
Congruence modulo (m) : Let m be an arbitrary but fixed integer. Two integers a and b are said
to be congruence modulo m if it is divisible by m and we write a = b (mod m).
Thus a = b (mod m) a – b is divisible by m. For example, 18 = 3 (mod 5) because 18 – 3 = 15
which is divisible by 5. Similarly, 3 = 13 (mod 2) because 3 – 13 = –10 which is divisible by 2. But
25 2 (mod 4) because 4 is not a divisor of 25 – 3 = 22.
The relation “Congruence modulo m” is an equivalence relation.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
Important Tips
If R and S are two equivalence relations on a set A , then R S is also an equivalence relation on A.
The union of two equivalence relations on a set is not necessarily an equivalence relation on the
set.
The inverse of an equivalence relation is an equivalence relation.
Illustration 26:Given the relation R = {(1, 2), (2, 3)} on the set A = {1, 2, 3}, the minimum number of
ordered pairs which when added to R make it an equivalence relation is
(a)5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
Solution: (c) R is reflexive if it contains (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)
(1, 2) R, (2, 3) R
R is symmetric if (2, 1), (3, 2) R. Now,
R will be transitive if (3, 1); (1, 3) R. Thus, R becomes an equivalence relation by adding (1, 1),
(2, 2), (3, 3), (2, 1), (3,2), (1, 3), (3, 1). Hence, the total number of ordered pairs is 7.
Illustration 27: The relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)} on set A = {1, 2, 3} is
(a)Reflexive but not symmetric (b) Reflexive but not transitive
(c)Symmetric and Transitive (d) Neither symmetric nor transitive
Solution: (a)Since (1, 1); (2, 2); (3, 3) R therefore R is reflexive. (1, 2) R but (2, 1) R, therefore R
is not symmetric. It can be easily seen that R is transitive.
Illustration 28:Let R be the relation on the set R of all real numbers defined by a R b iff |a – b| 1.
Then R is
(a)Reflexive and Symmetric (b) Symmetric only
(c)Transitive only (d) Anti-symmetric only
Solution: (a)|a – b| = 0 < 1 a R a a R
R is reflexive, Again a R b |a b| 1 | b a | 1 bRa
1
R is symmetric, Again 1R 1 and 1 R1 but 1
2 2 2
R is not anti-symmetric
Further, 1 R 2 and 2 R 3 but 1 R 3
[|1 – 3| = 2 > 1] R is not transitive.
Illustration 29: The relation “less than” in the set of natural numbers is
(a) Only symmetric (b) Only transitive
(c) Only reflexive (d) Equivalence relation
Solution: (b)Since x y , y z x z x , y , z N
x R y , yR z x R z , Relation is transitive , x < y does not give y < x , Relation is
not symmetric.
Since x < x does not hold, hence relation is not reflexive.
EXERCISE-1
1. A relation from P to Q is
(a) A universal set of P × Q (b) P × Q
(c) An equivalent set of P × Q (d) A subset of P × Q
2. Let R be a relation from a set A to set B, then
(a) R = A B (b) R = A B (c) R A × B (d) R B × A
3. Let A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2}. Consider a relation R defined from set A to set B. Then R may be is
equal to set
(a) A (b) B (c) A × B (d) B × A
4. Let n(A) = n. Then the number of all relations on A is
2
(a) 2n (b) 2(n)! (c) 2n (d) None of these
5. If R is a relation from a finite set A having m elements to a finite set B having n elements, then the
number of relations from A to B is
(a) 2mn (b) 2mn – 1 (c) 2mn (d) mn
6. Let R be a reflexive relation on a finite set A having n-elements, and let there be m ordered pairs
in R. Then
(a) m n (b) m n (c) m = n (d) None of these
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
7. The relation R defined on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} by R = {(x, y) : |x2 – y2| < 16} is given by
(a) {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (2, 3)} (b) {(2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (2, 4)}
(c) {(3, 3), (3, 4), (5, 4), (4, 3), (3, 1)} (d) None of these
8. A relation R is defined from {2, 3, 4, 5} to {3, 6, 7, 10} by; xRy x is relatively prime to y. Then domain of R is
(a) {2, 3, 5} (b) {3, 5} (c) {2, 3, 4} (d) {2, 3, 4, 5}
9. Let R be a relation on defined by x + 2y = 8. Then domain of R is
(a) {2, 4, 8} (b) {2, 4, 6, 8} (c) {2, 4, 6} (d) {1, 2, 3, 4}
10. If R = {(x, y)|x, y , x2 + y2 4} is a relation in , then domain of R is
(a) {0, 1, 2} (b) {0, – 1, – 2} (c) {– 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2} (d) None of these
11. If A = {1, 2, 3} , B = {1, 4, 6, 9} and R is a relation from A to B defined by ‘x is greater than y’. The
range of R is
(a) {1, 4, 6, 9} (b) {4, 6, 9} (c) {1} (d) None of these
12. R is a relation from {11, 12, 13} to {8, 10, 12} defined by y = x – 3. Then R–1 is
(a) {(8, 11), (10, 13)} (b) {(11, 18), (13, 10)}
(c) {(10, 13), (8, 11)} (d) None of these
13. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {1, 3, 5}. If relation R from A to B is given by R ={(1, 3), (2, 5), (3, 3)}. Then
R–1 is
(a) {(3, 3), (3, 1), (5, 2)} (b) {(1, 3), (2, 5), (3, 3)}
(c) {(1, 3), (5, 2)} (d) None of these
14. Let R be a reflexive relation on a set A and I be the identity relation on A. Then
(a) R I (b) I R (c) R = I (d) None of these
15. Let R be a relation over the set × and it is defined by (a , b)R(c ,d ) a d b c. Then R is
(a) Reflexive only (b) Symmetric only
(c) Transitive only (d) An equivalence relation
16. An integer m is said to be related to another integer n if m is a multiple of n. Then the relation is
(a) Reflexive and symmetric (b) Reflexive and transitive
(c) Symmetric and transitive (d) Equivalence relation
17. The relation R defined in N as aRb b is divisible by a is
(a) Reflexive but not symmetric (b) Symmetric but not transitive
(c) Symmetric and transitive (d) None of these
18. Let R be a relation on a set A such that R = R–1, then R is
(a) Reflexive (b) Symmetric (c) Transitive (d) None of these
19. Let R = {(a, a)} be a relation on a set A. Then R is
(a) Symmetric (b) Antisymmetric
(c) Symmetric and antisymmetric (d) Neither symmetric nor anti-symmetric
20. In the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, a relation R is defined by R = {(x, y)| x, y A and x < y}. Then R is
(a) Reflexive (b) Symmetric (c) Transitive (d) None of these
ANSWER KEY
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (d)
8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b)
15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (c)
5. FUNCTIONS
Introduction
If two variable quantities x and y according to some law are so related that corresponding to each
value of x (considered only real), which belongs to set E, there corresponds one and only one
finite value of the quantity y (i.e., unique value of y) then y is said to be a functions (single valued)
of x, defined by y = f(x) where x is the argument or independent variable and y is a dependent
variable defined on the set E.
For example if r be the radius of the sphere and V its volume, then r and V are related by
4
V r 3 or V = f(r)
3
Then we say that the volume V of the sphere is a function of the radius r.
Graphically :
x y = f(x)
Input output
where y is the image of x and x is the pre-image of y under f.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
Note :-
1. If to each value of x, which belongs to set E there corresponds one or more than one values of the
quantity y. Then y is called the multiple valued function of x defined on the set E.
2. The word FUNCTION is used only for single valued function.
2
For Example y = x is single valued function but y = x is a multiple valued function.
y2 = x y = ± x for one value of x, y gives two values.
Definition
Let A and B be two non-empty sets and f is a rule which associates each element of A with a
unique element of B is called a mapping or function from A to B. If f is a function from A to B, then
f
we write f:AB or A B
which is read as f is a mapping from A to B.
Every function from A B satisfies the following conditions :
(i) f A × B
(ii) a A (a, f (a)) f
(iii) (a, b) f and (a, c) f b = c
Definition (Graphically)
If any line parallel to y-axis cuts the graph of the functgion at most one point, then it is a single
valued function and if it cuts at more than one point then it is a multiple function or it does not
form a function.
Illustration 30: Prove that y = |sin|x|| is a function.
Solution : Since any line parallel to y-axis cuts y = |sin|x|| at one and only point. Thus, y = |sin|x|| is
a function.
Y
y = |sin|x||
1
x
–2 –3 – O 3 2
2 2 2 2
–1
y = sin x
Illustration 31: Prove that |y| = |In| x || is not a function.
solution :
Since any line parallel to y-axis meets the curve |y| = |In |x|| at two points, Thus,
|y|= |In| x || is not a function.
Y
|y|=|In|x||
O X
(–1, 0) (1, 0)
Domain, Co-domain and Range of a Function
Let f : A B is a function from A to B, then the set A is called the domain of the function f (denoted
by Df) and the set B is called the Co-domain of the function f (denoted by Cf). The set of all those
elements of B which are the images of the elements of set A is called the range of the function f
(denoted by Rf).
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
Domain of f = Df = (a : a A. (a, f(a)) f)
Range of f = Rf = {f (a) : a A, f(a) B}
It should be noted that the range of f is always a subset of Co-domain B.
i.e., f(A) B
How to find range : First put y = f(x) by suitable substitution, find x in terms of y. Then find all such
y for which x is defined i.e., in the domain. Set of these values of y is the range of f(x).
Illustration 32:Find the domain, co-domain and range of the function f which is denoted by the figure
below.
f:A B
a x
b y
c z
d u
v
w
Solution : It is clear from the figure
Domain of f = Df = All elements of set A = {a, b, c, d}
Co-domain of f = Cf = All elements of set B = {x, y, z, u, v, w}
Range of f = Rf = All elements of B which are the images of the elements of set A = {x, y, w}
Also {x, y, w} {x, y, z, u, v, w}
i.e., Range co-domain.
Formulas for the domain of a function
(i) Domain of (f(x) ± g(x)) = Domain of f(x) Domain of g(x) i.e., Df±g = Df Dg
(ii) Domain of (f(x).g(x)) = Domain of f(x) Domain of g(x) i.e., Dfg = Df Dg
f x
(iii) Domain of g x = Domain of f(x) Domain of g(x) {x : g (x) 0} i.e., Df/g = Df Dg {x : g (x)0}
(iv) Domain of f x = Domain of f(x) {x : f(x) 0} i.e., Df = Df {x : f 0}
(v) Domain of logaf(x) = Domain of f(x) {x : f(x) > 0} i.e., Dloga f = Df {x : f > 0}
(vi) Domain of (fog)x = Domain of g(x)
i.e., Dfog = Dg [where (fog)x = f{g(x)}]
6. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
Func on
Algebraic Transcendental
Monomial Trigonometric
Constant Inverse Trigonometric
Polynomial
Iden ty
Ra onal Exponen al
Irra onal Logarithmic
Piecewise De?ned Modulus
Signum
Greatest integer
Least integer
Frac onal part
(A) Algebraic functions
An algebraic function consists of a finite number of terms involving powers and roots of the variable
x and the operations : addition, substraction, multiplication and division.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
3 2 2
3x 2 2 x 5
1/2
e.g., 7x + 2x – 3x + 2, 5x + 2x + 7, 2 etc.
7x 4 x 1
(a) Monomial functions : Any function of the form f(x) = kxn where k is a constant and n W is known
as monomial function.
i.e., f(x) = 5x3
Note :- The function f(x) = ax, a 0 is called an odd linear function.
(b) Polynomial functions : Any function which is obtained by addition or subtraction of several
monomials is called a polynomial whose domain and co-domain both is the set of real numbers.
Clearly in this
f(x) = a0xn + anxn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + ....+ an – 1x + an (a0 0)
where a0, a1, a2, ......an – 1, an and n
‘n’ is called the degree of polynomial which is maximum value of the exponents of x.
e.g. Polynomial Degree
(i) f(x) = 125 x150 + 22 x99 + x27 150
(ii) f(x ) = 3 x 3 + 2 x 2 + 3 x + 7 3
(iii) f(x ) = 2x2 + 4x – 7 2
(iv) f(x ) = 5 x + 8 1
(v) f(x ) = 4 0
(vi) f(x ) = 0 undefined
1. Constant function : The function f : R R is called a constant function if a constant k R such
that f(x) = k, k R
Domain of f(x) = Df = R
and Range of f(x) = Rf = k.
Y
k f(x) = k (> 0)
O X
2. Identity function : The function f : R R is called an identity function if f(x) = x x R
Df = Rf = R
(i.e., output is same as the input)
Y
f(x) = x
45°
O X
(c) Rational function : A function defined by the quotient of two polynomial functions is called a
Px
rational function. Theus f(x) = Q x , where P(x) and Q(x) ( 0) are polynomial functions.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
e.g. Rational Functions Domain
n n–1 n–2
(i) a 0x + a 1x + a 2x + ... + an All real numbers except the real
n n–1 n–2
b 0x + b 1x + b 2x + ... + bn roots of the equation b 0xn + b 1xn – 1
n–2
+ b 2x + ... + bn = 0
2
5x – 7x + 1
(ii)
3 2
– {1, 2, 3}
x – 6x + 11x – 6
2
(iii) 7x – 4x + 5
– {–1, –2}
x2 + 3 x + 2
1
(iv)
3
– {0}
x
(d) Irrational function : An algebraic function or rational function containing one or more radicals
(non-integral rational powers of x) is called irrational function.
2/3
e.g., 3x2 2 x 3 1/2
,2 x 7 x 5 x 2,
x 3 2x2 7
3x 2 x 2
then domains are x > 0, x 2/3; x > 0; x > –2
2
i.e., (0, ) – , (0, ); (–2, ) respectively.
3
(e) Piecewise defined functions
(I) Modulus function (or absolute value function)
x; x 0
It is defined as y = f(x) = |x| =
x ; x 0
Df = R, Rf = [0, )
Y
Y=
x
–x
Y=
45° 45°
X’ X
Y’
Properties of Modulus Function
(i) |x| a – a x a; (a 0) Y
(ii)|x| a x – a and x a; (a 0)
y = 1, x > 0
(iii) |x + y| = |x| + |y|
x 0 and y 0 or x 0 and y 0
(iv)|x – y| = |x| – |y| x 0 and |x| |y| x’ x
O
or x 0 and y 0 and |x| |y|
y =–1, x < 0
(v) |x ± y| |x| + |y|
(vi) |x ± y| || x| – |y||
(II) Signum function Y’
The signum function f is defined as
x x 1; x 0
or ; x 0
y = f(x) = Sgn (x) = x x = 0; x 0 Df = R, Rf = {–1, 0, 1}
0 ; x 0 1; x 0
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
(III) Greatest Integer Function
[x] denotes the Greatest integer less than or equal to x i.e., [x] x. It is also known as floor of x.
Thus, [3.5779] = 3, [0.89] = 0, [3] = 3
[–8.7285] = –9, [–0.6] = –1
In general if n is an integer and x is any real number between n and (n + 1),
i.e., n x < n + 1 then [x] = n Y
f(x) = [x]
For x [–3, –2) ; y = –3
For x [–2, –1) ; y = –2
For x [–1, 0) ; y = –1
For x [0, 1) ; y=0 X’
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4
X
For x [1, 2) ; y=1 –1
For x [2, 3) ; y=2 –2
For x [3, 4) ; y=3 –3
Df = R, Rf = I
Properties of Greatest Integer Function Y’
(i) [x + n] = n + [x], n I
(ii) x = [x] + {x}, {x} denotes the fractional part of x.
(iii) [–x] = –[x], x I
(iv) [–x] = –[x] – 1, x I
(v) [x] n x n, n I
(vi) [x] > n x n + 1, n I
(vii) [x] n x < n + 1, n I
(viii) [x] < n x < n, n I
(ix) n2 [x] n1 n2 x < n1 + 1; n1, n2 I
(x) [x + y] [x] + [y]
x x
(xi) , n N
n n
n 1 n 2 n 4 n 8
(xii) 2 4 8 16 + ... = n, n N
1 2 n 1
(xiii) [x] + x x .... x nx , n N
n n n
(IV) Least Integer Function
Y
(x) or x denotes the least integer function which
is greater than or equal to x. It is also known as ceiling of x.
3
Thus,(3.578) = 4, (0.87) = 1, (4) = 4,
2
8.239 8, 0.7 0 1
In general if n is an integer and x is any real number –2 –1
X
0 1 2 3
between n and (n + 1)
–1
i.e., n < x n + 1 then (x) = n + 1
f(x) = (x) = x
For x (–2, –1] ; (x) = –1
For x (–1, 0] ; (x) = 0
For x (0, 1] ; (x) = 1
For x (1, 2] ; (x) = 2
For x (2, 3] ; (x) = 3
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
Properties of Least integer function
(i) (x + n) = (x) +n, n I
(ii) x = (x) + {x} – 1, {x} denotes the fractional part of x
(iii) (–x) = –(x), x I
(iv) (–x) = –(x) + 1, x I
(v) (x) n x > n – 1, n I
(vi) (x) > n x > n, n I
(vii) (x) n x < n, n I
(viii) (x) < n x < n – 1, n I
(ix) n2 (x) n1 n2 – 1 < x < n1; n1, n2 I
(x) (x + y) (x) + (y)
x x
(xi) ,n N
n n
n 1 n 2 n 4 n 8
(xii) ....... 2 n 1 , n N
2 4 8 16
1 2 n 1
(xiii) (x) + x x ..... x nx n 1 , n N
n n n
(V) Fractional Part Function
It is denoted as f(x) = {x} and defined as
(i) {x} = f if x = n + f where n I and 0 f < 1
(ii) {x} = x – [x]
Y
1
1
2 1 x x– –2
x+ x+ y=
x
y= y= y= y=
X
–2 –1 O 1 2 3
i.e., {2.7} = 0.7, {3} = 0, {–3.6} = 0.4
Note :-
1. For proper fraction 0 < f < 1
2. Domain and Range of x are R – I and (0, 1) respectively
Illustration 33: Find the domain of definition of the function f(x) = , [.] denotes the
x 1 5
greatest integer function.
Solution : Since f(x) = x 1 5
f(x) is defined when |[|x|– 1]| – 5 > 0
Then [|x| – 1] > 5 and [|x|– 1] < – 5 |x| – 1 6 and |x| – 1 < – 5
|x| 7 or |x| < – 4 (impossible) x –7 and x 7
Df = (–, –7] [7, )
1 x
Illustration 34: Find the domain of definition of the function f(x) = 2 x
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
1 x
Solution : Since f(x) =
2 x
1 x
f(x) is defined when 2 x 0
x 1 + +
x 2 0 1 – 2
Critical points of |x| are 1 and 2
From wavy curve method
|x| 1 and |x| > 2
Then –1 x 1 and x < –2 and x > 2
x (–, –2) [–1, 1] (2, )
Df (–, –2) [–1, 1] (2, )
x
ex e
Illustration 35: Find the range of the function f x x
ex e
x 0 ,x 0
ex e
Solution : f x x
= e e
x x
ex e x ,x 0
e ex
Range of f(x) = 0 for x 0 ...(1)
e x e x
and let y = f(x) = for x < 0
ex ex
y 1 2e x
or (From componendo and dividendo rule)
1 y 2e x
y 1 2x y 1
e 0< 1
1y 1y
y 1
0 > 1
y 1
y (–1, 1) and y (–, 0) (1, ) then y (–1, 0) ...(2)
From (1) and (2)
Range of f(x) is Rf = (–1, 0]
e x
Illustration 36: Find the range of the function f(x) = 1 x , [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
e x
Solution : Given f(x) = 1 x
e x
Let y = f(x) = 1 x or y (1 + [x]) = e–x > 0
y (1 + [x]) > 0
If 1 + [x] > 0 then y > 0
and If 1 + [x] < 0 then y < 0
Hence y R – {0}
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
Illustration 37: If [x] denotes the integral part of x for real x, then find the value of
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 199
4 4 200 4 100 4 200 ..... 4 200
Solution : The given expression can be written as
1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 199 200. 1
4 4 200 4 200 4 200 ..... 4 200 = 4
= [50] = 50
Illustration 38:Let [a] denote the larger integer not exceeding the real number a. If x and y satisfy the
equations y = 2[x] + 3 and y = 3 [x – 2] simultaneously, determine [x + y].
Solution : We have y = 2[x] + 3 = 3[x – 2]
2[x] + 3 = 3[x] – 6 [x] = 9
y = 2[x] + 3 = 2.9 + 3 = 21
[x + y] = [x + 21] = [x] + 21 = 9 + 21 = 30
Illustration 39: Let {x} and [x] denote the fractional and integral parts of a real number x respectively.
Then solve theequation 4{x} = x + [x]
Solution : x = [x] + {x} ...(1)
Substituting the value of x from (1) in the given equation, then
4{x} = [x] + {x} + [x]
2
or 3{x} = 2[x] {x} = x ...(2)
3
2
but0 {x} < 1 0 x < 1 [From (2)]
3
3
0 [x] < [x] = 0, 1
2
2
Hence x from (2), {x} = 0,
3
2 5
Hence from (1) x=0+0=0 and x = 1 +
3 3
Hence x = 0, 5/3
(B) Transcendental functions
All functions which are not algebraic are called transcendental functions.
(a) Trigonometric Functions
(i) Sine Function : f(x) = sin x then domain and range of f(x) are R and [–1, 1] respectively.
Y
(0, 1)
–3 –2 – (0, 0) 2 3 4 X
(0, –1)
(ii) Cosine Function : f(x) = cos x then domain and range of f(x) are R and [–1, 1] respectively.
Y
1
-5π
2 /2 5π/2 3π
–2 -3π – /2 3π 2 7π X
2 2 2
–1
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
(iii) Tangent Function : f(x) = tan x then domain and range of f(x) are R – n , n I and R respectively.
2
Y
3
2 2 2 2
3 0 2 X
2
(iv) Cotangent Function : f(x) = cot x then domain and range of f(x) are R – {n, n I} and R respectively.
Y
2 2 2 2 2
3 0 X
2
(v) Secant Function : f(x) = sec x then domain and range of f(x) are R – n , n I and
2
R – (–1, 1) respectively.
Y
3
2 1 2 2
0 X
–1
(vi) Cosecant Function : f(x) = cosec x then domain and range of f(x) are R – {n, n I} and
R – (–1, 1) respectively.
Y
1 3
1 2 2
0 X
2
–1
Table of Trigonometric Functions
Functions Domain (x) Range (y)
1. y = sin x xR y [–1, 1]
2. y = cos x xR y [–1, 1]
3. y = tan x x R – n + ,nI yR
2
4. y = cot x x R–{n, n I} yR
5. y = sec x x R – n + ,nI y R – (–1, 1)
2
6. y = cosec x x R–{n, n I} y R – (–1, 1)
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
Illustration 40: Find the domain of definition of the following functions :
(i)f(x) = cos sin x (ii)f(x) = sin cos x
Solution : (i) Since f(x) = cos sin x
f(x) is defined when cos (sin x) 0
but – 1 sin x 1 x R
if sinx = , then cos 0
lies in I and IV quadrant.
2n ,2n, , n
2 2
Hence it is clear that cos (sin x) 0 x R then Df = R
(ii) Since f(x) = sin cos x
f(x) is defined when sin (cos x) 0
cos x sin–1 0 cos x 0
x lies in I and IV quadrant
2n – x 2n + , n I Df = 2n ,2n, , n I.
2 2 2 2
7. SOME IMPORTANT GRAPHS
Some of basic polynomial functions are y
(i) Identity function/Graph f (x) = x y=x
A function f defined by f(x) = x for all x R, is called the identity
function. 45°
x
Here, y = x clearly represents a straight line passing through the O
origin and inclined at an angle of 45° with x-axis shown as :
The domain and range of identity function are both equal to R.
(ii) Graph of f (x) = x2
A function given by f (x) = x2 is called the square function. y 2
y=x
The domain of square function is R and its range is R+ {0} or [0, )
Clearly y = x2, is a parabola. Since y = x2 is an even function, so its
graph is symmetrical about y-axis, shown as : x
O
(iii) Graph of f (x) = x3 y
y = x3
A function given by f (x) = x3 is called the cube function.
The domain and range of cube are both equal to R.
Since, y = x3 is an old function, so its graph is symmetrical about O
x
opposite quadrant, i.e., “origin”, shown as :
(iv) Graph of f (x) = x2n; n N
6
If n N, then function f given by f (x) = x2n is an even function. 4
y=x y=x
6
y=x y=x 4
y = –x y
y=x
So, its graph is always symmetrical about y-axis.
Also, x2 > x2 > x6 > x8 > ..... for all x (–1, 1)
and x2 < x4 < x6 < x8 < ..... for all x (–, –1) (1, ) x
O
Graphs of y = x2, y = x4, y = x6,....., etc. are shown as :
(v) Graph of f (x) = x2n – 1; n N
If n N, then the function f given by f (x) = x2n – 1 is an odd function. So, its graph is symmetrical
about origin or opposite quadrants.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
Here, comparison of values of x, x3, x5,.....
y = x5
for y y=x
3
x (1, ) x < x3 < x5 < ......
x (0, 1) x > x3 > x5 > ...... x
O
x (–1, 0) x < x3 < x5 < ...... –1 1
x (–, –1) x > x3 > x5 > ......
Graphs of f (x) = x, f (x) = x3, f (x) = x5, ..... are shown as in figure.
Rational Expression
A function obtained by dividing a polynomial by another polynomial is called a rational function.
P (x )
f ( x) Domain R – {x| Q(x) = 0}
Q( x)
i.e., Domain R except points for which denominator = 0.
Graphs of Some Simple Rational Funciton
1
(i) Graph of f ( x)
x
1
A function defined by f ( x) is called the reciprocal function or rectangular hyperbola, with
x
1
coordinate axis as asymptotes. The domain and range of f ( x) is R – {0}.
x
Since, f (x) is odd function, so its graph is symmetrical about opposite quadrants. Also, we
observe y
lim f (x) and lim f ( x)
x 0 x 0 (1, 1)
and as x f (x) 0 1
x
1 –1 O 1
Thus, f ( x) could be shown as in figure. –1
x (—1, –1)
1
(ii) Graph of f ( x ) 2
x
1
Here, f ( x ) 2 is an even function, so its graph is symmetrical abouty y-axis.
x
Domain of f (x) is R – {0} and range (0, ).
Also, as y as lim f (x ) or lim f (x )
x 0 x 0
x
O
and y 0 as lim f ( x).
x
1
1 y=
x
Thus, f ( x ) could be shown as in figure. y y=
1
x2
x2
1 A
(iii) Graph of f (x ) 2 n1 ; n N 1
(1, 1)
x x
–1 O 1
1 (–1, –1)
Here, f ( x ) 2 n 1 is an odd function, so its graph is B –1
x
Symmetrical in opposite quadrants.
Also, y when lim f (x) and y – when lim f (x )
x 0 x 0
1 1 1
Thus, the graph for f ( x)
3
; f (x ) 5 , ......, etc. will be similar tothe graph of f ( x) which
x x x
has asymptotes as coordinates axes, shown as in figure.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
1 1
(iv) Graph of f (x ) ;n N y y=
x2 1
x 2n y= 4
x
1
We observe that the function f ( x) is an even
x 2n (–1, –1) (1, 1)
function, so its graph is symmetrical about y-axis. B 1 A
Also, y as lim f (x) or lim f (x) x
x 0 x 0 –1 O 1
and y 0 as lim f (x) or lim f (x)
x x
The values of y decrease as the values of x increase.
1 1 1
Thus, the graph of f ( x)
2
; f (x ) ,....., etc. will be similar as graph of f (x ) 2 , which has
x x x
asymptotes as coordinates axis. Shown as in figure.
Irrational Function
The algebraic function containing terms having non-integral rational powers of x are called irrational
functions.
(i) Graph of f (x) = x1/2 y
y=x
Here; f (x ) x is the portion of the parabola y2 = x, which lies (1, 1) y = x
above x-axis. 1
Domain of f (x) R+ {0} or [0, )
x
and range of f(x) R+ {0} or [0, ) O 1
Thus, the graph of f(x) = x1/2 is shown as;
Note :- If f (x) = xn and g(x) = x1/n, then f (x) and g(x) inverse of each other.
f(x) = xn and g(x) = x1/n is the mirror image about y = x.
(ii) Graph of f (x) = x1/3 y
As discussed above, if g (x) = x3. Then f (x) = x1/3 is image of 1
g(x) about y = x.
where domain f (x) R. x
and range of f (x) R. –1 O 1
Thus, the graph of f (x) = x1/3 is shown as : –1
(iii) Graph of f (x) = x1/2n ; n N
4 2
Here, f (x) = x1/2n is defined for all x [0, ) and the values y y=x y=x
y=x
taken by f (x) are positive.
So, domain and range of f (x) are [0, ). y=x
1/2
1/2n
Here, the graph of f (x) = x is the mirror image of the 1 y=x
1/4
2n
graph of f (x) = x about the line y = x, when x [0, ).
Thus, f (x) = x1/2, f (x) = x1/4, ..... are shown as ; O 1 x
1/(2n – 1)
(iv) Graph of f (x) = x , when n N
Here, f (x) = x1/(2n – 1) is defined for all x R. So, domain of f (x) R, and range of f (x) R. Also the
graph of f (x) = x1/(2n – 1) about the line y = x when x R. y y=x y=x
y=x
5 3
1/3 1/5
Thus, f (x) = x , f (x) = x ,....., are shown as;
1/3
y=x
1 y = x 1/5
–1 O 1 x
–1
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES
Example 1 : If f(x + y + 1) = ( f (x) f (y))2 and f(0) = 1 x, y R.
Determine f(x).
Solution : Given f(x + y + 1) = ( f ( x) f (y) )2
2
Put x = y = 0 , f (1) 2
Again putting x = 0, y = 1
Then f(2) = ( f (0) f (1) )2
= (1 + 2)2 = 32
and for x = 1, y = 1
f (3) ( f (1) f (1) )2 (2 2)2 42
Similarly, f(x) = (x + 1)2
Example 2 : A function f, defined foll all x, y R is such that f(1) = 2; f(2) = 8 and f(x + y) – kxy = f(x) + 2y2,
when k is some constant. Find f(x) and show that :
1
f ( x y) f k for x + y 0
xy
Solution : Given f(x + y) – kxy = f(x) + 2y2
Replacing y by – x then we get
f(0) + kx2 = f(x) + 2x2
f(x) = f(0) + kx2 – 2x2 ... (1)
f(1) = f(0) + k – 2 = 2 given ... (2)
and f(2) = f(0) + 4k – 8 = 8 (given) ... (3)
Solving (2) and (3) we get
k = 4 and f(0) = 0 ... (4)
From (1), we get f(x) = 2x2
2
1 1
Also, f ( x y ). f 2( x y)2 .2
xy xy
=4=k {From (4)}
Example 3 : Consider a real function f(x) satisfying 2f(xy) = (f(x))y + (f(y))x for all x, y R and f(1) = a
n
where a 1. Prove that (a 1) f (i ) a n 1 a
i 1
y x
Soltion : Given 2f(xy) = (f(x)) + (f(y)) , replacing y by 1, we get
2f(x) = f(x) + f(1))x
f(x) = (f(1))x = ax ( f(1) = a)
n n
i
L.H.L. = (a 1) f (i) (a 1) a
i 1 i 1
2 3 n
= (a – 1) (a + a + a + .... + a )
a(an 1)
= (a – 1) (If a > 1)
(a 1)
= a(an – 1) = (an + 1 – a) = R.H.S.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
Example 4 :If {x} and [x] represent fractional and integral part of x respectively, then find the value of
2000
{ x r}
[ x]
r 1 2000
Solution : {x + r} = {x}
2000 2000
{ x r} { x}
[ x] [ x]
r 1 2000 r 1 2000
{ x} 2000 { x}
[x]
2000 r 1
1 [ x]
2000
· 2000
= [x] + {x} = x
Example 5 : Let f(x) = (2 cos x – 1) (2 cos 2x – 1)(2 cos 22x – 1) ... (2 cos 2n – 1 x – 1) (where n 1)
2k
Then prove that f n 1k
2 1
Solution : Since f(x) = (2 cos x – 1) (2 cos 2x – 1) (2 cos 22x – 1) ... (2 cos 2n – 1 x – 1)
(2cos x 1)(2cos x 1)(2cos2 x 1)(2cos22 x 1)...(2cos2n1 x 1)
f ( x)
(2cos x 1)
(4cos2 x 1)(2cos2x 1)(2cos22 x 1)...(2cos22 n1 x 1)
(2cos x 1)
(2cos2x 1)(2cos2 x 1)(2cos22 x 1)...(2cos2n1 x 1)
(2cos x 1)
(4cos2 2 x 1)(2cos22 x 1)...(2cos2n1 x 1)
(2cos x 1)
(2cos22 x 1)(2cos22 x 1)...(2cos2n1 x 1)
(2cos x 1)
(2cos2 2n1 x 1)(2cos2n1 x 1)
Similarly f ( x)
(2cos x 1)
(4cos2 2n1 x 1) (2cos2n x 1)
(2cos x 1) (2cos x 1)
2n1 k 2k
2cos n 1 2cos 2k n 1
2k 2 1 2 1
f n
2 1 2cos 2k 1 2k
n 2cos n 1
2 1 2 1
2k
2cos n 1
2 1
2k
2cos n 1
2 1
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
UNSOLVED EXERCISE
Section-A
(Straight objective type with single option correct)
Topic : 1 Classification of functions , Domain and Range (a) (0, 3/2) (b) (0, 3)
1. The domain of the function f (x)
3 3
1 (c) , (d) 0,
= is 2 2
x 2 3x 2 7. The domain of the function f (x) =
(a) ( – , 1) (b) ( – , 1) (2, )
(c) ( – , 1] [2, ) (d) (2, ) x 1 x2 is
2.
If log1/2 x 2 5x 7 0 , then exhaustive
(a) 1,
1 1
,1
2 2
range of values of x is
(b) [–1, 1]
(a) , 2 3,
(b) (2, 3) 1 1
(c) , ,
(c) , 1 1, 2 2, 2 2
(d) None of these 1
3. The range of the function (d) ,1
2
f (x) log (2 log 2 (16sin 2 x 1)) is –
2 8. The set of all values of x in [0, ] for which
(a) (–, 1 ) (b) (–, 2)
the function 1 2sin3x takes real valuess
(c) (–, 1] (d) (–, 2]
is
4. If f(x) is defined on domain [0, 1] then f(2
sinx) is defined on 5
(a) 0, ,
5 6 6
(a) 2n, 2n 6 2n 6
, 2n 1
(b) 0, 2 , 7 8 ,
n1
9 9 9 9
(b) 2n, 2n 6
n1
5 13 17
(c)
2n
5
, 2n 1 (c) 0, , ,
n1
6 6 18 18 18
(d) None of these (d) None of these
1 1 [ x ]
5. If 3 f (x) + 5 f = – 3, x ( 0) R, 9. The range of f (x) = cos
2
is
x
x
then f (x) = (a) {0, 1} (b) {– 1, 1}
(c) {–1, 0, 1} (d) [–1, 1]
1 3 1 3
(a) 5x 6 (b) 5x 6 9.32 x 6.3x 4
14 x 14 x 10. Let f (x) = , then range of f
9.32 x 6.3x 4
1 3
(c) 5 x 6 (d) None of these (x) is
14 x
1 1
6. The domain of the function f (x) (a) , 3 (b) , 1
3 3
3 x (c) [0, 2] (d) None of these
= log10 is
x
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
sin x cos x 1
11. Let f (x) = then (c) [f (x + y) . f (x – y)]
1 tan2 x 1 cot2 x 2
range of f (x) is (d) None of these
(a) [–1, 0] (b) [0, 1] 18. The least value of x for which
(c) [–1, 1] (d) None of these
x2 4
f (x ) is defined is –
1 sin1 (2 x)
12. If 3 f (x) – f = log x4, then f (e–x) is
x (a) x = 1 (b) x = 2
(a) 1 + x (b) 1/x (c) x = 3 (d) Does not exist
(c) x (d) – x 19. 2
If f ( x + y) = f (x) + 2y + kxy and f (1) = 2, f
13. Let f : [– 10, 10] R, where f (x) = sinx + (2) = 8, then f (x) is of the form
[x2/a] and [.] denotes the greatest integer (a) 2x2 (b) 2x2 + 1
function be an odd function. Then set of (c) 2x2 – 1 (d) x 2
values of parameter ‘a’ is / are 20. Given that, f (x) is a polynomial in x
(a) (–10, 10) – {0} (b) (0, 10)
(c) [100, ) (d) (100, ) 1
satisfying the condition f (x) + f = f (x)
14. The value of the function f (x) = 3 sin x
1
2 x f and f (5) = 126, f (6) =
x 2 lies in the interval x
16
(a) 216 (b) 218
(c) 217 (d) –215
3
(a) , (b) 0,
4 4 2 x2
21. The range of the function f (x) = is
(c) (– 3, 3) (d) None of these x4 1
15. The range of the function y = 3 (a) (0, 1/2) (b) [0, 1/2]
(c) [0, ) (d) [0, 2]
2 22. The range of the function
sin x 2 is
16
f x
sin x 2 1
where , [ ] is greatest
3 3 3 x4 1
(a) 0, (b) ,
2 2 2 Integer function, is
(a) 0, 1 (b) 1, 1
3
(c) ,0 (d) None of these
2 (c) 0 (d) none of these
23. If f (x) is defined on (0, 1), then the domain
16. The domain of f (x) = cos(sin x) log x { x} of definition of f (ex) + f(ln |x|) is
; {.} denote the fractional part, is (a) (– e, – 1) (b) (– e, – 1)(1, e)
(a) [1, ) (b) (0, 2) – [1, ) (c) (– , – 1)(1, ) (d) (– e, e)
1 1 1 1 2
(c) 0, {1} (d) (0, 1) 24. The value of +...
2 2 2 100 2 100
2 x 2 x 1 99
17. If f (x) = , then f (x + y). f (x – y) is + is
2 2 100
equal to (a) 49 (b) 50
(c) 51 (d) 98
1
(a) [f (x + y) + f (x – y)] 25. The domain of definition of f (x) =
2
log 0.3 |x – 2|
1 |x|
is
(b) [f (2x) + f (2y)]
2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
(a) [1, 2)(2, 3] (b) [1, 3] y y
(c) – (1, 3] (d) none of these 34. If f 2x ,2x xy, then f m,n f n,m 0
8 8
26. The domain of definition of the function f
(a) only when m = n (b) only when m n
(c)only when m n (d) for all m and n
sin–1 x x2 1 x – [x] logx
(x) = is Topic : 3 Periodic Functions
1
sinx cosx
e log sin 35. If f(x) = sin [a]x , (where [a] denotes the
– x2
greatest integer function, has as it’s fun-
(a) (– 1, 1) (b) (0, 1) damental period, then
(c) (1, 0) (d) none of these (a) a = 1 (b) a [1, 2)
Topic : 2 Composite Function, Even & Odd Function (c) a = 9 (d) a [4, 5)
27. If f(x) is a function that is odd and even
simultaneously, then f(C) – f(B) is equal to 36. f (x) = sin4 x + cos4 x is-
6 6
(a) 1 (b) – 1
(a) Not a periodic function
(c) 0 (d) None of these
(b) A periodic function with period 2
cos x (c) A periodic function with period
28. f (x) = , where x is not an integral
x 1 (d) A period function with period /2
2 37. If f (x) . f (y) = f (x) + f (y) + f (xy) – 2 x, y
R and if f (x) is not a constant function, then
mult iple of and [×] denote the greatest
the value of f (1) is
integer function, is
(a) 1 (b) 2
(a) An odd function (b) An even function
(c) 0 (d) – 1
(c) Neither odd nor even (d)
38. The period of tan 3 is
None of these
3
1 x (a) (b)
29. If f (x) = ; x 0 then f [f (x)] + 4
1 x
1 (c) (d) None of these
f f 2
x
39. Period of f(x)sin2 x 1 is
(a) < 2 (b) 2
(c) = 2 (d) None of these (a) 2 (b)
(c) /2 (d) None of these
30. If f (x) = cos [2] x + cos[– 2]x, where [x] = 40. If f is a function such that f (0) = 2, f (1) = 3
greatest integer x, then and f (x + 2) = 2 f (x) – f (x + 1) for every real
(a) f (/2) = – 1 (b) f () = 1 x then f(5) is
(c) f (– ) = – 1 (d) f (/4) = 2 (a) 7 (b) 13
(c) 1 (d) 5
x x
31. The function f ( x) x
1 is –
1 2
e 1 2 41. If 2f x 3f x 1, then f x is
(a) An odd function (b) An even function x
(c) Neither an odd nor an even function (a) a periodic function (b) an even functioon
(d) A periodic function (c) an odd function (d) none of these
42. Let f :R R be a periodic function such that
32. The function f (x) = sec log(x 1 x 2 ) is 1/3,
2 3
f T x 1 1 3f x 3 f x f x
(a) Even (b) Odd
(c) Constant (d) None of these where T is a fixed positive number, then
33. n 1/n
If f (x) = (a – x ) , then f [f (x)] equals to period of f x is
(a) x1/n (b) xn (a) T (b) 2T
(c) a – x (d) x (c) 3T (d) none of these
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
43. The period of the function 51. Let R be a relation defined as a R b iff
x x 1 ab 0. Then, the relation R is
f x cos sin is
n! n 1 ! (a) reflexive (b) symmetric
(c) transitive (d) none of these
(a) 2 n 1 ! (b) 2 n! 52. Let R be a relation defined as a R b iff
(c) n 1 (d) not periodic a b. Then, the relation R is
44. The fucntion f x k cosx k2 sinx k has (a) reflexive (b) symmetric
(c) transitive (d) none of these
period if k is equal to 53. N is the set of naturral numbers. The relation
2 R is defined on N × N as follows
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d)none of these a,b R c,d a d b c. then, R is
Topic : 4 Set Theory and Types of Relations (a) reflexive only
45. Suppose A1, A2,....A30 are thirty sets, each (b) symmetric only
with five elements and B1, B2,....,Bn are n (c) transitive only
sets each with three elements. Let (d)equivalence relation
30 n
Ai B j S 54. Out of 800 boys in a school, 224 played
i1 j1
cricket, 240 played hockey and 336 played
If each elements of S belongs to exactly ten basketball. of the total, 64 played both
of the A'is and exactly nine of the B'js then n = basketball and hockey; 80 played cricket and
basketball and 40 played cricket and hockey;
(a)45 (b)35 24 played all the three games. the number of
(c)40 (d) none of these boys who did not play any game is
46. If A 1,3,5,7,9,11,15,17 , B 2,4,......18 , (a) 160 (b) 240
and N is the universal set, then (c) 216 (d) 128
55. Let S 1,2,3,4,5 and let A S S. Define the
A' A B B' is
relation R on A as follows (a,b) R(c,d) if and
(a) A (b) N only if ad cb. Then, R is
(c) B (d) none of these
47. In a group of 65 pepole, 40 like cricket, 10 (a) reflexive only
like both cricket and tennis. the number of (b) symmetric only
persons liking tennis only and not cricket is (c) transitive only
(a) 21 (b) 25 (d)equivalence relation
(c) 15 (d) none of these 56. In a certain town 25% families own a phone
48. In a group of 1000 pepole, there are 750 and 15% own a car, 65% families own neither
pepole who can speak Hindi and 400 who a phone nor a car. 2000 families own both a
can speak English. then number of persons car and a phone. Consider the following
who can speak Hindi only is statements in this regard:
(a) 300 (b) 400
1. 10% families own both a car and a phone.
(c) 600 (d) none of these
49. In a statistical investigation of 1,003 families 2. 35% families own either a car or a phone.
of Kolkata, it was found that 63 families had 3. 40,000 families live in the town.
neither a radio nor a TV, 794 families had a Which of the above statemetns are correct?
radio and 187 had a TV. The number of (a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3
families in that group having both a radio (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
and a T.V is 57. For real numbers x nad y, define a realtion
(a) 36 (b) 41 R, xR y if and only if x y 2 is an irrational
(c) 32 (d) none of these
number. Then the relation R is
50. Let R be a reation defined as a R b iff
a b 0. Then, the relation R is
(a) reflexive (b) symmetric
(a) reflexive (b) symmetric (c) transitive
(c) transitive (d) none of these (d) an equivalence relagtion
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
58. If two sets A and B are having 99 elements 60. Let U be the universal set and
in common then the number of elements A B C U. T h e n
common to each ofthe sets A B and B A are
(a) 299 (b) 992
A B B C C A ' is equal to
(c) 100 (d) 18 (a) A B C (b) A B C
59. Let A 2,3,4,5,.....,16,17,18. Let be the (c) A B C (d) A B C
equivalence relation on A × A defined by (a, b)
61 The set A B C A B' C' C' is equal to
(c,d) if ad = bc. Then the number of ordered
pairs of the equivalence class of (3,2)is (a) A C' (b) A C
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) B C (d) none of these
(c) 7 (d) none of these
Section-B
(Previous Year Question)
(a) R/{– 1, – 2} (b) (– 2, )
1. Let f be a real valued function defined on
(c) R/{– 1, – 2, – 3} (d) (– 3, )/{– 1, – 2}
the interval (– 1, 1) such that e– x f (x) = 2 +
6. The domain of definition of the function y(x)
x
t4 + 1 dt, x (– 1, 1) and let f – 1 be the in-
is given by the equation 2x + 2y = 2, is
0
(a) 0 < x 1 (b) 0 x 1
verse function of f. Then [f – 1 (2)]' is equal to (c) – < x 0 (d) – < x < 1
7. Let f () = sin (sin + sin 3). Then, f ()
1 (a) 0, only when 0
(a) 1 (b)
3 (b) 0, for all real
1 1 (c) 0, for all real
(c) (d) (d) 0, only when 0
2 c
2. Domain of definition of the function f (x) = 8. The domain of definition of the function y =
π 1
sin–1 (2x) + + x + 2 is
for real valued x, is log10 (1 – x)
6
(a) (– 3, – 2) excluding – 2.5
1 1 1 1 (b) [0, 1] excluding 0.5
(a) – , (b) – ,
4 2 2 2 (c) (– 2, 1) excluding 0
1 1 1 1 (d) None of these
(c) – , (d) – , 1 1
2 9 4 4
9. The function f : R – , defined as f (x)
x2 + x + 2 2 2
3. Range of the function f (x) = 2 ; xR is x
x + x +1 = is
1 + x2
11
(a) (1, ) (b) 1, (a) invertible
7 (b) injective but not surjective
7 7 (c) surjective but not injective
(c) 1, (d) 1, (d) neither injective nor surjective
3 5
4. Let f (x) = (1 + b )x + 2bx + 1 and let m(b) 10.
2 2 Let a, b, cR. If f (x) = ax2 + bx + c be such
be the minimum value of f (x). As b varies, that a + b + c = 3 and f (x + y) = f (x) + f(y) +
10
the range of m(b) is
xy, x, yR, then f (n) is equal too
1 n =1
(a) [0, 1] (b) 0, (a) 330 (b) 165
2
(c) 190 (d) 255
1 11. If fk(x) = 1/k (sink x + cosk x), where xR and
(c) ,1 (d) (0, 1]
2 k 1, then f4 (x) – f6 (x) is equal to
5. The domain of definition of f (x) = (a) 1/6 (b) 1/3
(c) 1/3 (d) 1/12
log2 (x + 3) 2
is 12. If f (x) = x and g(x) = sin x for all xR. Then,
x2 + 3x + 2 the set of all x satisfying (fogogof)(x) =
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
(gogof)(x), where (fog)(x) = f(g(x)), is (b) one-one but not onto
(a) n , n {0, 1, 2,....} (c) onto but not one-one
(d) neither one-one nor onto
(b) n ,n {1, 2,....} 21. Let function f : R R be defined by f (x) = 2x
(c) /2 + 2n, n{....., – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2,...} + sin x for xR. Then, f is
(d) 2n, n{...., – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2,....} (a) one-to-one and onto
αx (b) one-to-one but not onto
13. Let f (x) = , x – 1. Then, for what value (c) onto but not one-to-one
x +1
of is f [f (x)] = x? (d) neither one-to-one nor onto
22. Let E = {1, 2, 3, 4} and F = {1, 2}. Then, the
(a) 2 (b) – 2
number of onto functions from E to F is
(c) 1 (d) – 1 (a) 14 (b) 16
–1, x <0 (c) 12 (d) 8
23. If X and Y are two non-empty sets where f : X
14. Let g(x) = 1 + x – [x] and f (x) = 0, x=0,
1, Y, is function is defined such that f(C) =
x>0
{f(x) : xC} for C X and f– 1 (D) = {x : f
then for all x, f [g (x)] is equal to (x)D} for D Y, for any A Y and B Y,
(a) x (b) 1 then
(c) f (x) (d) g(x) (a) f – 1 {f(A)} = A
15. If g{f (x)} = |sin x| and f {g (x)} = (sin x)2 , (b) f – 1{f(A)} = A, only if f (X) = Y
then (c) f {f – 1 (B)} = B, only if B f (x)
(d) f {f – 1(B)} = B
(a) f (x) = sin2x, g(x) = x
24. If f (x) = sin x + cos x, g (x) = x2 – 1, then g {f
(b) f (x) = sin x, g (x) = | x | (x)} is invertible in the domain
(c) f (x) = x2, g(x) = sin x
π π π
(d) f and g cannot be determined (a) 0, (b) – ,
16. If f (x) = cos (log x), then f 2 4 4
1 x π π
(x)·f(y) – f + f(xy) has the value (c) – , (d) [0, ]
2 y 2 2
25. Suppose f (x) = (x + 1)2 for x – 1. If g(x) is
1 the function whose graph is reflection of the
(a) – 1 (b)
2 graph of f (x) with respect to the line y = x,
(c) – 2 (d) None of these then g (x) equals:
17. Let f (x) = |x – 1|. Then, 1
(a) f (x2) = {f (x)}2 (b) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) (a) – x – 1,x 0 (b) (x + 1)2 , x > – 1
(c) f (|x|) = |f (x)| (d) None of these
18. The function f : [0, 3] [1, 29], defined by f (c) x + 1,x –1 (d) x – 1,x 0
(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1, is
1
(a) one-one and onto 27. If f : [1, ) [2, ) is given by f (x) = x + ,
(b) onto but not one-one x
(c) one-one but not onto then f – 1 (x) equals
(d) neither one-one nor onto x + x2 – 4 x
(a) (b)
x, if x is rational 2 1 + x2
19. f(x) = ,
0, if x isirrational x – x2 – 4
(c) (d) 1 + x 2 – 4
0, if x is rational 2
g(x) = . Then, f – g is
x, if x isirrational 28. If the function f : [1, ) [1, ) is defined
(a) one-one and into by f (x) = 2x(x – 1), then f – 1 (x) is
(b) neither one-one nor onto x(x– 1)
1 1
(c) many one and onto (a) (b) (1 + 1 + 4log2x)
(d) one-one and onto 2 2
x
20. If f : [0, ) [0, ) and f (x) = , then f is 1
1+x (c) (1 – 1+ 4log2x) (d) not defined
(a) one-one and onto 2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
29. If f (x) = 3x – 5, then f – 1 (x) (b) f (x) = sin (1/x) for x 0, f (0) = 0
1 (c) f (x) = x cos x
(a) is given by (d) None of the above
3x – 5
b–x
x+5 31. Let f : (0, 1) R be defined by f (x) = ,
(b) is given by 1 – bx
3
where b is a constant such that 0 < b < 1.
(c) does not exist because f is not one-one
Then,
(d) does not exist because f is not onto
(a) f is not invertible on (0, 1)
30. Which of the following functions is periodic?
1
(a) f (x) = x – [x], where [x] denotes the (b) f f – 1 on (0, 1) and f' (b) = f'(0)
greatest integer less than or equal to the 1
real number x (c) f = f – 1 on (0, 1) and f'(b) = f (0)
(d) f – 1 is differentiable on (0, 1)
Section-C
(SCHOOL / BOARD PATTERN)
1. In a survey of 100 students, the number of 5. Let f : R R, where R+ is the set of all
students studying the various languages were positive real numbers, be such that
found to be : English only 18, English But not f x log e x. Determine
Hindi 23, English but not Hindi 23, English and
Sanskrit 8, English 26, Sanskrit 48, Sanskrit (i) the image set of the domain of f
and Hindi 8, no language 24. find: (ii) x : f x 2
(i) How many students were styding hindi?
(ii) How many students were studying (iii)whether f xy f x f y hold
English and Hindi?
6 If f x 3x 4 5 x 2 9, find f x 1 .
2. In a survey it was found that 21 persons liked
product P1 ,26 liked product p2 and 29 liked 7. Let f be defined by f x x 4 and g be
product P3. If 14 persons liked products P1
and P2; 12 persons liked product p3 and P1 x 2 16
, x 4
;14 persons liked product P2 and P3 and 8 defined by g x x 4 Find
, x 4
liked all the three products. Find how many
liked product P3 only.
such that f x g x for all x.
3. Let A 1, 2,3,4,5,6. Let R be a relation on A
x2
defined by R a, b : a, b A, b is exactly 8. Let f x , 2
: x R be a function from
1 x
divisible by a }
R into R. Determine the range of f.
(i) Write R in roster form (ii) find the
domain of R (iii) Find the range of R . 9. If f x cos 2 x cos 2 x, where [x]
4. 2 2
Let A 1,2,3 and R a,b : a b 5,a,bA . denotes the greatest integer less than or
equal to x, then write the vlaue of f .
Then write R as set of ordered pairs.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
CHAPTER TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTION
2 OF ANGLES
1. TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS OF ACUTE ANGLES
An angle whose measure is greater than 0° but less than 90° is called an acute angle. Consider a
right angled triangle ABC with right angle at B. Side opposite to right angle is called the hypotenuse,
side opposite to angle A is called perpendicular for angle A and side opposite to third angle is
called base for angle A. C
C
h
h p p
A B B
b A b
Any ratio of two of the side depends only on the measure of angle A, for if we take a larger or
smaller right angle A B C and A = A then.
h b p
, (as these triangle are similar)
h b p
Thus any ratio of the lengths of two sides of the triangle is completely determined by angle A
alone and is independent of the size of the triangle. There are six possible ratios that can be
formed from the three sides of a right angled triangle. Each of them has been given a name as
follows.
Definitions :
p b p b
(i) sin A (ii) cos A (iii) tan A (iv) cot A
h h b p
h h
(v) sec A (vi) cosec A
b p
The abbreviations stand for sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant of A respectively.
These functions of angle A are called trigonometrical functions or trigonometrical ratios.
Trigonometrical functions of any angle : Let A be a given angle with specified initial ray. We
introduce a rectangular coordinate system in the plane with the vertex of angle A as the origin and
the initial ray of angle A as the positive ray of the x-axis. We choose any point P on the terminal
ray of angle A. Let the coordinates of P be (x, y) and its distance from the origin be r, then we
define. Y
y x P (x , y )
y
(i) sin A (ii) cos A (iii) tan A P(x , y)
r r x r A
x r r
(iv) cot A (v) sec A (vi) cosec A L L x O X
y x y
These quantities are functions of the angle A alone. They do not depend on the choice of the point
P and the terminal ray for if we choose a different point P (x, y) on the terminal ray of A at a
distance r from the origin, it is clear that x and y will have the same sign as those of x and y
y x y y x y
respectively and because of similar OPL and OP ‘L’, , , etc. will be equal to , , etc.
r r x r r x
respectively (r being always positive).
Also any trigonometrical function of an angle A° is equal to the same trigonometrical function of
any angle 360n + A, where n is any integer since all these angles will have the same terminal ray.
For example, sin 60° = sin 420° = sin (–300°). After the coordinates system has been introduced,
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
the plane is divided into four quadrants. An angle is said to be in that quadrant in which its
terminal ray lies. For positive acute angles this definition gives the same result as in case of a
right angled triangles since x and y are both positive for any point in the first quadrant and
consequently are the length of base and perpendicular of the angle A.
Y
2nd 1st
sin, cosec all +ve
are positive
X X
tan, cot cos, sec
are positive are positive
3rd 4th
Y
(i) Clearly in Ist quadrant sinA, cosA, tanA, cotA, secA and cosecA are all positive as x, y are
positive.
(ii) In 2nd quadrant x is negative and y is positive therefore, only sinA, cosecA are positive.
(iii) In 3rd quadrant x and y are both negative, therefore only tanA and cotA are positive.
(iv) In 4th quadrant x is positive and y is negative, therefore only cosA and secA are positive.
Limits of the values of trigonometrical functions :
r x2 y2 |x| r and |y| r
therefore,
y |y | |y |
(i) |sin A| 1 1 sin A 1
r |r | r
x | x| |x|
(ii) |cos A| 1 1 cos A 1
r |r | r
r |r | |r |
(iii) |sec A| 1 sec A 1 or sec A 1
x |x| |x|
r |r | r
(iv) |cosec A| 1 cosec A 1 or cosec A 1
y | y | |r |
y |y |
(v) |tan A| = any positive number tan A
x |x|
x |x|
(vi) |cot A| = any positive number cot A
y |y |
Relation between the trigonometrical ratios of angle :
Let O be the vertex of an angle A, OX its initial ray and OP its terminal ray. Let P (x, y) be a point on
the terminal ray.
Y
P ( x , y)
y r
A
X L x O X
Y
Let PL be perpendicular to OX. Let OP = r then
r2 = x2 + y2 .... (i)
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
y x y x
Now (i) sinA = (ii) cosA = (iii) tanA = (iv) cotA =
r r x y
r r
(v) sec A (vi) cosec A =
x y
Important Results
1. sin2A + cos2A = 1
2. sin A 1 cos2 A ; cos A 1 sin2 A
3. tan A sec2 A 1; sec A 1 tan2 A
4. cot A cosec2 A 1; cosec A 1 cot2 A
Positive or negative sign before the root depends on the quadrant in which A lies
5. sinA. cosecA = 1; cosA. secA =1; tanA. cotA = 1
Type 1. Problems based on identity
Illustration 1: Prove that 1 sin sec tan
1 sin
1 sin 1 sin 1 sin
Solution : L.H.S. = .
1 sin 1 sin 1 sin
(1 sin )2 (1 sin )2 1 sin
1 sin2 cos 2 cos
1 sin
sec tan = R.H.S.
cos cos
Illustration 2: Show that (1 + cotA – cosecA) (1 + tanA + secA) = 2
Solution : L.H.S. = (1 + cotA – cosecA) (1 + tanA + secA)
cos A 1 sin A 1
1 1
sin A sin A cos A cos A
sin A cos A 1 cos A sin A 1
sin A cos A
(sin A cos A)2 12
sin A cos A
sin2 A cos2 A 2sin A cos A 1
sin A cos A
2sin A cos A
2 R.H.S.
sin A cos A
1 1 1 1
Illustration 3: Prove that :
sec A tan A cos A cos A sec A tan A
1 1 1 1
Solution : We have to prove that,
sec A tan A cos A cos A sec A tan A
1 1 1 1 2
or, ... (1)
sec A tan A sec A tan A cos A cos A cos A
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
1 1
Now L.H.S. of (1) =
sec A tan A sec A tan A
sec A tan A sec A tan A
(sec A tan A)(sec A tan A)
2sec A 2
2 2
R.H.S. of (1)
sec A tan A cos A
Illustration 4 : Prove that : 3(sinx – cosx)4 + 4(sin6x + cos6x) + 6(sinx + cosx)2 = 13
Solution : L.H.S. = 3[(sinx – cosx)2]2 + 4[(sin2x)3 + (cos2x)3]
+ 6(sin2x + cos2x + 2sinx cosx)
= 3(sin2x + cos2x – 2sinx cosx)2 + 4(sin2x + cos2x)(sin4x + cos4x – sin2x cos2x)
+ 6(sin2x + cos2x + 2sinx cosx)
= 3(1 – 2sinx cosx) + 4(sin x + cos x) – sin2x cos2x
2 4 4
+ 6(1 + 2sinx. cos x)
= 3(1 + 4sin x cos x – 4sinx cosx) + 4[(sin x + cos 2x)2 – 2sin2x cos2x – sin2x cos2x]
2 2 2
+ 6 + 12 sinx cosx
= 3 + 12sin x cos x – 12sinx cosx + 4(1 – 3sin2x cos2x) + 6 + 12sinx cosx
2 2
= 3 + 12sin2x cos2x + 4 – 12sin2x cos2x + 6 = 13
Illustration 5: Prove that : sin8A – cos8A = (sin2A – cos2A) (1 – 2sin2A cos2A)
Solution : L.H.S. = sin8A – cos8A = (sin4A)2 – (cos4A)2
= (sin4A – cos4A) (sin4A + cos4A)
= (sin2A – cos2A) (sin2A + cos2A)
[(sin2A + cos2A)2 – 2sin2A cos2A]
= (sin A – cos A) (1 – 2sin2A cos2A)
2 2
[ sin2A + cos2A = 1]
Type-II. Problems based on conditional identity :
Illustration 6: If 3sin + 5cos = 5, show that 5sin – 3cos = ± 3
Solution : Given,
3sin + 5cos = 5 ... (i)
Let 5sin – 3cos = x ... (ii)
Squaring and adding we get
(9sin2 + 25cos2 + 30sin cos) + (25sin2 + 9cos2 – 30sin cos) = 25 + x2
or, 9(sin2 + cos2) + 25(sin2 + cos2) = 25 + x2
or, 34 = 25 + x2 or, x2 = 9 x=±3
Note :-
If x = – 3
From (i), 3sin + 5cos = 5 ... (iii)
and from (ii), 5sin – 3cos = – 3 ... (iv)
Multiplying eq. (iii) by 3 and eq. (iv) by 5 and adding, we get
34sin = 0 sin = 0 and cos = 1
Illustration 7: If (secA + tanA) (secB + tanB) (secC + tanC)
= (secA – tanA) (secB – tanB) (secC – tanC)
Prove that the value of each side is ± 1
Solution : Let (secA + tanA) (secB + tanB) (secC + tanC) = x ... (i)
then (secA – tanA) (secB – tanB) (secC – tanC) = x ... (ii)
Multiplying (i) and (ii) we get
(sec2A – tan2A) (sec2B – tan2B) (sec2C – tan2C) = x2
or, x2 = 1 x=±1 Hence each side = ± 1
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
4 4
Illustration 8: If cos A sin A 1, then prove that
2 2
cos B sin B
cos4 B sin4 B
(i)sin4A + sin4B = 2sin2A sin2B (ii) 1
cos2 A sin2 A
cos 4 A sin4 A
Solution : Given, 2
2 1 cos2 A sin2 A
cos B sin B
cos4 A 2 2 sin4 A
or, cos A sin A 2
cos2 B sin B
cos2 A(cos2 A cos2 B) 2 (sin2 B sin2 A)
or, sin A
cos2 B sin2 B
cos2 A 2 2 sin2 A
or, (cos A cos B) [(1 – cos2B) – (1 – cos2A)]
cos2 B sin2 B
cos2 A 2 2 sin2 A
or, (cos A cos B) (cos2 A cos2 B)
cos2 B sin2 B
2 cos2 A sin2 A
2
or, (cos A cos B) 2
2 0
cos B sin B
When cos2A – cos2B = 0, cos2A = cos2B ... (i)
cos2 A sin2 A
when 2
2 = 0, cos2A sin2B = sin2A cos2B
cos B sin B
or, cos2A(1 – cos2B) = (1 – cos2A) cos2B
or, cos2A – cos2A cos2B = cos2B – cos2A cos2B
or, cos2A = cos2B ... (ii)
Thus in both the cases, cos2 A cos2 B
... (iii)
1 sin2 A 1 sin2 B or, sin2 A sin2 B
(i) L.H.S. = sin4A + sin4B = (sin2A – sin2B)2 + 2sin2A sin2B
= 2sin2A sin2B = R.H.S. [ sin2A = sin2B]
cos4 B sin4 B cos4 B sin4 B
(ii) L.H.S. [From (iii)]
cos2 A sin2 A cos2 B sin2 B
= cos2B + sin2B = 1
Type-III. Problems based on finding the value of trigonometrical ratios when one trigonometrical
ratio is known :
3
2 2 3 2 2
Illustration 9: If tan = 1 – e , prove that sec + tan cosec (2 e )
Solution : Given, tan2 = 1 – e2
Now, L.H.S. = sec + tan3 cosec
cosec
= sec 1 tan3
sec
= sec (1 + tan3. cot) = sec (1 + tan2)
= sec sec2
3 3
3 2 2
2
= sec (sec ) (1 tan ) 2
3 3
= (1 1 e2 )2 (2 e2 )2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
Illustration 10: If tan + sec = 1.5, find sin, tan and sec.
3
Solution : Given, sec tan ... (i)
2
A
1 2
Now, sec tan ... (ii)
sec tan 3
adding (i) and (ii), we get 13
5
3 2 13
2sec
2 3 6
5 B C
13 5 12
sec tan and sin
12 12 13
Type-IV. Problems based on elimination :
Illustration 11: Eliminate between the equations a sec + b tan + c = 0 and p sec + q tan + r = 0.
Solution : Given a sec + b tan + c = 0 ... (1)
and p sec + q tan + r = 0 ... (2)
Solving (1) and (2) by cross multiplication method, we have
sec tan 1
br qc pc ar aq pb
(i) (ii) (iii)
br qc
From (i) and (iii), we get sec ... (3)
aq pb
pc ar
From (ii) and (iii), we get tan ... (4)
pc pb
sec2 – tan2 = 1
2 2
br qc pc ar
1 or, (br – qc)2 – (pc – ar)2 = (aq – pb)2
aq pb aq pb
Illustration 12: If cosec – sin = m and sec – cos = n, eliminate .
1
Solution : Given, cosec – sin = m or, sin m
sin
1 sin2 cos2
or, m or, m ... (i)
sin sin
1
Again sec – cos = n or, cos n
cos
1 cos2 sin2
or, n or, n ... (ii)
cos cos
cos2
From (i), sin ... (iii)
m
cos4
Putting in (ii), we get 2
n or, cos3 = m2n
m cos
1 2
2 2 2
cos (m n) 3 or, cos (m n) 3 ... (iv)
2 4 2
1 2 1
cos2 (m2 n) 3 m 3 n 3 2 3
From (iii), sin m n (mn )
3 3
m m m
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
2
2 2 3
sin (mn ) ... (v)
adding (iv) and (v), we get
2 2
2 2
2 3 2 3
(m n) (mn ) cos sin 2 2 or, (m2 n)3 (mn2 )3 1.
Type V. Problems based on limits between which sin, cos, sec, cosec, lies or does not lie.
Working Rule : Use the following whichever is applicable.
(i) –1 sin 1 or, |sin| 1 or, sin2 1
(ii) –1 cos 1 or, cos2 1
(iii) sec – 1 or sec 1 i.e. sec2 1
(iv) cosec – 1 or cosec 1 i.e. cosec2 1
4 xy
Illustration 13: Is the equation sec2 possible for real values of x and y ?
(x y)2
4 xy
Solution : Given, sec2
(x y)2
4 xy
sec2 1 1
(x y)2
or, (x + y)2 4xy or, (x + y)2 – 4xy 0 or, (x – y)2 0
But for real values of x and y, (x – y)2 < 0
(x – y)2 = 0 x = y Also x + y 0 x 0. y 0
4 xy
given equation sec2 is possible for real values of x and y only when x = y and x 0.
(x y)2
1
Illustration 14: Show that the equation sin x is not possible for any value of .
x
1
Solution : Given, sin x
x
1 1 1
sin2 x 2 2
2 x. x 2 2 2 2
x x x
2
which is not possible since sin 1
2. TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS OF ANGLES OF ARBITRARY MAGNITUDE
Trigonometrical ratios (functions) of the angles (–) in term of those of , for all values of :
Let the revolving line OP starting from the position OX rotate in the anticlock wise i.e. positive
direction and describe the XOP = .
Y Y
P(x, y ) P
(x, y)
+ +
X O X X O X
– L L –
– –
(x, –y)
Q (x, –y) Q
Y Y
(x, –y) Y Y
Q Q (x, –y )
+ +
X O X X O X
L L
– – –
–
P P(x, y )
(x, y) Y Y
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
Let another revolving line OQ (= OP) starting from the position OX rotate in the clockwise i.e.
negative direction and describe the XOQ = – .
Draw PL OX. Join QL, then QL will be perpendicular to OX
In right angled POL and QOL
POL = QOL and OP = OQ
POL = QOL
PL = QL (numerically) = – QL (algebraically)
Let OP = OQ = r
Now from QOL,
QL y y PL
sin() sin
OQ r r OP
OL x OL
cos() cos
OQ r OP
QL y y PL
tan() tan
OL x x OL
OL x x OL
cot() cot
QL y y PL
OQ r OP
sec() sec
OL x OL
OQ r r OP
cosec () cosec
QL y y PL
Trigonometrical ratios of the angle 90° in terms of , for all value of :
when is in the Ist quadrant.
Let the revolving line OP starting from the position OX and rotating in the positive direction describe
the XOP = .
Let another revolving line OQ (= OP) starting from the same position OX first coincide with OY so
as to describe XOY = 90° and then rotate in the negative direction through an angle , then OQ in
its final position describes XOQ = 90° – .
Draw PL and QM perpendicular to OX. Y
Q(y, x)
In right angled QOM
OP = OQ x P(x , y)
POL = OQM = [ OQM = YOQ] y
POL = QOM X
O y M L X
PL = OM (algebraically) and OL = QM (algebraically) x
Let the co-ordinates of P be (x, y)
then Co-ordinates of Q will be (y, x).
Let OP = OQ = r Y
Now from QOM
QM x OL
sin(90 ) cos [from POL]
OQ r OP
OM y PL
cos(90 ) sin [from POL]
OQ r OP
QM x OL
tan(90 ) cot
OM y PL
OM y PL
cot(90 ) tan
QM x OL
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
OQ r OP
sec(90 ) cosec
OM y PL
OQ r OP
cosec(90 ) sec
QM x OL
Similarly these results can be established when lies in the 2nd. 3rd or 4th quadrant.
Trigonometrical ratios of the angle 180° in terms of those of , for all values of .
Let the revolving line OP starting from the position OX rotate in the positive direction and describe
XOP = . Let another revolving line OQ (= OP) starting from the position OX rotate in the positive
direction through an angle 180° to coincide with OX and then rotate in the negative direction
through an angle and in its final position OQ describes XOQ = 180° – .
In right angled POL and QOM,
Y
QOM = POL =
OP = OQ Q P ( x , y)
(–x, y) 180
°–
QOM = POL
90°
OL = OM (numerically) = – OM (algebarically) &
X
PL = QM (numerically) = OM (algebarically) O X
M L
Let the co-ordinates of P be (x, y) then the co-ordinates of Q
will be (–x, y)
Let OP = OQ = r
Now from QOM Y
QM y PL
sin(180 ) sin
OQ r OP
OM x x OL
cos(180 ) cos
OQ r r OP
QM y y PL
tan(180 ) tan
OM x x OL
OM x x OL
cot(180 ) cot
QM y y PL
OQ r r OP
sec(180 ) sec
OM x x OL
OQ r OP
cosec (180 ) cosec
QM y PL
Step I : Trigonometric function remains unchanged i.e., there is no change in trigonometric function.
sin remains sin, cos remains cos, tan remains tan
Angle associated remains .
Step II : Sign is affixed according to the quadrant in which the angle lies.
i.e. for sign, check the quadrant.
B. When trigonometric function is operated on an angle of the form n , where n is an odd
2
integer then
Step I : sin cos, tan cot, sec cosec,
i.e. sine changes to cosine and vice versa etc.
angle associated remains ‘’
Step II : sign is affixed according to quadrant in which the angle lies.
Note :- sign in always considered on the basis of the operating function.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
Illustration 15: Suppose we have to find the values of sin (3 + ).
Here the angle is of the form n + .
Hence the value will be (+ sin) or (– sin) according to step I of rule A. Now whether it is (+ sin)
or (–sin ) will be decided by step II of rule A. The quadrant in which (3 + ) lies is 3rd quadrant
and sine funciton is negative in 3rd quadrant. Hence we will select (– sin ).
i.e. sin (3 + ) = – sin
3
Illustration 16: sin cos , because the angle is, an odd multiple of . Quadrant is 4th
2 2
and sign of sine in 4th quadrant is negative.
Some values of trigonometrical ratios :
Students are already familiar with the values of sin, cos, tan, cot, sec and cosec of angles 0°, 30°,
45°, 60° and 90° which have been given in the following table.
0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
1 1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos 1 0
2 2 2
tan 0 1 1 3 undefined
3
cot undefined 3 1 1 0
3
sec 1 2 2 2 undefined
3
cosec undefiend 2 2 2 1
3
Type I. Problems based on values of sin, cos, tan, cot, sec, cosec of angles of different magnitudes :
Working Rule : Use the values from the table.
1 1
Illustration 17: Find the value of 3tan245° – sin260° – cot230° + sec245°
2 8
1 1
Solution : 3tan245° – sin260° – cot230° + sec245°
2 8
2
2
3 1 1 2 3 3 2 3 3 1
3.1 .( 3) .( 2) 3 3
2 2 8 4 2 8 4 2 4
12 3 6 1 4
1
4 4
sin300·tan330·sec 420
Illustration 18: Simplify
tan135·sin210·sec315
sin(2 60)·tan(2 30)·sec(2 60)
Solution : Given expression
tan( 45)·sin( 30)·sec(2 45)
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
3 1
( sin60)·( tan30)·sec60 · ·2
sin60·tan30·sec60 2 3 1 2
( tan45)·(– sin30)·sec45 tan45·sin30·sec 45 1 1/ 2
1· · 2
2
Type II. Problems based on trigonometrical ratios of the angle 90° – , 90° + , 180° – , 180° + in
terms of .
Illustration 19: Show that tan1° tan2° ........ tan89° = 1
Solution : L.H.S. = (tan1° tan89°) (tan2° · tan88°) .....
= [tan1° tan(90° – 1°)]·[tan2° tan(90° – 2°)] .... [tan44° tan(90° – 44°)] tan 45°
= (tan1°·cot1°) (tan2°·cot2°) .... (tan44°·cot44°) tan45°
=1 [ tan cot = 1 and tan 45° = 1]
1
Illustration 20: Show that : sin25° + sin210° + sin215° + .... + sin290° = 9
2
Solution : L.H.S. = (sin25° + sin285°) + (sin210° + sin280°) + ..... + (sin240° + sin250°) + sin245° + sin290°
= (sin25° + cos25°) + (sin210 + cos210°) + ..... + (sin240° + cos240°) + sin245° + sin290°
2
1 1
= (1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1) + 1 92
2
2 3 5 7
Illustration 21: cos cos2 cos2 cos2
16 16 16 16
2 3 3
Solution : L.H.S. = cos cos2 cos2 cos2
16 16 2 16 2 16
3 3
cos2 cos2 sin2 sin2
16 16 16 16
3 3
cos2 sin2 cos2 sin2
16 16 16 16
=1+1=2
Q.1 If [ ] represents greater integer function then the sum of all possible values of k = [sin x] + [cos y]
is
a2 b2
Q.2 If tan and 0 < < , then the value of sin is .....
b |a |
(Assume b 0, a 0, a, b R)
Q.3 The equation sin4x – 2cos2x + k2 = 0 is solvable for k R, the greater value of 2k is
Q.4 Let be the common positive root of the quadratics.
x2 + k1x + 11 = 0, x2 – k2x – 13 = 0 and x2 – (k2 – k1)x + 7 = 0. Also satisfies cos + cos2 + cos 3
= , then find the value of sin + sin2 + sin3
Q If A B , where A, B > 0 , then maximum vlaue of sin A + Sin B is equal to
2
Q.6 If f x sinx cosecx 2 cosx secx 2 , then minimum value of f(x) is
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
3. PERIODIC FUNCTION
A function f(x) is said to be periodic function of x, if there exists a positive real number T such that
f(x + T) = f(x)
The smallest value of T is called the period of the function.
If positive value of T is independent of x then f(x) is periodic function and if the value of T depends
upon x, then f(x) is non-periodic.
Definition (Graphically) :
A function is said to be periodic if its graph repeat itself after a fixed interval and the width of that
interval is called its period.
Illustration 22: If cos x is periodic then find its period.
Solution : Let f(x) = cos x. If T is the period, then
cos (x + T) = cos x x + T = 2n ± x
Put, x = 0, then T = 2n T = 2, 4, 6, ... ( T > 0)
Graphically : Graph of f(x) = cos x repeats at an interval 2.
Y
1
–2– 3 – O 3 2
–
2 2 2 2
–1
Thus, f(x) = cos x is periodic with period 2.
Note :- Periods of sin x, cos x and tan x are 2, 2 and respectively.
Illustration 23: If (x [ x ]) is periodic then find its period, where [.] denotes the greatest integer
function.
Solution : Let f(x) = (x [ x ])
If T is period then f(x + T) = f(x)
(x T ) [ x T ] x [ x]
On squaring, we getx + T – [x + T] = x – [x]
or[x + T] – [x] = T x R T = 1, 2, 3, 4,....
The smallest value of T is 1
Hence period of f(x) is 1.
Graphically : Graph of f ( x) x [ x ] repeats at an interval 1.
Y
y = x–[ x]
–3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 X
y = x – [ x]
Thus, f ( x) x [ x ] is periodic with period 1.
Illustration 24:Let f be a real valued function defined for all real numbers x such that for some fixed a > 0.
1
f ( x a) f ( x ) { f (x )} 2 for all x
2
Show that the function f(x) is periodic with period 2a.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
1
Solution : Given f ( x a) f ( x ) { f ( x)} 2 ... (1)
2
Replacing x by x – a and x + a in (1)
1 2 1
then f ( x) f (x a) { f ( x a)}
2 2
and f ( x 2a) 1 f ( x a) { f (x a)} 2 ... (2)
2
1
f ( x a){1 f (x a)}
2
1 1 1
f (x) { f ( x)}2 f (x) { f ( x)}2
2 2 2
1 1
f (x) { f (x)}2
2 4
2
1 1
f ( x)
2 2
1 1
f (x )
2 2
1 1
f (x ) 1
2 2 f (x )
2
= f(x)
f(x + 2a) = f(x)
Hence f(x) is periodic with period 2a.
Illustration 25:Is cos t a periodic function ? If yes, then find the period. If not, then give reasons to
explain your answer.
Solution : Let f(t) = cos t be periodic with period , 0, > 0,
f (t + ) = f(t)
cos (t ) cos t
(t ) 2n t for all t > 0
Put t = 0, then = 2n and put t = , then 2 2n
From (1) and (2), 2
or 2 = 1 ± 1 which is impossible.
Hence cos t is non-periodic function.
4. SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS TO FIND PERIOD OF A PERIODIC FUNCTION
(i) sinn x, cosn x, secn x, cosecn x are periodic functions with period 2 or according as n is odd or even.
(ii) tann x, cotn x are periodic functions with period , n is even or odd.
(iii) |sin x|, |cos x|, |tan x|, |cot x|, |sec x|, |cosec x| are periodic functions with period .
(iv) |sin x| + |cos x|, |tan x| + |cot x|, |sec x| + |cosec x| are periodic with period /2.
(v) |sin x| – |cos x|, |tan x| – |sin x|, |cot x| – |sin x|, |cosec x| – |sec x|, |cot x| – |cos x|, etc.
are periodic with period .
(vi) Algebraic functions x , x3, 2x2 + 5x + 4, .... etc. are not periodic.
(vii) Every constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period.
(viii) Inverse of a periodic functions does not exist. But in case of trigonometric function since domain
and range is restricted and defined then inverse exists.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
(ix) If f(T) = f(0) = f(–T) then ‘T’ is the period.
T
(x) If f(x) is periodic with period T, then find function f(ax + b) is periodic with period .
|a|
e.g. sin 3x has period 2/3, cos 2x has a period 2/2 = and tan (–7x + 8) has a period .
| 7| 7
1
(xi) If f(x) is periodic with period T, then and f ( x) are also periodic has a period T.
f ( x)
(xii) If f1(x) and f2(x) be two trigonometric functions with periods T1 and T2, the F(x) = k1f1(x) ± k2f2(x) is
a periodic function and its period is L.C.M. of T1 and T2.
i.e. Period of F(x) = L.C.M. of {T1, T2}
Note :-
a c e [Link] a,c,e,......
1. L.C.M. of b , d , f ...... = [Link] b,d,f,.....
2. L.C.M. of rational with rational is possible.
1 1 1 L.C.M. of {1,1,1,....,1) 1
i.e. L.C.M. of 1, , ,...., 1
2 3 n H.C.F. of {1, 2,3,....,n) 1
3. L.C.M. of Irrational with irrational is possible
2 2 L.C.M. of {2,2} 2
i.e. L.C.M. of 2 , = L.C.M. of , 2
3 1 6 H.C.F. of {1,6} 1
4. L.C.M. of rational with irrational is not possible
i.e. L.C.M. of {2, 7} is not possible 2 Irrational and 7 rational
i.e. If F(x) = 5 sin x – 7 sin 8x
2 2
Since, sin x and sin 8x are periodic with periods and i.e., 2 and respectively, hence
1 8 4
L.C.M. of {2 , 2} 2
period of F(x) 2
H.C.F. of {1, 8} 1
5. If f(x) has a period T and g(x) has also period T then it does not mean that f(x) + g(x) must have a
period T.
e.g. f(x) = |sin x| + |cos x|
periods of |sin x| and |cos x| are but period of |sin x| + |cos x| is /2.
6. If f(x) is periodic with period T then cf(x), f(x ± c), f(x) ± c are also periodic with period T where c
is any constant.
Some Important Results (Fast track results)
1. If x and y are independent variables, then
(i) f(x + y) = f(x). f(y) f(x) = ax, is constant.
(ii) f(X + y) = f(x) + f(y) f(x) = x, is constant.
(iii) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) f(x) = n x or f(x) = 0, is constant.
(iv) f(xy) = f(x) . f(y) f(x) = xn, n R
2. If f(x) = a sin x + b cos x + c x R and a, b, c are constants then
c (a2 b2 ) f ( x) c (a2 b2 )
or f ( x) [c (a2 b2 ), c (a 2 b2 )].
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES
Example 1 : Find the period of the function
f(x) = ex – [x] + |cos x| + |cos 2x| +.....+|cos nx|
where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
Solution : Given f(x) = ex – [x] + |cos x| + |cos 2x| + .... + |cos nx|
Since period of x – [x] is 1
Period of |cos x|= =1
1
Period of |cos 2x|
2 2
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1
Period of |cos n x|
n n
So, period of f(x) will be L.C.M. of all periods so ans = 1
Example 2 : Find the period of the function f(x) = sin4x + cos4x
Solution : Since f(x) = sin4x + cos4x = (sin2x)2 + (cos2x)2
1 2 1 3 1
= (sin2x + cos2x)2 – 2 sin2x cos2x 1 sin 2 x 1 (1 cos4 x) cos4 x
2 4 4 4
2
Hence period of f ( x)
4 2
Example 3 : Find the period of the function f(x) = cos (sin x) + cos (cos x)
Solution : Let T be the period of the function then f(x + T) = f(x)
cos(sin(x + T)) + cos(cos(x + T)) = cos (sin x) + cos (cos x)
putx = 0 then cos (sin T) + cos (cos T) = cos(0) + cos(1) = cos (cos /2) + cos(sin /2)
On comparing we get T = /2
Example 4 : If f(x) = sin x + cos ax is a periodic function, show that a is rational number.
Solution : Given f(x) = sin x + cos ax
2 2
Period of sin x and period of cosax
1 a
2 2 L.C.M. of {2,2} 2
Hence period of f(x) = L.C.M. of ,
1 a H.C.F. of {1, a} k
where k = H.C.F. of 1 and a
1 a
=integer = q (say), ( 0) and = integer = p (say)
k k
a/k p p
a a = rational number
1/k q q
Example 5 : Prove that sin (1/x), (x 0) is a non-periodic function.
Solution : Let f(x) = sin (1/x) be periodic with period
T, T 0, T > 0
1 1 1 1
f(x + T) = f(x) sin sin n (1)n ... (i)
x T x x T x
Put x = T and x = 2T in (1), then
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
1 1
n (1)n ... (2)
2T T
1 1
and n (1)n ... (3)
3T 2T
1 1 1
Subtracting (3) from (2), we get (1)n · or = (–1)n which is impossible.
6T 2T 3
Hence sin (1/x), (x 0) is non-periodic function.
1
Example 6 : Solve the inequality; sin x .
2
Solution : As the function sin x has least positive period 2. {That is why it is sufficient to solve inequality
of the form sin x > a, sin x a, sin x < a, sin x a first on the interval of length 2, and then
get the solution set by adding numbers of the form 2n, n z, to each of the solutions
3
obtained on that interval}. Thus, let us solve this inequality on the interval , , where
2 2
1
graph of y = sin x and y are taken two curves on x-y plane.
2
1
sin x > –
1 2
O 7 3
x
–2 –6 2 6 2
–1/2 1
–1 y=–
y = sin x 2
2
1
y = sin x and y
2
1 7
From above figure, sin x when x .
2 6 6
7
Thus, on generalising above solution; 2n x 2n ; n Z .
6 6
Which implies that those and only those values of x each of which satisfies these two
inequalities for a certain n Z can serve as solutions to the original inequality.
1
Example 8 : Solve the inequality : cos x .
2
Solution : As discussed in previous example, cos x is periodic with period 2. So, to check the solution
1 2 4
in [0, 2]. It is clear from figure, cos x when; x .
2 3 3
On generalising above solution; y
2 4 1
2n x 2n ; n Z
3 3 1/2
1 O 2 4 3 2 x
Solution of cos x –
2 2 3 3 2
2 y = –1/2
1
–1 cos x –
2 4 2
x 2n ,2n ; n Z .
3 3
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
Example 9 : Solve the inequality : tan x < 2.
Solution : We know tan x is periodic with period .
y/2
1,
4 (tan–12, 2)
1
x
–/2 –/4 O /4 \2
–1
tan x < 2
x = –/2 x = /2
x = tan–12 = arc tan 2
So, to check the solution on the interval , .
2 2
It is clear from figure, tan x < 2 when;
x tan1 2 or x arc tan2
2 2
General solution : 2n x 2n tan1 2
2
n 2n ,2n arc tan2
2
3x 1
Example 10 : Solve the inequality : sin .
2 12 2
3x 1 3x
Solution : Here, sin ; put t
2 12 2 2 12
1
sin t , now sin t is periodic with period 2,
2
5
thus to chek on , or , 3
2 2 2 2
From figure, y = sin t
1 3 9 1
sin t , when t . 1
2 4 4 2
t
general solution O 3 3 2 9 5
=t
2 4 2 4 2
3 9
2n t 2n ; n z
4 4 –1 sin t = 1
2
3x t = 3/4 t = 9/4
Substituting t
2 12
3 3x 9 4 4 13 4
2n 2n n x n; n z.
4 2 12 4 9 3 9 3
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
UNSOLVED EXERCISE
Section-A
(Straight objective type with single option correct)
Topic : 1 Based on Trigonometric Formulae 9. If x = p sec and y = q tan then
1. If sin and cos are the roots of the equa- (a) x2 – y2 = p2q2 (b) x2q2 – y2p2 = pq
tion ax2 – bx + c = 0, then a, b and c satisfy (c) x q – y p = 1/p q2 (d)
2 2 2 2 2
the relation x2q2 – y2p2 = p2q2
(a) a2 + b2 + 2ac = 0 (b) a2 – b2 + 2ac = 0 10. If tan + sin = m and tan – sin = n, the
(c) a2 + c2 + 2ab = 0(d) a2 – b2 – 2ac = 0 the value of m2 – n2 is equal to –
2. If A lies in the second quadrant and 3 tanA + (a) 4 mn (b) 2 mn
4 = 0, the value of 2cotA –5cos A+ sin A is
equal to – (c) 4 mn (d) 2 m / n
(a) – 53/10 (b) 23/10 11. A circular wire of radius 7 cm is cut and bend
(c) 37/10 (d) 7/10 again into an arc of a circle of radius 12 cm.
3. If 3sin + 5cos = 5, then the value of 5sin The angle subtended by the arc at the cen-
– 3cos is equal to tre is
(a) 5 (b) 3 (a) 50° (b) 210°
(c) 4 (d) None of these (c) 100° (d) 60°
12. If satisfies sec + tan = 1, then which of
4. If tan n for some non-square natural the following is a root of the equation
number n, then sec 2 is p2(q2 – r2)x2 + q2(r2 – p2)x + r2(p2 – q2) = 0
(a) A rational number (a) sec (b) cot
(b) An irrational number (c) tan (d) cosec
(c) A positive number 13. If a sin + b cos = m, b sin2 + a cos2 = n,
2 2
(d) None of these a tan = b tan, then which of the following
5. If tan sec 3 , 0 , then is is true ?
equal to – 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) 5/6 (b) 2/3 (a) (b)
n m a b n m a b
(c) /6 (d) /3 (c) m2 + n2 = a2 + b2 (d) m2 – n2 = a2 – b2
6. If tan = a 0, tan 2 = b 0 and tan + tan
2 = tan 3 then 1
14. If cot + tan = m and cos n,
(a) a = b (b) ab = 1 cos
(c) a + b = 0 (d) b = 2a then
7. Out of the following four relations : (a) m(mn2)1/3 – n(nm2)1/3 = 1
sin A sin A 2 (b) m(m2n)1/3 – n(mn2)1/3 = 1
(I) (c) n(mn2)1/3 – m(nm2)1/3 = 1
1 cos A 1 cos A sin A
(d) n(m2n)1/3 – m(mn2)1/3 = 1
2 15. If sin and cos are the roots of the equa-
1 cos A 1 cos A
(II) tion ax2 – bx + c = 0, then a, b and c satisfy
sin A 1 cos A the relation
sin10 (a) a2 + b2 + 2ac = 0 (B) a2 – b2 + 2ac = 0
(III) 1 (c) a2 + c2 + 2ab = 0 (d) a2 – b2 – 2ac = 0
cos80
(IV)sin4A – cos4 A = 1 + sin2A 16. If sin x + sin2 x = 1, then the value of cos12 x +
the wrong one is – 3cos10 x + 3 cos8 x + cos6 x – 1 is equal to
(a) I (b) II (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) III (d) IV (c) –1 (d) 2
8. If sin + cosec = 2, the value of 17. If 5cosx+12sinx=k, then number of integral
sin10 cosec10 is values of k is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (a)13 (b) 14
(c) 0 (d) 4 (c) 27 (d) 26
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
Topic : 2 Graph and Conditional Identities (a) 3/2 (b) /2
(c) (d) 2
1
18. If for real values of x ,cos x , then 26. Let a vertical tower AB have its end A on the
x level ground. Let C be the mid-point of AB
(a) is an acute angle and P be a point on the ground such that AP
(b) is a right angle = 2AB. If BPC and tan
(c) is an obtuse angle
(d) No value of is possible 6 1
(a) (b)
7 4
19. Sum of all possible Values of and satisfy-
ing 3sin + 4cos = 7 and 0 , 4 is 2 4
(c) (d)
(a) 7 (b) 8 9 9
(c) 9 (d) 6 27. A man is walking towards a vertical pillar in
a straight path, at a uniform speed. At a cer-
4 m2 tain point A on the path, he observes that
20. If sin2 , m R (1,1) and
3 the angle of elevation of the top of the pillar
is 300. After walking for 10 min from A in
cot3 cot , then the value of cos2/33 + the same direction, at a point B, he observes
2 that the angle of elevation of the top of the
sin2/3 is equal to pillar is 600. then, the time taken (in min-
2/3 2/3 utes) by him, from B to reach the pillar, is
4 m
(a) (b) (a) 6 (b) 10
m 2 (c) 20 (d) 5
m
2/3
2
2/3 Topic : 4 Maxima-Minima and Number of Solution
(c) (d)
4 m
28. For 0 , the maximum value of sin +
21. If x2– 4x + 5 – siny = 0, y [0, 2), then 2
cos is –
(a) x = 1, y = 0 (b) x = 1, y = /2
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) x = 2, y = 0 (d) x = 2, y = /2
(c) 2 (d) 2
22. If a cos3 + 3a cos sin2 = m and a sin3 29. The number of all possible triplets (a1, a2,
+ 3a cos2 sin = n, then (m + n)2/3 + (m – a ) such that a + a cos2x + a3 sin2 x = 0
2/3 3 1 2
n) is equal to for all x is
(a) 2a2 (b) 2a1/3 (a) zero (b) 1
(c) 2a2/3 (d) 2a3 (c) 2 (d) infinite
30. The maximum value of (7cos + 24sin)
2sin 1 cos sin
23. If y , then (7sin – 24cos) is
1 cos sin 1 sin (a) 25 (b) 625
is equal to 625 625
(a) 1/y (b) y (c) (d)
2 4
(c) 1 – y (d) 1 + y 31. The number of solutions of the equation
Topic : 3 Perodicity and Hight and Distance
x 2
24. Period of sin3x + cosx is x 2 3x 4
2 3
2 (a) is zero (b) is only one
(a) (b) 2
3 (c) is only two (d) is greater than 2
32. If x i
> 0 for 1 i n and x1 + x2 + ..... + xn =
(c) (d) Does not exist then the greatest value of the sum sin x1 +
3
sin x2 + ..... + sin xn is equal to
25. If the fundamental period of f(x) = (a) n (b) 0
|sin x | |cos x | 1 (c) n sin (/x) (d)
is T1 and that of g(x) = |sin 33. Minimum value of 4x 2
– 4x |sin | – cos2 is
2 2
equal to
1
x| + |cos x| is T2 then T1 + T2 is equal to (a) –2 (b) –1
3 (c) –1/2 (d) 0
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I
Section-B
(Previous Year Question)
tanA cotA 7. The expression
1. The expression + can be
1 – cotA 1 – tanA 3π
written as 3 sin4 – α + sin4 (3π + α) – 2
(a) sin A cos A + 1 (b) sec A cosec A + 1 2
(c) tan A + cot A (d) sec A + cosec A 6π
6
2. The number of ordered pairs (, ), where sin 2 + α + sin (5π – α) is equal to
, (– , ) satisfying cos ( – ) = 1
(a) 0 (b) 1
1 (c) 3 (d) sin 4 + cos 6
and cos ( + ) = is
e
(a)0 (b)1 (c)2 (d)4 π 3π 5π 7π
8. 1+cos 8 1+cos 8 1+cos 8 1+cos 8 i s
3. Given both and are acute angles and sin
1 1 equal to
= , cos = , then the value of + 1 π
2 3 (a) (b) cos
belongs to 2 8
π π π 2π 1 1+ 2
(a) , (b) , (c) (d)
3 6 2 3 8 2 2
2π 5π 5π
9. Given A = sin2 + cos4, then for all real val-
(c) , (d) ,π ues of
3 6 6
4. Which of the following numbers is rational? 3
(a) 1 A 2 (b) A1
(a) sin 15° (b) cos 15° 4
(c) sin 15° cos 15° (d) sin 15° cos 75° 13 3 13
5. 3(sin x – cos x)4 + 6(sin x + cos x)2 + 4(sin6x + (c) A1 (d) A
16 4 16
cos6x) equals
4
(a)11 (b)12 (c)13 (d)14 10. If tan = – , then sin is
6. The value of the expression 3
4
4 4 4
3 cosec 20° – sec 20° is equal to (a) – but not (b) – or
(a) 2 (b) 2sin 20°/sin 40° 5
5 5 5
(c) 4 (d) 4sin 20°/sin40° 4 4
(c) but not – (d) None of the above
5 5
Section-C
(School / Board pattern)
1. The angles of a triangle are in A.P. and the 7. If Tn sin n cos n , prove that
number of degrees in the least angle is to
the number of degrees in the mean angle as T3 T5 T5 T7
(i) (ii) 2T6 3T4 1 0
1 : 120. Find the angles in radians. T1 T3
2. The number of sides of two regular polygons
are 5 : 4 and the difference between their (iii) 6T10 15T8 10T6 1 0
angles is 90. Find the number of sides of the 2sin
polygons. 8. If x , then prove that
1 cos sin
3. the radius of a circle is 30 cm. Find the length
of an arc of this circle, if the length of the 1 cos sin
is also equal to x.
chord of the arc is 30 cm. 1 sin
4. If the arcs of the same length in two circles 9 Prove that
subtend angles 650 and 1100at the centre,
find the ratio of their radii. cos5700 sin 5100 sin 330 0 cos 3900 0
tan 3 cot 3 1 2sin 2 cos 2 10. Prove that
5.
cos 2 cos ec 2 tan / 2
1 tan 2 1 cot 2 sin cos
1
1 cot tan sin cos sec / 2 cos cot
6. sin 2 cos 2
sec3 cos ec 3
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
CHAPTER
3 TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
1. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO OF COMPOUND ANGLES
Trigonometric functions of sum or difference of two angles :
(a) sin (A ± B) = sinA cosB ± cosA sinB
(b) cos (A ± B) = cosA cosB sinA sinB
(c) sin2A – sin2B = cos2B – cos2A = sin (A + B). sin (A – B)
(d) cos2A – sin2B = cos2B – sin2A = cos (A + B). cos (A – B)
tan A tan B
(e) tan (A ± B) = where A n + , B n + and A ± B n +
1 tan A tan B 2 2 2
cot A cot B 1
(f) cot (A ± B) = where A n, B n and A + B n
cot B cot A
tan A tan B tanC tan A tan B tanC
(g) tan (A + B + C) =
1 tan A tan B tan B tan C tan C tan A
cot A cot B cot C cot A cot B cot C
(h) cot(A B C )
1 cot A cot B cot B cot C cot C cot A
(i) sin (A + B + C) = sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C + cos A cos B sin C – sin A sin B sin C
or,
sin (A + B + C) = cos A cos B cos C (tan A + tan B + tan C – tan A tan B tan C)
(j) cos (A + B + C) = cos A cos B cos C – sin A sin B cos C – sin A cos B sin C – cos A sin B sin C
or,
cos (A + B + C) = cos A cos B cos C (1 – tan A tan B – tan B tan C – tan C tan A)
S S S S .....
(h) tan (A1 + A2 + ....... + An) = 1 3 5 7 , where
1 S2 S4 S6 .....
S1 = tan A1 + tan A2 + ..... + tan An = the sum of the tangents of the separate angles,
S2 = tan A1 tan A2 + tan A2 tan A3 + ....... = the sum of the tangents taken two at a time,
S3 = tan A1 tan A2 tan A3 + tan A2 tan A3 tan A4 + ...... = the sum of the tangents taken three
at a time, and so on.
Illustration 1: Calculate :
(i)sin 15°, cos 15°, tan 15°, cot 15° (ii) tan 22.5°, cot 22.5° (iii) tan 7.5°, cot 7.5°
3 1
Solution : (i)sin 15° = sin (45° – 30°) = sin 45° cos 30° – cos 45° sin 30° sin 15° =
2 2
3 1
cos 15° = cos (45° – 30°) = cos 45° cos 30° + sin 45° sin 30° cos 15° =
2 2
1 cos 30 1 cos
tan 15° = using tan
sin 30 2 sin
1
tan 15° = 2 – 3 and also, cot 15° = 2 3
tan15
3 1
1
1 1 cos 15 2 2 2 2 3 1 tan7 1 ( 3 2)( 2 1)
(ii) tan22
2 sin 15 3 1 3 1 2
2 2
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1 1
and also, cot7 ( 3 2)( 2 1)
2 1
tan7
2
xy
Illustration 2: If tan – tan = x and cot – cot = y, prove that cot ( – ) = .
xy 4
x y (tan tan ) (cot cot )
Solution : RHS
xy (tan tan )(cot cot )
cot cot
(cot cot )
cot · cot
cot cot
(cot cot )
cot · cot
1
(cot cot ) 1
cot · cot [ 45°]
cot cot
(cot cot )
cot · cot
1 cot ·cot
cot( ) LHS
cot cot
2. TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
Factorisation of the sum or difference of two sines or cosines :
C D C D C D C D
(a) sinC + sinD = 2 sin cos (b) sinC – sinD = 2cos sin
2 2 2 2
C D C D C D C D
(c) cosC + cosD = 2 cos cos (d) cosC – cosD = –2 sin sin
2 2 2 2
Transformation of products into sum or difference of sines & cosines :
(a) 2 sinA cosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B) (b) 2 cosA sinB = sin(A + B) – sin(A – B)
(c) 2 cosA cosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A – B) (d) 2 sinA sinB = cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)
sin2 x sin3 x sin4 x
Illustration 3: Show that : tan3x
cos2 x cos3x cos4 x
sin2 x sin3 x sin4 x
Solution : LHS
cos2 x cos3 x cos4 x
(sin2 x sin4 x) sin3x 2x 4 x
[note that 3x ]
(cos2 x cos4 x) cos3x 2
2x 4 x 2 x 4 x
2sin cos sin3 x
2 2 2sin3x cos( x) sin3x
2x 4 x 2 x 4 x 2cos3x cos( x) cos3x
2cos cos cos3 x
2 2
sin3 x[2cos x 1]
[ cos (–) = cos ]
cos3 x[2cos x 1]
= tan 3x = RHS
(59)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
cos8 A cos5A cos12 A cos9 A
Illustration 4: Show that : tan4 A
sin8 A cos5 A cos12 A sin9 A
2cos8 A cos5 A 2cos12 A cos9 A
Solution : LHS [Multiply and divide by 2]
2sin8 A cos5a 2cos12 A sin9 A
[cos(8 A 5 A) cos(8 A 5A)] [cos(12A 9 A) cos{12A 9 A)]
[sin(8 A 5 A) sin(8 A 5A)] [sin(12 A 9 A) sin(12A 9 A)]
13A 21 A 13 A 21A
cos13 A cos3A cos21A cos3A cos13A cos21A 2sin sin
2 2
sin13 A sin3 A sin21 A sin3 A sin13 A sin21 A 13 A 21A 13 A 21A
2sin cos
2 2
2sin17 A sin(4 A) sin4 A
tan4 A RHS
2sin17 A cos(4 A) cos4 A
mn
Illustration 5: If m tan ( – 30°) = n tan ( + 120°), then show that : cos2
2(m n)
tan( 120) m
Solution :
tan( 30) n
sin( 120)cos( 30) m
cos( 120)sin( 30) n
sin( 120)cos( 30) cos( 120)sin( 30) m n
[Apply C and D]
sin( 120)cos( 30) cos( 12)sin( 30) m n
sin[( 120) ( 30)] m n 1
(m + n) = (m – n) cos 2
sin[( 120) ( 30)] m n 2
mn
cos2
2(m n)
tan tan sin2 sin2
Illustration 6: If tan , prove that : sin2 .
1 tan tan 1 sin2 sin2
Solution : We have tan in terms of and , so that we have to express sin 2 in terms of , .
2tan
Hence we will start with sin2 and substitute for tan in R.H.S. Also, as the
1 tan2
final expression does not contain tan and tan , so express tan in terms of sine and
cosine.
sin cos cos sin sin( )
tan
cos cos sin sin cos( )
sin( )
2
2tan cos( ) 2sin( )cos( )
Now sin2 sin2
2
1 tan sin ( ) cos2 ( ) sin2 ( )
2
1
cos2 ( )
sin[ ] sin[ ] sin2 sin2
2 2
1 sin ( ) sin ( ) 1 sin[ ]sin[ ]
sin2 sin2
sin2
1 sin2 sin2
(60)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
a2
Illustration 7: If a sin2 x + b cos2 x = c, b sin2 y + a cos2 y = d and a tan x = b tan y, then is
b2
(b c)(d b) (a d)(c a) (d a)(c a) (b c)(b d )
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(a d)(c d) (b c)(d b) (b c)(d b) (a c)(a d )
a2 tan2 y
Solution : (B) We have to find the value of , i.e. [ a tan x = b tan y]
b2 tan2 x
Given that : a sin2 x + b cos2 x = c a sin2 x + b (1 – sin2 x) = c
c b
sin2 x (a – b) = c – b sin2 x
ab
ac
cos2 x = 1 – sin2 x cos2 x
ab
c b bc
So, tan2 x ..... (i)
ac c a
Similarly, we can find tan2 y
ad
tan2 y [Replace c by d, b by a, a by b in (i)]
d b
a2 tan2 y a d c a
b2 tan2 x d b b c
Illustration 8:If x = sin ( – ) . sin ( – ) ; y = sin ( – ) . sin ( – ) and z = sin ( – ) . sin ( – ),
then
(A)x + y + z = 0 (B) x + y – z = 0 (C) y + z – x = 0 (D) None of these
Solution : (A) Consider x = sin ( – ) sin ( – ), multiply both side by '2'. We get :
2x = 2 sin ( – ) sin ( – )
2x = cos ( – – + ) – cos ( – + – ) ......(i)
And similarly
2y = cos ( – – + ) – cos ( – + – ) ......(ii)
2z = cos ( – – + ) – cos ( – + – ) ......(iii)
Now adding at (i), (ii) and (iii) to get :
2x + 2y + 2z = cos ( – – – ) – cos ( – + – ) + cos ( – – – ) – cos ( – – + )
+ cos ( – – + ) – cos ( – + – )
As cos ( – – + ) = cos ( – + – )
cos ( – – + ) = cos ( – + – )
cos ( – – + ) = cos ( – – – ) [As cos (–) = cos ]
2x + 2y + 2z = 0 x + y + z = 0
Illustration 9: If A + B = and cos A + cos B = 1, then
3
2 1
(A) |cos A cos B| (B)|cos A cos B|
3 2 3
3 1
(C) |cos A cos B| (D)|cos A cos B|
2 2
AB AB
Solution : (A) Consider L.H.S. : 2cos cos 1
2 2
(61)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
AB
2 cos .cos 1 As AB
6 2 3
3 AB AB 1
2 .cos 1 cos
2 2 2 3
Now consider the choice 'A'
AB AB
|cos A cos B| 2sin sin
2 2
A B AB AB
2sin sin sin . 1 cos2 [As A B ]
2 2 6 2 3
1 1 2
2 1
2 3 3
Illustration 10: Prove that 3 cosec 20° – sec 20° = 4.
3 1 3 cos20 sin20
Solution : Consider L.H.S.
sin20 cos20 sin20 · cos20
Multiply and divided by
3 1
4 cos20 sin20 (sin60·cos20 cos60·sin20)
2 2 4.
sin40
2sin20 cos20
sin(60 20) sin40
4 4. 4 R.H.S.
sin40 sin40
1. If , be two distinct angles satisfying the equation a cos + b sin = c, show that :
a2 b2 .
cos( ) 2 2
a b
2. If tan (A + B) = m and tan (A – B) = n, then find value of tan 2A and tan 2B.
BC CA AB
3. Show that : cos A + cos B + cos C + cos (A + B + C) = 4 cos cos cos .
2 2 2
4. If sec ( + ) + sec ( – ) = 2 sec , prove that cos 2 cos .
2
sin7 x sin3x
5. Prove : tan5 x.
cos7 x cos3 x
3. MULTIPLE AND SUB-MULTIPLE ANGLES
(a)sin 2A = 2sinA cosA ; sin = 2 sin cos
2 2
(b)cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A = 2cos2A – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2A ; 2 cos2 = 1 + cos , 2 sin2 = 1 – cos .
2 2
2tan
2tan A 2
(c) tan2 A 2
; tan
1 tan A
1 tan2
2
(62)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
2tan A 1 tan2 A
(d) sin2 A ; cos2 A
1 tan2 A 1 tan2 A
3
(e) sin 3A = 3 sinA – 4 sin A
(f) cos 3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cosA
3tan A tan3 A
(g) tan3 A
1 3tan2 A
General Formulae :
sin(A B)
(a) tan A tan B where, A, B n + ,n
cos A cos B 2
sin(B A)
(b) cot A cot B where, A, B n, n
sin A sin B
cos( A B)
(c) 1 tan A · tan B where A, B n + , n
cos A cos B 2
cos( A B)
(d) 1 cot A · cot B where, A . B n, n
sin A sin B
1 cos sin
(e) tan where 2n, n
sin 2 1 cos
1 cos
(f) cot , where (2n + 1), n
sin 2
1 cos
(g) tan2 , where (2n + 1), n
1 cos 2
1 cos
(h) cot2 , where 2n, n
1 cos 2
1 tan cos sin 1 sin2
(i) tan
4 1 tan cos sin cos2
1 tan cos sin 1 sin2
(j) tan
4 1 tan cos sin cos2
Important trigonometric ratios :
(a) sin n = 0 ; cos n = (–1)n ; tan n = 0, where n
3 1 5
(b) sin 15° or sin = cos 75° or cos
12 2 2 12
3 1 5
cos 15° or cos = sin 75° or sin
12 2 2 12
3 1 3 1
tan 15° = 2 3 cot 75 ; tan 75 2 3 cot 15
3 1 3 1
5 1 5 1
(c) sin or sin 18° = & cos 36° or cos
10 4 5 4
1 1 1 1
(d) sin22
2 2 2 2 (e) cos22
2 2
2 2
1 1
(f) tan22 2 1 (g) cot22 2 1
2 2
(63)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
10 2 5 10 2 5
(h) cos18 sin72 (i) sin36 cos 54
4 4
3 5 5 5 3 5 5 5
(j) sin9 cos81 (k) cos9 sin81
4 4
1 1
(l) cos36 cos72 (m) cos36 cos72
2 4
(n) sin sin(60° – ) sin (60° + ) = 1/4 sin 3
(o) cos cos (60° – ) cos (60° + ) = 1/4 cos 3
(p) tan tan (60° – ) tan (60° + ) = tan 3
A A A A
(q) sin cos 1 sin A (r) sin cos 1 sin A
2 2 2 2
Illustration 11: Show that :
1 cos sin
(i) tan (ii) tan
sin 2 1 cos 2
(iii)(cos + sin )2 = 1 + sin 2 2
(iv) (cos – sin ) = 1 – sin 2
1 tan cos sin
(v) tan (vi) cot – tan = 2 cot 2
4 1 tan cos sin
1 tan cos sin
tan
4 1 tan cos sin
2sin2 / 2
Solution : (i) LHS tan / 2
2sin / 2cos / 2
2sin / 2cos / 2
(ii) LHS tan / 2
2cos2 / 2
(iii)& (iv) expand LHS to get answer.
(v)expand using tan (A + B), tan (A – B) and tan 1
4
cos sin cos2 sin2 2cos2
(vi) LHS 2cot2
sin cos sin cos sin2
sin2
Illustration 12: If 2 tan = 3 tan then show that : tan ( – ) =
5 cos2
Solution : We have to express tan ( – ) in terms of only. Starting with standard result of tan ( – )
and substituting for tan = 3/2 tan in R.H.S. we have :
tan tan 3 / 2tan tan
tan( )
1 tan tan 1 3 / 2tan2
tan sin cos
tan( )
2 3tan 2cos2 3sin2
2
2sin cos sin2 sin2
2 2
tan( )
4cos 6sin 2(1 cos2) 3(1 cos2) 5 cos2
(64)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
Range of trigonometric expression :
E = a sin + b cos
b a
E a2 b2 sin ( + ),where tan a2 b2 cos( – ), where tan
a b
Hence for any real value of , a2 b2 E a2 b2
Some Important formulae
1. For any natural number n,
(a) sin nA = nC1(cos A)n – 1. sin A – nC3 (cos A)n – 3 (sin A)3 + nC5 (cos A)n – 5 (sin A)5 – ........
(b) cos nA = nC0 (cos A)n – nC2 · (cos A)n – 2 sin A + nC4 · (cos A)n – 4 sin4A – ......
n
C1 tan A n C 3 tan3 A n C 5 tan5 A ........
(c) tan nA
1 n C2 tan2 n C 4 tan4 A ...........
2. 2 2 2 2 ....... 2 2cos2n A 2 cos A, n , where there are n square root sign
on L.H.S.
3. tan A + 2 tan2A + 22 tan22A + ........ + 2n tan2nA = cot A – 2n + 1 cot 2n + 1 A n .
1 sin
Illustration 13: Find set of all possible values of in [–, ] such that is equal to (sec
1 sin
– tan ).
Solutoin : Clearly
2
1 sin
as, sec tan .....(i)
cos
1 sin (1 sin )2 1 sin 1 sin
and .....(ii) As [1 – sin is always + ve]
1 sin cos2 cos |cos |
From (i) and (ii) two expressions are equal only if > 0, i.e., –/2 < < /2
1 sin
and sec – tan are equal where ,
1 sin 2 2
1 sin2 A 1 sin2 A
Illustration 14: Find the value of, ; where |tan A| < 1 and |A| is acute.
1 sin2 A 1 sin2 A
Solution : As|tan A| < 1 A [As –/4 < A < /4 and in this interval cos A > sin A]
4 4
(cos A sin A)2 (cos A sin A)2 2cos A
2 2 cot A
(cos A sin A) (cos A sin A) 2sin A
|cos A sin A| |cos A sin A| 1 sin2 A 1 sin2 A
cot A
|cos A sin A| |cos A sin A| 1 sin2 A 1 sin2 A
cos A sin A cos A sin A
when |tan A| < 1 and |A| is acute.
cos A sin A (cos A sin A)
x y z
Illustration 15: If , then x + y + z is equal to :
cos 2 2
cos cos
3 3
(A)–1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) None of these
(65)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
x y z
Solution : (C) Given (say)
cos 2 2
cos cos
3 3
2 2 2
x y z cos cos cos cos 2cos cos 0
3 3 3
Illustration 16: Match the column :
Column-I Column-II
1 1
(A) cos2 52 sin2 22 p. 1
2 2
3 4 3 3
(B) sin2 cos 2 q.
5 5 4 2
3
(C)sin 24° + cos 6° r.
4
15 3
(D)sin250° + cos2130° s.
4
Solution : A (q); B (r); C (s); D (p)
1 1 3 1 3 3 3
(i) cos2 52 sin2 22 cos75 cos30
2 2 2 2 2 4 2
2 2
23 4 5 1 5 1 3
(ii) sin cos2
5 5 4 4 4
15 3
(iii) sin 24° + cos 6° = 2 sin 54 cos 30 =
4
(iv) sin250° + cos2130° = 1
EXERCISE
2 2
Q.1 Prove that cos + sec can never be less than 2 for all values of .
Q.2 1f 7 (cosec – 1) = 3 cot, show that 3 (cosec + 1) = 7 cot .
1 cos ec2 tan2 1 cot2 sin2
Q.3 Show that : .
1 cos ec 2 tan2 1 cot2 sin2
cos A sin A
Q.4 If n, m, show that :
cos B sin B
(a) (m2 – n2) sin2B = 1 – n2 (b) (n2 – m2) sin2A = m2 (n 2 – 1)
x sin y sin
Q.5 If tan and tan . Show that x sin = y sin .
1 x cos 1 y cos
sin2 p p2
Q.6 If p tan = tan p , show that .
sin2 1 (p2 1)sin2
Q.7 If x = y tan – x tan2 and 2x sin = y cos – 2x cos tan . Show that cot = tan 2.
Q.8 Eliminate from the following :
(i) a cot + b cosec = x2 and b cot + a cosec = y2
(ii) cos + sin = m and sec + cosec = n.
Q.9 If sin sin – cos cos + 1 = 0, prove that 1 + cot tan = 0.
(66)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
k sin sin
Q.10 If + = and sin = k sin , show that tan = and tan = .
1 k cos k cos
ab
Q.11 If tan A tan B = , show that : (a – b cos 2A) (a – b cos 2B) = a2 – b2.
ab
2ab
Q.12 If sin x + sin y = a, cos x + cos y = b, prove that sin (x + y) = .
a b2
2
Q.13 Show that :
(i) sec sec 2sec2 (ii) 2cos 2 2 2cos 4
4 4
Q.14 Prove the following :
(i) sin 10° sin 50° sin 70° = 1/8 (ii) sin 20° sin 40° sin 80° = 3 /8
cos9 sin9
(iii) cos 15° – sin 15° = 1/ 2 (iv) tan54
cos9 sin9
(v) 4 sin /10 sin 13/10 = – 1.
3 1 tan cos ec
Q.15 If sec = 2 and 2, find the value of .
2 1 cos cos ec
4. MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRICAL EXPRESSIONS
In this section, we shall discuss problems on finding the maximum and minimum values of
various trigonometrical expression.
As discussed that –1 sin x 1, – 1 cos x 1, – < tan x < , |sec x| 1 and |cosec x| 1.
Consider the expression a cos ± b sin , where is a variable.
Let y = a cos ± b sin
b
Further, let a = r cos and b = r sin . Then, r a2 b2 and tan
a
y = r cos cos ± r sin sin
y = r cos ( )
We know that –1 cos ( ) 1 for all
–r r cos ( ) r for all
a2 b2 y a2 b2 for all
a2 b2 a cos b sin a2 b2 for all
If follows from the above discussion that a2 b2 and a2 b2 are minimum and maximum
values of a cos ± b sin for varying values of .
Note :- Above results can also be derived taking a = r sin and b = r cos .
Important : The maximum and minimum values of a cos ± b sin + c are
c a2 b2 and c a2 b2 , respectively..
i.e., c a2 b2 a cos b sin c c a2 b2 .
Illustration 17: Find the maximum and minimum values of :
(i)sin + cos (ii) 3 sin – cos (iii) 5 sin + 12 cos + 7
Solution : Given expressions are in the form of :
a sin + b cos
(67)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
Express this in terms of one T-ratio by dividing and multiplying by (a2 + b2)1/2
(i) sin + cos = 1 . sin + 1 . cos
1 1
2 sin cos
2 2
2 sin cos cos sin 2 sin
4 4 4
Now sine of an angle must be between –1 and 1.
1 sin 1 2 2 sin 2
4 4
So maximum value of sin + cos is 2 and minimum value of sin + cos is 2 .
3 1
(ii) 3 sin cos 2 sin cos
2 2
[Multiplying and divide by ( 3)2 (1)2 ]
2 sin cos cos sin
6 6
2sin
6
as 1 sin 1 2 2sin 2
6 6
So maximum value is 2 and minimum value is –2.
(iii) Consider 5 sin + 12 cos = 13 [5/13 sin + 12/13 cos ]
[Multiplying and divide by 52 122 ]
Construct a triangle with sides, 5, 12, 13. If is an angle of triangle,
then cos = 5/13, sin = 12/13,
5 sin + 12 cos = 13 [sin cos + cos sin ]
5 sin + 12 cos + 7 = 13 [sin ( + )] + 7
as –1 sin ( + ) 1
–13 + 7 13 sin ( + ) + 7 13 + 7
So maximum value is 20 and minimum value is –6.
Illustration 18 (i) Prove that 5 cos x + 3 cos (x + /3) + 3 lies between –4 and 10.
(ii)Show that whatever be the value of , the expression a sin2 + b sin cos + cos2
ac 1 2 ac 1 2
lies between b (a c)2 and b (a c)2 .
2 2 2 2
Solution : (i) 5cos x 3 cos x cos sin x sin 3
3 3
3 3 3
cos x 5 sin x. 3
2 2
13 3 3
169 27 13 / 2 3 3 /2
cos x sin x 3 cos x sin x 3
2 2 4 4 169 27 169 27
4 4 4 4
(68)
2 2
13 3 3
[Multiplying and divide by ]
2 2
= 7 (cos cos x – sin sin x) + 3
= 7 cos ( + x) + 3
As –1 cos ( + x) 1
i.e., – 7 + 3 7 cos ( + x) + 3 7 + 3
i.e., –4 7 cos ( + x) + 3 10
(ii) Let f() = a sin2 + b sin cos + c cos2
a(1 cos2) b c(1 cos2) c a b a c
sin2 cos2 sin2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 b2 (a c)2
(a c)
2 2
b2 (a c)2 (sin2 cos cos2 sin ) (a c)
2 2
sin(2 )
As –1 sin (2 – ) 1
a c b2 (a c)2 a c b2 (a c)2
f ()
2 2 2 2
Illustration 19: Find the maximum and minimum values of sin6 x + cos6 x.
Solution : If the function contains only even powers of sine and cosine of the same angle, use the
following properties
(i)sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 (ii) 2 sin x cos x = sin 2x.
6 6
Let f(x) = sin x + cos x
= (sin2 x)3 + (cos2 x)3
= (sin2x + cos2x)3 – 3sin2 x cos2 x (sin2 x + cos2 x)
3
= 1 – 3sin2 x cos2 x = 1 – (sin 2x)2
4
When (sin 2x)2 is minimum i.e. 0, then y will be maximum and when (sin 2x)2 is maximum i.e. 1,
then y will be minimum.
3 3 1
Hence f (x )max 1 0 1 and f ( x)min 1 1 .
4 4 4
1. Show that minimum and the maximum values of expression :
cos (sin sin2 sin2 ) are 1 sin2 and 1 sin2 , where is a constant.
2. Find the maximum and minimum value of the following :
sin3 x
(i) 3 sin 2x + 4 cos 2x + 3 (ii) 6 sin x cos x + 4 cos2x (iii) , x ,
sin x
3. Find the maximum value of 1 sin 2cos for all real values of .
4 4
4. Find the minimum value of cos 2 + cos for all real values of .
5. If A = cos2 + sin4 , then for all values of ,
13 3 13 3
(A) 1 A 2 (B) A 1 (C) A (D) A 1
16 4 16 4
(69)
5. TRIGONOMETRIC SERIES IN WHICH ANGLES ARE IN A.P.
TYPE-1 Problems based on finding the sum of series of sines or cosines whose angles are in A.P.
Following two results are very useful in solving such problems.
n
sin
Result I : sin + sin ( + ) + sin ( + 2) + ...... + sin( n 1 ) 2 .sin (n 1)
2
sin
2
n
sin
Result II : cos + cos ( + ) + cos ( + 2) + ........ + cos( n 1 ) 2 .cos (n 1)
2
sin
2
Proof for Result 1 :
Let S = sin + sin ( + ) + sin ( + 2) + ..... + sin ( n 1 )
Here angles ae in A.P. and common difference of angles =
Note :- In a series of sine and cosine whenever angles are in A.P. and power of sine and cosine is one
common difference of angles
then we multiply each term by 2sin , then express each term as
2
a differene of two terms and add.
So, multiply both sides by 2sin , we get :
2
.....(i)
S. 2sin 2sin sin 2sin( ).sin ....... 2sin( n 1 )sin
2 2 2 2
Now, first term above R.H.S. can be written as 2sin .sin cos cos
2 2 2
3
Similarly, the second term R.H.S. can be written as 2sin( )sin cos cos
2 2 2
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
and also the last term of R.H.S. can be written as
2sin( n 1 ).sin cos (2n 3) cos (2n 1)
2 2 2
Now, adding above all terms, we get R.H. S. of (1) as cos cos (2n 1) .
2 2
n
n sin
From (i), we get : 2sin .S 2sin (n 1) .sin S 2 .sin (n 1)
2 2 2 2
sin
2
Students are advised to prove the result – II themselves.
Illustration 20: Show that : cos 2/7 + cos 4/7 + cos 6/7 = – 1/2.
2 4 6
2sin cos cos cos
7 7 7 7
Solution : L.H.S.
2sin
7
(70)
1 3 5 3 7 5 sin sin
sin sin sin sin sin sin 7 1
7 7 7 7 7 7 2
2sin 2sin
7 7
Alternative Method :
We can also use the relation :
sin(nd / 2) 2a n 1 d
cos a + cos (a + d) + ........ cos(a n 1 d ) cos
sin(d / 2) 2
[ where d is common difference of AP]
2 / 7 4 2
sin3 7 2 7
2
L.H.S. cos
2 / 7 2
sin
2
3 4 cos 3 sin 4 cos sin
sin .cos 1 sin
7 7 2 7 2 7 14 14
7 1
2 sin 2
sin sin sin
7 7 7 7
TYPE - 2 If angles are in A.P. and sum of the first and the last angles is or /2. Then we will use the
following working rule and power of sine and cosine may or may not be one.
Working Rule :
If angles are in A.P. and sum of the first and last angles in /2 or etc., then group equidistant
terms from both ends, express last angle in terms of the first in each group and simplify.
3 5 7 3
Illustration 21: Prove that : cos 4 cos 4 cos 4 cos 4 .
4 8 8 8 2
4 4 7 4 3 5
Solution : L.H.S. cos cos cos cos4
8 8 8 8
3 3 3
cos4 cos4 cos4 cos4 2cos 4 2cos 4
8 8 8 8 8 8
2 2
3
2
2
3 1 cos 1 cos
2 cos2 cos2 2 4 4
8 8 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
TYPE - 3 If angles are in G.P. having common ratio 2 or 1/2, terms of sine or cosine are in power one and
in product.
1
Illustration 22: cos A cos 2A cos 4A cos 8A ........ cos 2n – 1 A = n
sin(2n A).
2 sin A
Solution : Multiply above and below by 2n sin A
2n 1
L.H.S. n
[2 sin A cos A cos 2A cos 4A ...... cos 2n – 1 A]
2 sin A
(71)
2n 2
n [ 2 sin 2A cos 2A cos 4A ...... cos 2n – 1 A]
2 sin A
1 n 1 n 1 1 n 1 sin(2n A)
[2sin2 A cos2 A] sin(2 . 2 A)
2n sin A 2n sin A 2n sin A
Illustration 23: (i) cos 20° cos 40° cos 60° cos 80° = 1/16.
(ii) sin 10° sin 30° sin 50° sin 70° = 1/16.
1
Solution : (i)In given expression : cos60 and n = 3
2
1 1 1 1 1
L.H.S. 3 sin(23.20) .sin160 .sin(180 20)
2 2 sin2 16 sin20 16sin20
1 sin20 1
16 sin20 16
(ii) By complementry rule
sin = cos (90 – )
The given expression reduces to cos 20° cos 40° cos 60° cos 80°
Which is same as above illustration.
TYPE - 4 If angle are in A.P., terms in sine or cosine having power one, and in product and sum of the
first and last angles is not /2 or etc. then
Working Rule :
(i) Change the last angle using formula for – etc.
(ii) Rearrange the terms in ascending order of angles.
(iii) Group the terms in two parts : One part consisting of terms having angles in G.P. and the
other part consisting of remaining parts.
(iv) Simplify
9 3 5
Illustration 24:Prove that : 2cos cos cos cos 0
13 13 13 13
9 4
Solution : L.H.S. 2cos cos 2cos cos
13 13 13 13
9 4
2cos cos cos 2cos .2cos cos 5 0 [as cos (/2) = 0]
13 13 13 13 2 26
Illustration 25: sin2 12° + sin2 21° + sin2 39° + sin2 48° = 1 + sin2 9° + sin2 18°
Solution : sin2 12° + sin2 21° + sin2 39° + sin2 48° – sin2 9° – sin2 18° = 1
sin2 12° + sin2 21° + (sin2 39° – sin2 9°) + (sin2 48° –sin2 18°) = 1
Multiplying both sides by 2,
2 sin2 12° + 2 sin2 21° + 2 (sin2 39° – sin2 9°) + 2 (sin2 48° – sin2 18°) = 2
By using 2 sin2 = 1 – cos 2 and sin2 – sin2 = sin ( + ) . sin ( – )
1 – cos 24° + 1 – cos 42° + 2 sin 48° sin 30° + 2 sin 66° sin 30° = 2
1
As sin30 and by complementary rule sin 66° = cos 24° ; sin 48° = cos 42°.
2
Illustration 26: Show that : sin 6° sin 42° sin 66° sin 78° = 1/16.
Solution : Note that (66 + 6)/2 = 36 and (66 – 6)/2 = 30. Hence sin 6° and sin 66° should be combined.
L.H.S. = 1/4 [2 sin 6° sin 66°] [2 sin 42° sin 78°]
= 1/4 [cos (6° – 66°) – cos (6° + 66°)][cos (42° – 78°) – cos (42° + 78°)]
= 1/4 [cos 60° – cos 72°][cos 36° – cos 120°]
11 5 1 5 1 1
Substituting the values, we get : L.H.S. =
42 4 4 2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
1 2 5 1 5 1 2 1 1
4 4
4
64
3 5 3 5
16
R.H.S.
Illustration 27: Prove that : sin 20 sin 40 sin 80 = 3 / 8 (where angles are in degrees)
Solution : Consider L.H.S. = sin 20 sin 40 sin 80 = sin 20 sin (60 – 20) sin (60 + 20)
1 1 3
sin3(20) sin60
4 4 8
Illustration 28: Prove that :
3 5 7 1 3 5 7 9 11 1
(i) sin sin sin sin (ii) sin sin sin sin sin sin
14 14 14 14 8 14 14 14 14 14 14 64
6 6 8 8
Solution : (i) sin sin cos cos cos
14 2 14 14 14 14
3 4 4 5 2 2
sin sin cos sin sin cos
14 2 14 14 14 2 14 14
2 4 8
L.H.S. cos cos cos
14 14 14
1 2
3
.sin(23 A) [where A ]
2 sin A 14
1 8 1 1 1
sin sin (1) [sin ( + ) = – sin ]
7 7 8 8
8sin 8sin
7 7
7
(ii) In the given expression sin
sin 1 and sum of first and last angle is
14 2
Terms are equidistant from beginning and end.
2 2
3 5 7 1 1
sin sin sin sin .
14 14 14 14 8 64
3 7 9 1
Illustration 29: Prove that : (i) 1 cos 1 cos 1 cos 1 cos
10
10 10 10 16
3 5 7 1
(ii) 1 cos 1 cos 1 cos 1 cos
8 8 8 8 8
(iii) cos 60° cos 36° cos 42° cos 78° = 1/16.
Solution : (i)By supplementary rule : cos ( – A) = – cos A
3 3
L.H.S. 1 cos 1 cos 1 cos 1 cos
10 10 10 10
3
1 cos2 1 cos2 sin2 18 sin2 54
10 10
2
5 1 5 1 1
.
4 4 16
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
3
(ii) cos cos sin .
8 2 8 8
5 7
cos cos sin ; cos cos cos
8 2 8 8 8 8 8
L.H.S. = (1 + cos /8) (1 + sin /8) (1 – sin /8) (1 – cos /8)
= (1 – cos2 /8) (1 – sin2 /8)
2 2
1 1 1 1
sin
4 4 4 2 8
(iii) Consider L.H.S. :
1 5 1 1 1
. . .(2cos42 cos78) ( 5 1)(cos120 cos36)
2 4 2 16
1 5 1 1 51 1
( 5 1). .
16 4 16 4 16
Prove that :
1. sin x sin y sin (x – y) + sin y sin z sin (y – z) + sin z . sin x sin (z – x) + sin (x – y) sin (y – z) sin (z
– x) = 0
1 cos
2. If tan then prove that tan 2 = tan 2
sin
sin sin3 sin5 ...... sin2013
3. Prove that : tan1007
cos cos3 cos5 ...... cos2013
1k
4. If sin = k sin ( + 2), prove that tan ( + ) = tan
1k
5. If cos 5 = 0, then prove that 16 cos4 – 20 cos2 + 5 = 0 where 0 < <
2
sin2
6. If 3 tan = 4 tan , then prove that tan( )
7 cos2
7. Let + + = , then show that tan ( + – ) + tan ( + – ) + tan ( + – ) = tan ( + –
) tan ( + – ) tan ( + – )
8. If A + B + C = 2S, then show that cos2 S + cos2 (S – A) + cos2 (S – B) + cos2 (S – C) = 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos
C
9. If 0 < < , prove that cot 1 cot
2
10. In ABC, if cos A cos B cos (A – B) + cos B cos C cos (B – C) + cos C cos A cos (C – A) + 2 cos A cos
B cos C = 1 then prove that ABC is an equilateral triangle.
11. If A + B + C = , then prove that (tan A + tan B + tan C) (cot A + cot B + cot C) = 1 + sec A sec B sec C
12. If cos + cos + cos = sin + sin + sin = 0 then prove that
(a) cos 3 + cos 3 + cos 3 = 3 cos ( + + )
(b) cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 = 0
(c) cos ( + ) + cos ( + ) + cos ( + ) = 0
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
6. CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES
TYPE - I Problems based on transformation of the plus form of sine or cosine in product form :
Working Rule :
(i) Simplify the terms containing A and B using the formula of sin C ± sin D and cos C ± cos D
whichever applicable.
(ii) Simplify the term containing C by using sin 2 = 2 sin cos or cos 2 = 2 cos2 – 1 or cos
2 = 1 – 2 sin2 . and write A + B in terms of C and then take out the common factor (which
will be a term containing C).
(iii) The transform C in A + B (not in the factor which has been taken common).
(iv) Then simplify to get the desired result.
Illustration 30: If A + B + C = , then show that :
(i) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C
(ii) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = – 1 – 4 cos A cos B cos C
(iii) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin A/2 sin B/2 sin C/2
(iv) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos A/2 cos B/2 cos C/2
Solution : (i) L.H.S. = sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
= 2 sin (A + B) cos (A – B) + sin 2C
= 2 sin ( – C) cos (A – B) + sin 2C
= 2 sin C cos (A – B) + 2 sin C cos C
= 2 sin C [cos (A – B) + cos C]
Convert the expression with in brackets in A and B only.
= 2 sin C [cos (A – B) + cos ( – A – B)]
= 2 sin C [cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)]
= 2 sin C (2 sin A sin B)
= 4 sin A sin B sin C = R.H.S.
(ii) L.H.S. = cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C
= 2 cos (A + B) cos (A – B) + cos 2C
= – 2 cos C cos (A – B) + 2 cos2 C – 1
= – 2 cos C [cos (A – B) – cos C] – 1
= – 2 cos C [ cos (A – B) + cos (A + B)] – 1
= – 1 – 4 cos A cos B cos C = RHS
(iii) LHS = cos A + cos B + cos C
AB AB C AB
2cos cos cos C 2cos cos cos C
2 2 2 2 2
C AB C C
2sin cos 1 2sin2 [Express cos C in terms of sin ]
2 2 2 2
C AB C
2sin cos sin 1
2 2 2
C AB A B
2sin cos cos 1
2 2 2
C A B A B C
2sin 2sin sin 1 1 4sin sin sin RHS
2 2 2 2 2 2
(iv)Try On The Same Pattern. (As in part 3 above)
TYPE - II Problems involving squares of sines or cosines of angles.
Working Rule :
(i) First, rearrange the terms in L.H.S. so that either sin2 A – sin2 B = sin (A + B) . sin (A – B) or
cos2 A – sin2 B = cos (A + B) . cos (A – B) can be applied.
(ii) Simplify the term containing C and then take out the common factor (which will be a term
containing C).
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
(iii) Then t ransform C in A + B (not in the factor which has been taken common).
(iv) Then simplify to get the desired result.
Illustration 31: If A + B + C = , then show that :
(i) sin2 A + sin2 B – sin2 C = 2 sin A sin B cos C
(ii) cos2 A/2 + cos2 B/2 + cos2 C/2 = 2 + 2 sin A/2 sin B/2 sin C/2.
(iii) sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C
Solution :(i) Starting from L.H.S. :
= sin2 A + sin2 B – sin2 C
= sin2 A + sin ( – A) sin (B – C)
= sin2 A + sin ( – A) sin (B – C)
= sin A [sin A + sin (B – C)]
= sin A [sin [ – (B + C)] + sin (B – C)]
= sin A [sin (B + C) + sin (B – C)]
= sin A [2 sin B cos C] = 2 sin A sin B cos C
(ii) L.H.S. = cos2 A/2 + (1 – sin2 B/2) + cos2 C/2
= 1 + (cos2 A/2 – sin2 B/2) + cos2 C/2
= 1 + cos (A + B)/2 cos (A – B)/2 + cos2 C/2
= 1 + sin C/2 cos (A – B)/2 + 1 – sin2 C/2
= 2 + sin C/2 [cos (A – B)/2 – sin C/2]
= 2 + sin C/2 [cos (A – B)/2 – cos (A + B)/2]
= 2 + 2 sin C/2 sin A/2 sin B/2
(iii) L.H.S. = sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C
= 1 – (cos2 A – sin2 B) + sin2 C
= 1 – cos (A + B) cos (A – B) + sin2 C
= 1 + cos C cos (A – B) + 1 – cos2 C
= 2 + cos C [cos (A – B) – cos C]
= 2 + cos C [cos (A – B) + cos (A + B)]
= 2 + 2 cos C cos A cos B
TYPE - III Problems involving only tangents or cotangents of angles.
Working Rule :
(i) Write the given relation between angles keeping two angles on one side and remaining on
the other side.
(ii) Take tangent or cotangent of both sides and simplify to get the desired result.
Illustration 32: In a ABC, prove that tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C.
Solution : In ABC, A + B + C= A+B=–C
tan (A + B) = tan ( – C) [By taking tan on both side]
tan A tan B
tanC [ tan ( – C) = – tan C]
1 tan A tan B
tan A + tan B = – tan C + tan A tan B tan C tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
A B B C C A
Illustration 33: If A + B + C = , prove that : tan tan tan tan tan tan 1.
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
Solution : A + B + C = or,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B
tan tan
A B C
tan tan cot
C
[By taking tan on both side] 2 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 A B C
1 tan tan tan
2 2 2
A C B C A B A B B C C A
tan tan tan tan 1 tan tan tan tan tan tan tan tan 1.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
Illustration 34: If A + B + C = , prove that cot B cot C + cot C cot A + cot A cot B = 1.
Solution : A + B + C = A + B = – C
cot (A + B) = cot ( – C) [By taking cot on both side]
cot [Link] B 1
cot C
cot B cot A
cot A cot B – 1 = – cot B cot C – cot C cot A
cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
TYPE - IV Miscellaneous Type
Working Rule :
(i) If it is given that x + y + z = xyz or, xy + yz + zx = 1 put x = tan A, y = tan B and z = tan C in it and
simplify it to find the value of A + B + C.
(ii) Then put tan A, tan B, tan C in place of x, y, z respectively in the L.H.S. of the given question
and simplify it to get the desired identity using the value of A + B + C.
x y z 4 xyz
Illustration 35: If xy + yz + zx = 1, prove that : 2
2
2
1 x 1y 1z (1 x )(1 y 2 )(1 z 2 )
2
Solution : Let x =tan A, y = tan B, z = tan C
Given, xy + yz + zx = 1
tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1
tan C (tan A + tan B) = 1– tan A tan B
tan A tan B 1
cot C tan C tan (A + B) = tan C
1 tan A tan B tan C 2 2
A+B= C [Taking principal value]
2
A+B+C= ..... (i)
2
x y z
Now, L.H.S. =
1 x 1 y 1 z2
2 2
tan A tan B tan C 1 2tan A 2tan B 2tanC
1 tan A 1 tan B 1 tan C 2 1 tan A 1 tan B 1 tan2 C
2 2 2 2 2
1
(tan 2A + tan 2B + tan 2C) ......(ii)
2
Now from (i), A + B + C = 2A + 2B + 2C =
2
or, 2A + 2B = – 2C tan (2A + 2B) = tan ( – 2C)
tan2 A tan2B
or, tan2C tan 2A + tan 2B = – tan 2C + tan 2A tan 2B tan 2C
1 tan2 A tan2B
or, tan 2A + tan 2C + tan 2B = tan 2A tan 2B tan 2C ....... (iii)
1
From (iii), L.H.S. = (tan 2A + tan 2B + tan 2C)
2
1
(tan 2A tan 2B tan 2C) [From (iii)]
2
1 2tan A 2tan B 2tan C
. . .
2 1 tan A 1 tan B 1 tan2 C
2 2
1 2x 2y 2z 4 yxz
. . .
2 1 x 1 y 1 z (1 x )(1 y 2 )(1 z 2 )
2 2 2 2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
cot A cot B cot B cot C cot C cot A
Q.1 If A + B + C = , then
tan A tan B tan B tanC tanC tan A
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3
A B C A B C
Q.2 If A + B + C = and sin2 + sin2 – sin2 = – 2cos cos sin then =
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3
A B C
Q.3 If A + B + C = and cos A + cos B – cos C = + µ cos cos sin then + µ =
2 2 2
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3
Q.4 If A + B + C = then sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C =
(a) 4 cos A cos B cos C (b) 4 sin A sin B sin C
(c) 4 cos A cos B sin C (d) 4 sin A sin B cos C
2x 2y 2z 2x 2y 2z
Q.5 If x + y + z = xyz, then 2 + + 2 –
. . =
1x 1y 2
1z 1 x 1 y 1 z2
2 2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) –1
A B C
Q.6 If A + B + C = , then minimum value of tan2 + tan2 + tan2 is
2 2 2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2
Q.7 If A + B + C = , then minimum value of cot2 A + cot2 B + cot2 C is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2
cot2 ( A / 2)cot2 (B / 2)
Q.8 In ABC, the minimum value of is
cot2 (A / 2)
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) Non existent
Q.9 If in triangle ABC, cos2 A + cos2 B – cos2 C = 1, then
(a) A = /2 (b) B = /2 (c) C = /2 (d) None of these
Answers
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b)
8. (a) 9. (c)
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES
cos cos
Example 1 : If cos = , then show that tan tan cot .
1 cos cos 2 2 2
Solution : Manipulating the given condition as follows :
1 1 cos cos
cos cos cos
1 cos (1 cos cos ) (cos cos )
[Apply 'C' and 'D']
1 cos (1 cos cos ) (cos cos )
1 cos
tan2
(1 cos ) cos (1 cos ) (1 cos )(1 cos )
tan2 tan2 1 cos 2
2 (1 cos ) cos (1 cos ) (1 cos )(1 cos ) 2 1 cos tan2
1 cos 2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
tan2 tan2 .cot2 tan tan .cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
1e cos e
Example 2 : If tan tan , show that cos =
2 1e 2 1 e cos
Solution : We have to find cos in terms of e and cos , so try to convert tan /2 to cos .
1e
tan2 tan2
2 1e 2
1e 1 e 1 cos tan2
tan
2
tan2 2 1 e cos e cos
2 1e 2 1 e 1 cos 1 1 e cos e cos
1 tan2 / 2 (1 e cos e cos ) (1 e cos e cos )
[Apply C and D]
1 tan2 / 2 (1 e cos e cos ) (1 e cos e cos )
2e 2cos cos e
cos
2 2e cos 1 e cos
Example 3 : If x + y + z = 0, show that cot (x + z – y) cot (x + y – z) + cot (x + y – z) cot (y + z – x) + cot
(y + z – x) cot (z + x – y) = 1.
Solution : LetA = x + y – z ; B=z+x–y ; C=y+z–x
A+B+C=x+y+z=0 A+B=–C
Taking cot on both sides we get :
cot [Link] B 1
cot (A + B) = cot (–C) cot C
cot A cot B
cot A . cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
Putting the value of A, B and C, we get :
cot (x + y – z) cot (z + x – y) + cot (z + x – y) cot (y + z – x) + cot (y + z – x) cot (x + y – z) = 1.
Example 4 : If + = 90° and + = then prove that tan = tan + 2 tan .
Solution : + = 90°
Taking tan on both sides
tan tan 1
Now tan( ) tan90
1 tan tan 0
tan tan = 1
Now tan = tan ( + )
tan tan
=
1 tan tan
tan – tan tan tan = tan + tan
tan – tan = tan + tan
tan = tan + 2 tan
n
Example 5 : If sin3x . sin 3x = c m
. cos mx is an identity in x. Where cm's are constants, then find the
m0
value of n.
3sin x sin3 x
Solution : Here, sin3 x . sin 3x = .sin3 x also,
4
n
c
m0
m . cos mx = c0 + c1 cos x + c2 cos 2x +... .....+ cn cos nx .....(ii)
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
3 1
(2sin x sin3x ) (sin2 3x ) On comparing (i) and (ii) we get,
8 4
3 1
(cos2 x cos4 x) (1 cos6 x) n=6
8 8
1 3 3 1
cos2 x cos4 x cos6 x ..... (i)
8 8 8 8
Example 6 : For any real , the maximum value of cos2 (cos ) + sin2 (sin ) is
(A) 1 (B) 1 + sin2 1 (C) 1 + cos2 1 (D) Does not exist
Solution : (B)
Y
Let f() = cos2 (cos ) + sin2 (sin )
–1 cos 1 and – 1 sin 1
cos 1
cos 1 cos (cos ) 1 and – 1 sin 1
cos2 1 cos2 (cos ) 1 ...... (i) – 2 –1 O 1 X
2 2 2
and 0 sin (sin ) sin 1 ......(ii)
Now combining (i) and (ii), max. value of cos2 (cos ) = 1 at = /2 and max. value of sin2 (sin ) =
sin2 1 at = /2
Maximum value of f() = 1 + sin2 1 at = /2
2 4 6 1
Example 7 : Show that : cos .cos .cos
7 7 7 8
2 4 6
Solution : Let y cos .cos .cos
7 7 7
2 4
cos .cos .cos
7 7 7
2 4
cos .cos .cos
7 7 7
[Here there is only one group consisting of terms having angles in G.P. So, we multiply both sides
by 2 sin /7 and simplify]
2 4
2y sin 2sin cos cos cos
7 7 7 7 7
2 2 4
2y sin sin cos cos
7 7 7 7
2 2 4
4 y sin 2sin cos .cos [Multiplying both side by 2]
7 7 7 7
4 4
4 y sin sin cos
7 7 7
4 4
8 y sin 2sin .cos [Multiplying both side by 2]
7 7 7
8
8 y sin sin sin
7 7 7
1
8 y sin sin y
7 7 8
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
Example 8 : For a positive integer n, let
fn () tan (1 sec )(1 sec2)(1 sec4 ).....(1 sec2n ). Then :
2
(A) f2 1 (B) f3 1 (C) f4 1 (D) f5 1
16 32 64 128
Solution : We have
sin( / 2) 1 sin( / 2) 2cos2 ( / 2) 2sin( / 2)cos( / 2) sin
tan (1 sec ) 1 . tan
2 cos( / 2) cos cos( / 2) cos cos cos
Thus, fn () tan (1 sec )(1 sec2)(1 sec4).....(1 sec2n )
2
= (tan ) (1 + sec 2) (1 + sec 4) ...... (1 + sec 2n )
= (tan 2) (1 + sec 4) ....... (1 + sec 2n )
= (tan 4) (1 + sec 8) ....... (1 + sec 2n )
= ..........
= tan (2n )
Now, f2 tan 22 tan 1
16 16 4
f3 tan 23 tan 1
32 32 4
f4 tan 24 tan 1
64 64 4
5
and f5 tan 2 tan 1
128 128 4
Example 9 : If + + = , show that tan ( + – ) + tan ( + – ) + tan ( + – ) = tan ( + – )
tan ( + – ) tan ( + – ).
Solution : Let + – = A, + – = B, and + – = C
Now, A + B + C = + – + + – + + –
or, A + B + C = + + = [As + + = ]
or, A + B = – C
tan (A + B) = tan ( – C)
tan A tan B
or, tanC [As tan ( – C) = – tan C]
1 tan A tan B
or, tan A + tan B = – tan C + tan A tan B tan C or, tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
Putting the values of A, B and C, we get :
tan ( + – ) + tan ( + – ) + tan ( + – ) = tan ( + – ) tan ( + – ) tan ( + – ).
Example 10 : If A + B + C = , prove that (cot B + cot C) (cot C + cot A) (cot A + cot B) = cosec A cosec B
cosec C.
cos B cos C cos B sinC sin B cos C sin(B C )
Solution : cot B cot C
sin B sin C sin B sinC sin B sin C
sin( A) sin A ...... (i)
sin B sinC sin B sin C
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
sin B
Similarly, cot C + cot A = .....(ii)
sin A sinC
sin C
and cot A cot B .....(iii)
sin A sin B
Multiplying (i), (ii), and (iii), we get :
sin A sin B sin c
L.H.S. . .
sin B sinC sin C sin A sin A sin B
= cosec A cosec B cosec C
UNSOLVED EXERCISE
Section-A
(Straight objective type with single option correct)
Topic : 1 Based on Trigonomatric Formule (a) 2 cot 11o (b) tan 19o
5 1
1. If tan , x and tan are in A.P. and tan
an , (c) 2 tan 11o (d) tan 19o
9 18 9 2
7. The average of the numbers n sin no, for n =
7 2, 4, 6, ...., 180, is
y and tan are also in A.P., then
18 (a) tan 1o (b) sin 1o
(a) x = y (b) x = 2y (c) cot 1o (d) cos 1o
8. Let a and b real numbers such that sin a + sin
(c) 2x = y (d) x + y =
2
2. If cos 28o + sin 28o = k3, then cos 17o is equal to 2 6
b= cos a + cos b = Then (a + b) =
2 2
k3 k3
(a) (b) –
2 2 (a) (b)
6 4
3
k
(c) ± (d) None of these (c) (d)
2 3 2
3. If x2 – 2 cosx + 1 = 0 and y2 – 2cosy + 1 =
0 then 2cos(+ ) is equal to 3 cot76o cot16 o
9. is equal to
cot76o cot16o
x y 1 1
(a) (b) x y (a) tan 16o (b) cot 76o
y x y x (c) tan 44 o
(d) cot 44o
10. The numerical value of tan 9o – tan 27o – tan
1
(c) xy + (d) None of these 63o + tan 81o is equal to
xy (a) 2 (b) 4
2 4 6 (c) 6 (d) 0
4. The value of cos cos cos is 11. The value of sin 55o – sin 19o + sin 53o – sin
7 7 7 17o is always equal to
(a) –1/4 (b) 1/4 (a) cos 1o (b) sin 1o
(c) –1/8 (d) 1/8 (c) tan 1 o
(d) cot 1o
5. The value of 643 sin cos cos 1 sin2 x
48 48 24 12. If = cot2(a + x), x n ,
1 sin2 x 4
n , then ‘a’ is equal to
cos cos is
12 6 3
(a) 8 (b) 6 (a) (b)
(c) 4 (d) 12 4 4
6. The expression S = sec 11o sec 19o – 2 cot
71o reduces to (c) (d)
2 3
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
cos x sin x
13. If , then |a cos 2x+b sin 2x| is (a) (b)
a b 4 3
equal to
(c) (d) None of these
a2 2
(a) |a| (b) 21. If the sum of the series
| b|
1 1 1
b2 a2
(c) (d) cos cos3 cos cos5 cos cos7
|a| b
1
sec 4 x tan4 x 1 ... is equal to
14. If , then which of the cos cos(2n 1)
cot cot(n 1)
following statements is correct? then =
(a) sin2 x = / (b) sin2 x = –/ 2 sin
2
(c) sin x = –/ (d) sin2 x = / (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) –1 (d) 0
5
15. If , then the value of 22. If ,,, are the smallest positive angles
4 8 in ascending order of magnitude which have
their sines equal to the positive quantity K,
cos2 2 4sin cos cos2 sin2 2 is
equal to then the value of 4 sin + 3 sin + 2 sin
(a) sin 2 – cos 2 (b) cos 2 – sin 2 2 2 2
(c) |sin 2| – |cos 2| (d)
Either (1) and (2) + sin is equal to
2
16 If x sec = 1 – y tan and x2 sec2 = 5 + y2
tan2 , then (a) 2 1 K (b) 2 1 K
9y 2 4y 2 1K
(a) x2 = (b) x2 = (c) (d) 1 k
y2 4 9 y2 2
23. The number of nonnegative integral values
2
4 x2 2
9x2 of for which the equation 3 sin x + 11 cos x
(c) y = (d) y = 2 = has a solution is
9 x2 x 4
17. If x = a cos3 sin2 , y = a sin 3 cos2 and (a) 14 (b) 12
p
(c) 10 (d) 23
x 2
y2 (p, q ) is independent of , then 24. cos x cos(x ) cos(x 2) cos(x 3)
q If ,
xy a b c d
(a) p = 4, q = 4 (b) p = 5, q = 5 ac
then is equal to
(c) q = 4, p = 5 (d) q = 5, p = 4 bd
18. Which of the following numbers is/are ra-
a c
tional? (a) (b)
(a) sin 15o (b) cos 15o d b
(c) sin 15o cos 15o (d) sin 15o cos 75o b d
(c) (d)
3 1 c a
19. Let < x < then 2cot is 25. Let 0o < < 45o, arrange t1 = (tan )tan , t2 =
4 sin2 (tan )cot , t3 =(cot )tan , t4 = (cot )cot in
sin cos sin cos decreasing order then
(a) (b) (a) t1 > t2 > t3 > t4 (b) t4 > t3 > t1 > t2
sin sin
(c) t4 > t1 > t2 > t3 (d) t4 > t3 > t2 > t1
sin cos sin cos
(c) (d) 26. The equation 4 sin2 x + 4 sin x + a2 – 3 = 0
sin sin possesses a solution if a belongs to the in-
Topic : 2 Graph & Conditional Identites terval
2 1 (a) (–1, 3) (b) (–3, 1)
20. If cos x 2
2
+ (1 + tan 2y) (3 + sin (c) (–2, 2) (d) R – (–2, 2)
cos x 27. If |sin x + cos x| = |sin x| + |cos x|, then x
3z) = 4, then y can take values equal to belong to the quadrant
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
(a) I or III (b) II or IV 1
(c) I or II (d) III or IV (c) d 2 a2 (d) None of these
28. The smallest positive root of the equation 2|d |
tan x – x = 0 lies in 35. Maximum value of a sin2 + b sin cos +
c cos2 is equal to k (a c) b (c a)
2 2
(a) 0, (b) ,
2 2 then k =
3 3 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) , (d) , 2 1 3
2 2 (c) (d)
29. The equation k cos x – 3 sin x = k + 1 is solv- 2 2
able only if k belongs to the interval 36. For what and only what values of lying
(a) [4, +] (b) [–4, 4] between 0 and is the inequality sin .
(c) (–, 4] (d) None of these cos3 > sin3 cos valid?
30. If sin and cos are the roots of equation
ax2 – bx + c = 0, then a, b and c satisfy the (a) 0, (b) 0,
4 2
relation
(a) a2 + b2 + 2ac = 0 (b) 3
(c) , (d) ,
a2 – b2 + 2ac = 0 4 2 2 4
(c) a2 + c2 + 2ab = 0 (d) 37. The least value of
2 2
a – b – 2ac = 0
31. The number of integral values of k for which
3 2 cos x
3 2 sin x is
the equation 7 cos x + 5 sin x = 2k + 1 has a (a) 7 (b) –10
solutions is (c) –13 (d) 5
(a) 4 (b) 8 38. Given both and are acute angles and sin
(c) 10 (d) 12
1 1
cos sin p q = , cos = , then the value of +
32. If , then is 2 3
p q sec2 cosec 2 belongs to
(a) p (b) 0 2
(c) qp (d) None of these (a) , (b) ,
33. tan9° – (4cos29° – 3) (4cos227° – 3) = 3 2 2 3
(a) 0 (b) 1 2 5 5
(c) 2 (d) 3 (c) , (d) ,
3 6 6
Topic : 3 Maxima & Minima 39. For x R, the difference between the great-
34. If a sin x + b cos(x + ) + b cos(x – ) = d, then
the minimum value of |cos | is equal to x
est and the least value of y 2 is
x 1
1 1
(a) d 2 a2 (b) d 2 a2 (a) 1 (b) 2
2|b| 2|a | (c) 3 (d) 1/2
Section-B
(Previous Year Question)
1. Let f : (– 1, 1) R be such that f (cos 4) = π
2. For 0 < < , the solution(s) of
2 π π π 2
2 for θ 0, , . Then, the
2 – sec θ 4 4 2 6
(m – 1)π mπ
cosec θ + 4
cosec θ +
=4 2
4
1 m=1
value(s) of f is/are is/are
3
π π
3 (a) (b)
(a) 1 – 3 (b) 1 + 4 6
2 2
π 5π
2 2 (c) (d)
(c) 1 – (d) 1 + 12 12
3 3
(84)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE
sin4 x cos4 x 1 α β α β
3. If + = , then (c)tan + tan + tan = – tan tan tan
2 3 5 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 sin8x cos8 x 1 (d) None of the above
(a) tan x = (b) + =
3 8 27 125 π
8 8
7. Let 0, and t1 = (tan )tan , t2 = (tan )cot
1 sin x cos x 2 4
(c) tan2x = (d) + =
3 8 27 125
, t3 = (cot )tan and t4 = (cot )cot , then
(a) t1 > t2 > t3 > t4 (b) t4 > t3 > t1 > t2
θ
4. For a positive integer n, let fn () = tan (c) t3 > t1 > t2 > t4 (d) t2 > t3 > t1 > t4
2 8. Let a vertical tower AB have its end A on the
2
(1 + sec )(1 + sec 2)(1 + sec 2 ).... (1 + level ground. Let C be the mid-point of AB
sec 2n), then and P be a point on the ground such that AP
π π = 2AB. If BPC = , then tan is equal to
(a) f2 =1 (b) f3 = 1
16 32 6 1
(a) (b)
π π 7 4
(c) f4 = 1 (d) f5 = 1 2 4
64 128 (c) (d)
9 9
π
5. If + = and + = , then tan equals 9. A man is walking towards a vertical pillar in
2 a straight path, at a uniform speed. At a cer-
(a) 2(tan + tan ) (b) tan + tan tain point A on the path, he observes that
(c) tan + 2tan (d) 2 tan + tan the angle of elevation of the top of the pillar
6. If + + = 2, then is 30°. After walking for 10 min from A in the
α β α β same direction, at a point B, he observes that
(a)tan + tan + tan = tan tan tan the angle of elevation of the top of the pil-
2 2 2 2 2 2
α β β α
lar is 60°. Then, the time taken (in minutes)
(b)tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1 by him, from B to reach the pillar, is
2 2 2 2 2 2 (a) 6 (b) 10
(c) 20 (d) 5
Section-C
(School / Board pattern)
1. Write the value of 2 sin6 cos6 3 6. If cos A B sin C D cos A B sin C D ,
prove that tanA tanB tanC tanD 0
sin 4
cos 4 1
7. If cosA mcosB, tehn write the value of
tan2 2 tan2 cot
A B
cot
A B
2. Prove that : tan3 tan .
1 tan2 2 tan2 2 2
1 cos cos
3. Prove that : sin x a cos x b 8. If cos 1 cos cos , prove that tan
2
cot x a tan x b tan tan
2 2
cos a b
3 7
4. If angle is divided into two parts such that 9. Prove that: 1 cos 10 1 cos 10 1 cos 10
the tangents of one part is times the tan-
gent of other, and is theri difference, then 1 cos 9 1
10 16
1
show that sin 1 sin .
2 2 2 7
10. The value of sin 18 sin 9 sin 18
5. If sin2A sin2B, Prove that:
4
tan A B 1
sin2 is
tan A B 1 9
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
CHAPTER
4
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
1. SOME BASIC RESULTS
(i) If sin = 0, then = 0, ± , ± 2, .......
= n where n I.
(ii) If cos = 0, then = ± /2, ± 3/2 .......
= (2n + 1)/2 where n I.
(iii) If tan = 0 then, = 0, ± , ± 2, .........
= n where n I.
5 9
(iv) If sin = 1 then, , , , .........
2 2 2
(4n 1) where n I.
2
(v) If cos = 1 then, = 0, 2, 4, ...........
= 2n where n I.
(vi) If tan = 1 then, , 5 , 9 , .......
4 4 4
(4n 1) where n I.
4
Illustration 1: Find the values of x lying between 0 and 2 and satisfying the equation : sinx + sin3x = 0.
Solution : The given equation is sinx + sin3x = 0
x 3x x 3x
2sin cos 0
2 2
2 sin2x cosx = 0
Either : sin2x = 0 or cosx = 0
2x = n, or x = (2n + 1) /2, [where, n I]
x = n/2, or x = (2n + 1) /2, [where, n I]
This is the general solution of the equation. To get particular solution satisfying 0 < x < 2, we will
substitute integral values of n.
(i) n = 0 x = 0, /2 (ii) n = 1 x = /2, 3/2
(iii) n = 2 x = , 5/2 (iv) n = 3 x = 3/2, 7/2
Hence for 0 < x < 2, the solution is x = /2, , 3/2.
SOME MORE BASIC RESULTS
(i) If sin = sin
then = n + (–1)n , where n I
(ii) If cos = cos
then = 2n ± , where n I
(iii) If tan = tan
then = n + , where n I
(iv) If tan2 = tan2
then = n ± , where n I
(v) If cos2 = cos2
then = n ± , where n I
(vi) If sin2 = sin2
then = n ± , where n I
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
Illustration 2: Find the values of satisfying sin = sin .
Solution : sin = sin
sin – sin = 0 2cos sin 0
2 2
Either : cos 0 or sin 0
2 2
(2 1) or n [where , n are integers]
2 2 2
= (2 + 1) – or = 2n +
= (odd no.) – or = (even no.) +
= n + (–1)n , n I. [where n I ]
Illustration 3: Find the values of satisfying cos = cos in the interval 0 .
Solution : cos = cos
cos – cos = 0 2sin sin 0
2 2
Either sin 0
2
or sin 0 n
2 2
or n [where, n I]
2
= 2n –
or = 2 n + [where, n I ]
Combining the two values, we get :
= 2n ± n I
Illustration 4: Find the values of satisfying the equation : tan = tan .
Solution : tan = tan
sin sin
sin cos – cos sin = 0
cos cos
sin ( – ) = 0 – = n, n I = n + , n I
Note :- The following
(i) sin = sin = n + (–1)n , n I
(ii) cos = cos = 2n ± , n I
(iii) tan = tan = n + , n I
Important : Every trigonometric equation should be manipulated so that it reduces to any of the
above results.
Q.1 The solution of the equation esinx – e–sinx – 4 = 0 is
(a) x = 0 (b) x = sin–1 [log (2 – 5 )]
(c) No real solution (d) None of these
Q.2 The number of real solution of the equation sin (ex) = 5x + 5–x is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) Infinitely many
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
Q.3 The equation sin4 x – (k + 2) sin2 x – (k + 3) = 0 possesses a solution if
(a) k > – 3 (b) k < – 2 (c) – 3 k – 2 (d) k is any (+ve) value
Q.4 In interval , , the equation logsin (cos2) = 2 has
2 2
(a) No solution (b) A unique solution
(c) Two solution (d) Infinitely many solution
Q.5 If max {5 sin + 3 sin ( – )} = 7, then the set of possible value of is R
2
(a) x : x 2n , n (b) x : x 2n , n
3 3
2
(c) 3 , 3 (d) None of these
|x|
Q.6 Total number of solutions of sin x = is equal to
o
10
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) None of these
Q.7 If 4 sin2 x – 8 sin x + 3 0, 0 x 2, then the solution set for x is
5 5 5
(a) 0, 6 (b) 0, (c) ,2 (d) ,
6 6 6 6
1 sin x .... (1)n sinn x .... 1 cos2 x
Q.8 The general solution of the equation is
1 sin x .... sinn x ..... 1 cos2 x
(a) (1)n n (b) (1)n n
3 6
n 1
(c) (1)n1 n (d) (1) n , n I
6 3
Answers
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (d)
8. (b)
2. HOW TO SOLVE TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
While solving equations following points must be kept in mind.
(i) Squaring should be avoided as far as possible, if squaring is done check for the extraneous
roots.
(ii) Never cancel equal terms containing 'unknown or variable' on two sides which are in prod-
uct. It may cause root loss.
(iii) The answer should not contain such values of which make any of the terms undefined.
(iv) Domain should not change. If it changes, necessary correction must be made.
(v) Check that denominator is not zero at any stage while solving equations.
TYPE-I
Problems based on method of factorisation :
Working Rule :
Step I. Take all the terms to L.H.S. i.e. make R.H.S. zero, then factorise L.H.S.
Step II. Equate each factor to zero and solve.
Step III. Check for root loss and extraneous roots.
Illustration 5: Solve the equation cos x + cos 2x + cos 4x = 0.
Solution : cosx + (cos2x + cos4x) = 0
cosx + 2cos3x cosx = 0
cosx (1 + 2 cos3x) = 0
cosx = 0
OR 1 + 2 cos3x = 0
cosx = 0
(88)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
or cos3x = – 1/2 = cos 2/3
x = (2n + 1) /2
or 3x = 2n ± 2/3 [where, n I ]
x = (2n + 1) /2,
or x = 2n/3 ± 2/9, [where, n I ]
This is the general solution of the equation. To get particular solution satisfying 0 x , we will
substitute integral values of n.
(i) n = 0 x = /2, ± 2/9
(ii) n = 1 x = 3/2, 8/9, 4/9
(iii) n = 2 x = 5/2, 14/9, 10/9 (greater than )
(iv) n = – 1 x = – /2, –2/3 ± 2/9 (less than 0)
Hence the values for 0 x are x = /2, 2/9, 4/9, 8/9.
Illustration 6: Solve the equation sinx = cos4x for 0 x .
Solution : sinx = cos4x
cos4x = cos (/2 – x)
4x = 2n ± (/2 – x)
Either 4x = 2n + /2 – x
or 4x = 2n – /2 + x
x = 2n/5 + /10
or x = 2n/3 – /6
This is the general solution of the equation. To get particular solution satisfying 0 x , we will
substitute integral values of n.
(i) n = 0 x = /10, –/6
(ii) n = 1 x = /2
(iii) n = 2 x = 9/10, 7/6
(iv) n = 3 x = 13/10, 11/6 (greater than )
(v) n = – 1 x = – 3/10, –5/6 (less than 0)
Hence the required solution for 0 x is x = /10, /2, 9/10.
Illustration 7: Find the values of x satisfying 3 –2 cos x – 4 sin x – cos 2x + sin 2x = 0
Solution : Put cos 2x = 2 cos2x – 1
3 – 2cosx – 4sinx – (2 cos2 x – 1) + sin 2x = 0
(4 – 4 sinx) – 2cos2 x – 2 cosx + sin 2x = 0
4(1 – sinx) – 2(1 – sin2x) – 2 cosx (1 – sinx) = 0
Either sinx = 1 or sinx + cosx = 1
sinx = sin /2 or 2 cos (x – /4) = 1
x = n + (–1)n /2 or x – /4 = 2n ± /4 [where, n I ]
n
x = n + (–1) /2 or x = 2n ± /4 + /4 [where, n I]
x = n + (–1)n /2 or x = 2n, 2n + /2
Combining the two, we get : x = 2n, 2n + /2.
Illustration 8: Solve for x : sec4x – sec2x = 2 ; in – x .
Solution : sec 4x – sec2x = 2
1 1
2
cos4 x cos2 x
cos 2x – cos 4x = 2 cos 2x cos 4x
cos 2x – cos 4x = cos 6x + cos 2x
cos 6x + cos 4x = 0 [Link]=0
Either cos 5x = 0 or cosx = 0
5x = 2n ± /2
or x = 2n ± /2 [where, n I ]
x = 2n/5 ± /10
or x = 2n ± /2 [where, n I ]
This is the general solution of the equation. To get particular solution satisfying – x , we
will substitute integral values of n.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
n=0 x = ± /10
n=±1 x = ± /2, – /2, – 3/10
Consider x = 2n ± /2 ; n
n=0 x = ± /2
These are the only values of x in [–, ].
Illustration 9: Solve: four cos cos 2 cos 3 = 1/4.
Solution : 4 cos cos2 cos3 = 1
or, (2 cos 3 cos) (2 cos2) = 1
or, (cos 4 + cos2) (2 cos 2) – 1 = 0
or, 2 cos 4 cos 2 + 2cos2 2 – 1 = 0
or, 2cos 4 cos 2 + cos 4 = 0
or, cos 4 [2 cos 2 + 1] = 0
Either cos 4 = 0, or 2 cos 2 + 1 = 0.
4 (2n 1) , h z
2
1 2
or cos2 cos
2 3
(2n 1) ; n
8
2
or 2 2n ;n
3
2n 1 or n ; n [where, n z]
8 3
Hence,
(2n 1) , n where n = 0, ± 1, ±2, .......
8 3
Illustration 10: Find all solutions of the equation, 4 cos2 x sinx – 2 sin2 x = 3 sinx.
Solution : 4 cos2 x sinx – 2 sin2 x – 3 sin x = 0 sin x [4 cos2 x – 2 sin x – 3] = 0
sin x [4 – 4 sin2 x – 2 sinx – 3] = 0 sin x = 0 or 4 sin2 x + 2 sin x – 1 = 0
2
If sinx = 0, x = n or If 4 sin x + 2 sinx – 1 = 0
2 4 4.4(1) 1 5
sin x
2.4 4
1 5 5 1
when sin x sin x sin [As sin18 and 18 ]
4 10 4 10
x n (1)n ; n I
10
1 5 5 1 5 1
When sin x , sin x
4
cos36 As cos36
4 4
or, sinx = – sin 54°
3
or, sinx = sin
10
3
x = n + (–1)n
10
3
x = n + (–1)n , n (1)n ; n I
10 10
(90)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
TYPE-II
Equations of the form a cos + b sin = c
Working Rule :
a b c
(i) Divide by a2 b2 on both sides and get cos sin .
a 2 b2 a 2 b2 a2 b2
a b
(ii) Write L.H.S. as a2 b2 cos( ) [where cos and sin ]
a 2 b2 a2 b2
(iii) Simplify the equation.
Illustration 11: Solve the equation 3 sinx + cosx = 1 in the interval 0 x 2.
Solution : 3 sinx + cosx = 1
2(3/2 sinx + 1/2 cosx) = 1
[Multiplying and divide by ( 3)2 (1)2 ]
2 (cos/3 cosx + sin/3 sinx) = 1
2 cos (x – /3) = 1
cos (x – /3) = cos/3
x – /3 = 2n ± /3
x = 2n + 2/3, x = 2n [where, n I]
This is the general solution of the equation. To get particular solution satisfying 0 x 2 we will
substitute integral values of n.
(i) n = 0 x = 0 or 2/3
(ii) n = 1 x = 2 + 2/3 or 2
(iii) n = 2 x = 4 + 2/3
or 4p (greater than )
(iv) n = – 1 x = – 4/3
or – 2 (less than 0)
Hence the required values of x are 0, 2/3, 2.
Illustration 12: Solve the equation : sin x + cosx = sin2x – 1.
Solution : Let t = sinx + cosx
t 2 = 1 + 2 sinx cosx
sin 2x = t 2 – 1
Hence the given equation is t = (t 2 – 1) – 1
t2 – t – 2 = 0
Solving the equation to get :
(t – 2) (t + 1) = 0
t = 2 or t = – 1
sinx + cosx = 2
or sinx + cosx = – 1
2cos (x – /4) = 2
or 2 cos (x – /4) = – 1
cos (x – /4) = 2
1
or cos (x – /4) = –
2
As –1 cos 1, cos (x – /4) = 2 is impossible
1
cos (x – /4) = – is the only possibility
2
cos (x – /4) = cos ( – /4)
x – /4 = 2n ± 3/4 [where, n I]
x = 2n ± 3/4 + /4 is the general solution
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
7
Illustration 13: Solve the equation sin4 x + cos4 x = sinx cosx.
2
Solution : sin4x + cos4 x = 7/2 sinx cosx
7
(sin2x + cos2x)2 – 2 sin2x cos 2x = sinx cosx
2
Let t = 2 sinx cosx = sin2x
1 – 2/4 t 2 = 7/4 t
2t 2 + 7t – 4 = 0
(2t – 1) (t + 4) = 0
t = 1/2 or t = – 4
sin2x = 1/2 or sin2x = – 4 (impossible)
sin2x = sin /6
2x = n + (–1)n /6, n I
x = n/2 + (–1)n /12 is the general solution
3. TRIGONOMETRIC INEQUALITY
Working Rule :
While solving inequations involving trigonometric functions, it is best to use graphs of trigonometric
functions
1
Illustration 14 : Solve : cos x .
2
1
Solution : We construct the graph y1 = cosx, y2 = + .
2
Now, on this graph we want those values of x for which graph of y = cosx is more than the graph of
1
y which is shown by colour part of the graph
2
Y
1
1/2
X
O 5 2
–1 3 3
5
We get solution as 0, ,2 or general solution is
3 3
5
2n x + 2n and 2n + x 2 + 2n; n
3 3
Illustration 15: Solve: the inequality sinx + cos2x > 1 if 0 x /2.
Solution : Let sin x = t cos2x = 1 – 2t 2
The inequality is :
t + 1 – 2t 2 > 1
2t 2 – t < 0
t(2t – 1) < 0
(t – 0) (t – 1/2) < 0
0 < t < 1/2
0 < sinx <1/2
In 0 x /2, this means than 0 x /6 is the solution.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
Illustration 16: Solve tan2 x – (1 + 3 ) tanx + 3 < 0.
Solution : The given inequality is (tanx – 1) (tan x – 3) < 0
1 < tan x < 3 x
4 3
Since the tangent function repeats after an interval of length , so the general solution is
n x n ; n
4 3
4. SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
Two equations in one variable.
Working Rule :
(i) If two equations in one unknown (say x) are given, then solve given equations separately for x
lying between 0 and 2.
(ii) Select the value of x for which both the equations are satisfied.
(iii) Add 2n to get general solution.
1
Illustration 17: Solve cos x , and tanx = – 1.
2
1 7
Solution : cos x x , in (0, 2)
2 4 4
3 7
tanx = – 1 x , in (0, 2)
4 4
7
Common value of x
4
Now for general solution add a factor of 2n.
7
General solution is x 2n ;n
4
5. TWO EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLE
Working Rule :
Step I. Find A + B and A – B between 0 and 2 from the two given equations. Impose the condition
that A and B must be smallest and positive, since A and B are positive angles, A + B > A – B.
Find A + B and A – B accordingly.
Step II. Solve the two equation to get A and B.
Step III. Then generalised it with the help of common period. i.e. adding a factor of np.
Illustration 18: If tan (A – B) = 1, sec (A + B) = 2/3, calculate the smallest positive values and the
most general values of A and B.
Solution : Smallest Positive Values
Let A, B (0, 2)
(A + B) > (A – B)
Now tan (A – B) = 1 (A – B) = /4, 5/4
sec (A + B) = 3/3 (A + B) = /6, 11/6
As (A + B) > (A – B), there are two possibilities :
(i) A – B = /4 and A + B = 11 /6
(ii) A – B = 5/4 and A + B = 11 /6
25 19
From (i), we get : A and B
24 24
37 7
From (ii), we get : A and B
24 24
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
General Values
tan (A – B) = 1 A – B = n + /4 ; n
2
sec(A B) A B 2k ; n
3 6
Taking A B n and A B 2k we get :
4 6
(2k n) 5 (2k n)
A and B
2 24 2 24
Taking A B n and A B 2k we get :
4 6
(2k n) (2k n) 5
A and B
2 24 2 24
MISCELLANEOUS TYPE :
(i) Whenever the terms on the two sides (L.H.S. and R.H.S.) of the equation are the different nature,
We use inequality method for testing whether the equation has any real solution or not.
Working Rule :
(i) Let y = each side of the equation and break the equation in two parts.
(ii) From the inequality for y taking L.H.S. of the equation and also for R.H.S. of the equation. If there
is any value of y satisfying both the inequalities, then the equation will have real solution and if
there is no such y, the equation will have no real solution.
x
Illustration 19: Show that the equation 2cos2 sin2 x x2 x 2 for 0 x has no real solution.
2 2
2 x 2
Solution : Let y1 2cos sin x ..... (i)
2
2 –2
and y2 = x + x ..... (ii)
x
From (i), y1 = 2cos2
. sin2x
2
= (< 2) × ( 1) < 2
i.e. y1 < 2 ..... (iii)
2
2 1 2 1 2
From (ii), y2 x x x 2 x 2 2 [ x > 0]
x x
i.e. y2 2 ..... (iv)
No value of y can be obtained satisfying (iii) and (iv) simultaneously,
no real solution of the equation exists.
(ii) Whenever the equation contains power terms.
Working Rule :
(i) Equate the base if possible.
(ii) If not possible to equate the base then take log both side.
Illustration 20: Find the values of x in (–, ) which satisfy the equation
2
x||cos3 x|.....to infinity
81 |cos x||cos 43.
Solution : 81 |cos x||cos2 x||cos3 x|.....to infinity 82
1 + |cosx| + |cos2x| + |cos3x| + ..... to infinity = 2
This is an infinite geometric series with first term 1 and common ratio |cosx|.
1
2
1 |cos x |
(94)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
a
[By using sum of infinite geometric series with first term a and common ratio r is if |r| < 1]
1r
1 1 1
or, 1 |cos x | |cos x | cos x
2 2 2
1
When cos x cos , x 2n
2 3 3
1 2 2
When cos x cos , x 2n
2 3 3
2
The value of x in the given interval (, ) , .
3 3
3 1
sin2 x sin x
Illustration 21: Solve : |cos x | 2 2 1.
3 1
sin2 x sin x
Solution : |cos x | 2 2 1
Taking log of both sides, we get :
2 3 1
sin x sin x log|cos x | log1 0
2 2
3 1
If sin2 x sin x 0
2 2
2 sin2x – 3 sinx + 1 = 0
or, (sinx – 1) (2 sinx – 1) = 0
When sinx – 1 = 0, sinx = 1 |cosx| = 0
no solution as log0 is not defined.
1
When 2sin x 1 0, sin x sin .
2 6
x n (1)n
6
If log |cosx| = 0, |cosx| = 1 cosx = ± 1
Taking positive sign,
cosx = 1 = cos 0 x = n
Taking negative sign,
cosx = – 1 = cos x = 2n ±
x = 2n, 2n ± , n + (–1)n .
6
TYPE-VI
Whenever terms are in sin, cos in power 1, all terms connected with plus sign and number of terms in
L.H.S. is equal to the number in R.H.S. [with (+) or (–) sign] then each term must have its exteremum value.
Working Rule :
In such problems each term will be (+1) when the number in R.H.S. is (+)ve and each term will be (–1)
when the number in R.H.S. is (–)ve.
Illustration 22: Solve the equation sin6x + cos4x + 2 = 0.
Solution : sin6x + cos4x + 2 = 0 or sin6x + cos4x = – 2 ...... (1)
sin6x = – 1 and cos4x = – 1 both satisfied simultaneously
3 3 n
Now, sin6 x 1 sin 6 x 2n x , where e n I.
2 2 3 4
7 11 5 19 23
Values of x between 0 and 2 are , , , , ,
4 12 12 4 12 12
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
Also, cos4x = – 1 = cos 4x = 2n +
n
x , where n I.
2 4
3 5 7
Values of x between 0 and 2 are , , ,
4 4 4 4
5
Hence, values of x lying between 0 and 2 satisfying both the equations are ,
4 4
General solution will be given by
5
x 2n or, 2n [where n I ]
4 4
i.e. x 2n or, (2n 1)
4 4
Combining these two results, to get :
x m , [where n I ]
4
Illustration 23: Solve the equation cos7x + sin4x = 1.
Solution : cos7x cos2x ....... (i)
and sin4x sin2x ....... (ii)
7 4 2 2
cos x + sin x cos x + sin x
or, cos7x + sin4x 1.
Clearly L.H.S. of equation does not exceed unity and is equal to 1 only when equality occurs in both
(i) and (ii).
i.e. Equation is satisfied only when
cos7x = cos2x ...... (iii)
and sin4x = sin2x ...... (iv)
7 2
From (iii), cos x = cos x
or, cos2x (cos5x – 1) = 0
either : cosx = 0 or cosx = 1
x = (2n + 1) or x = 2n
2
Clearly (iv) is also satisfied for these values of x.
[When cosx = 0, sinx = ± 1 and when cosx = 1. sinx = 0]
Hence the required solutions are x = (2n + 1) or, 2n. where n I.
2
EXERCISE
Q.1 In ABC, the line joining the circumcentre to the incentre is parallel to BC, then cos B + cos C is
equal to
3 3 1
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d)
2 4 2
Q.2 The general solution of tan + tan 4 + tan 7 = tan tan 4 . tan 7is
n n n
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
4 12 6
sin3 cos3 cos
Q.3 If 2tan .cot 1 where [0, 2] then
sin cos 1 cot2
(a) 0, (b) , 3
2 4 2 4
(96)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
3 5
(c) , (d) (0, ) ,
2 4 4 2
Q.4 Total number of integral values of 'n' so that sin x (sin x + cos x) = n has at least one solution, is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) Zero
Q.5 The number of root s of t he equat ion x + 2 tan x = in the interval [0, 2] is
2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) Infinite
Q.6 The set of value of x four which sin x cos3 x > cos x. sin3 x, 0 x , is
(a) (0, ) (b) 0, (c) , (d) none of these
4 4
sin3 1
Q.7 If then
2cos2 1 2
(a) n ; n I (b) n ;nI
6 6
(c) n (1)n ; n I (d) n ; n I
6 6
cos3 1
Q.8 If then
2cos2 1 2
(a) n (b) 2n (c) 2n (d) 2n
3 3 6 6
2
Q.9 Solution of 4 sin 3 2(1 3)sin is
(a) n (1)n or n (1)n where n I
6 3
(b) 2n ;nI
3
(c) n ; n I (d) 2n ;nI
6 6
x x
sin3 cos3
Q.10 The solution of the equation 2 2 cos x is
2 sin x 3
(a) x 2n ; n (b) x 2n ; n I
2 4
(c) x n ; n (d) None of these
4
Q.11 The general solution of the equation sin100x – cos100 x = 1 is
(a) 2n , n (b) n , n (c) n , n I (d) none of these
2 2 2
Q.12 The solution of the inequality log1/2 sin x < log1/2 cos x in [0, 2] is
(a) x 0, (b) x ,0 (c) x 0, (d) none of these
4 4 2
Q.13 If 0 < < 2 and 2 sin2 – 5 sin + 2 > 0, then lies in the interval
5 5
(a) 0, ,2 (b) ,
6 6 6 6
(c) (0, ) (d) ,2
2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
Q.14 The smallest positive root of the equation tan x – x = 0 lies on
3 3
(a) 0, (b) , (c) , (d) ,2
2 2 2 2
x x 2
Q.15 The number of solution(s) equation sin 2cos 3 is/are
4 3
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d)
Answers
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c)
8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (c)
15. (b)
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES
Example 1 : (a) The general solution of the equation ( 3 1) sin ( 3 1) cos 2 is –
(a) 2n ;nI (b) n (1)n ;nI
4 12 4 12
(c) 2n ; n I (d) n (1)n ;nI
4 12 4 12
(b)The values of x between 0 and 2, which satisfy the equation sin x 8cos2 x 1 are in A.P..
with common difference
(a)/4 (b)/8 (c) 3/8 (d) 5/8
Solution : (a)
(A)Dividing by ( 3 1)2 ( 3 1)2 2 2
3 1 3 1 1 3 1 3 1
sin cos ,sin ,cos
2 2 2 2 2 12 2 2 12 2 2
1
sin sin cos cos
12 12 2
1
cos cos 2n
12 2 4
2n 2n ; n I
12 4 4 12
(b)(A)We have sin x 8cos2 x 1
1
sinx |cosx| =
2 2
Case –I : when cosx > 0
1 1 3 9 13
In this case sinx cosx = sin2 x 2x , , ,
2 2 2 4 4 4 4
3 9 13
x , , ,
8 8 8 8
(98)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
3
As x lies between 0 and 2 and cos x > 0, x ,
8 8
Case–II :When cosx < 0 .
1 1 1
In this case sinx |cosx| = sin x cos x or sin2 x
2 2 2 2 2
5 7 13 15 5 7
x , , , x , as cos x < 0
8 8 8 8 8 8
Thus the values of x satisfying the given equation which lie between 0 and 2 are
3 5 7
, , ,
8 8 8 8
These are in A.P. with common difference /4.
1
1
Example 2 : Show that : 2sin x 2cos x 2 2 for all real x.
Solution : Clearly, 2sin x and 2cos x are positive, so when we apply A.M. G.M.
2sin x 2cos x
2sin x.2cos x 2sin x cos x ..... (1)
2
As we know, sin x cos x 2 [Using 12 12 sin x cos x 12 12 ]
2sin x cos x 2 2 /2
2sin x cos x 21/ 2 ..... (ii)
From (i) and (ii) ;
2sin x 2cos x
2sin x cos x 21/ 2
2
2sin x 2cos x 2.21/ 2
2sin x 2cos x 211/ 2 for all real values of x.
Example 3 : Let 0 < A, B < /2 satisfying the Equation 3 sin2 A + 2 sin2 B = 1 and 3 sin 2A = 2 sin 2B, then
prove that : A + 2B = /2.
Solution : From the second equation, we have
3 ..... (i)
sin2B sin2 A
2
and from the first equation,
3 sin2 A = 1 – 2 sin2 B = cos 2B ..... (ii)
Now, consider the identity
cos (A + 2B) = cos A . cos 2B – sin A . sin 2B
3
= 3 cos A . sin2 A – sin A . sin 2A
2
= 3 cos A . sin2 A – 3 sin2 A cos A = 0
cos (A + 2B) = 0
cos (A + 2B) = 0 ..... (iii)
Given that 0 < A < /2 and 0 < B < /2
0 < A + 2B < + /2
0 < (A + 2B) < 3/2 ...... (iv)
From (iii) and (iv),
A 2B
2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
1 1 a02
Example 4 : If ar 1 (1 ar ), prove that cos a .
2 a1 .a2 .a3 .....to 0
1
Solution : Let,a0 = cos, then ar 1 (1 ar ) gives
2
1 1
a1 (1 a0 ) (1 cos ) cos
2 2 2
1 1
a2 (1 a1 ) 1 cos cos 2 [When, r = 1]
2 2 2 2
1 1
a3 (1 a2 ) 1 cos 2 cos 3
2 2 2 2
1 1
an (1 an1 ) 1 cos n 1 cos n
2 2 2 2
a1 . a2 . a3 ..... an
cos .cos 2 .cos 2 .....cos n
2 2 2 2
cos .cos 2 .cos 3 ....cos n .2sin n θ
2 2 2 2 2 Multiply dislide by sin
2n
2sin n
2
cos .cos 2 ....cos n 1 .sin n 1
2 2 2 2 { 2 sin . cos = sin 2}
2sin n
2
cos .cos 2 ...cos n 2 .sin n 2
2 2 2 2 [Multiply divide by 2]
2
2 sin n
2
cos .sin cos .sin sin n
2n 1( n 1)
2 n( n1)
2 2 sin
n n
[As n ,2n , n 0 Limit 2 1]
2n[Link] n 2 .sin / 2 2 n
2n[Link] 2
2 2 2n
sin sin sin
a1 .a2 .....to lim lim
n 2 .sin / 2n n
n n
sin( / 2 )
. n
( / 2 )
1 a02 1 cos2
a1a2a3 .... to sin
(100)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
1 a02
a
cos 1
a a a to cos a0 .
1 2 3
n
Example 5 : Evaluate : sin r , where (n + 2) = 2 (without using formula).
r 2
n
Solution : Let S sin r sin 2 + sin 3 + sin 4 + .... + sin n
r 2
Multiplying both side by 2 sin
2
2sin .S 2sin .sin2 2sin .sin3 2sin .sin4 ..... sin .sin n
2 2 2 2 2
3 5 5 7 1 1
cos cos cos cos ..... cos n cos n
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 1
cos cos n [All terms get cancelled axcept first and last term]
2 2
3 1 1 3
2 n 2 n 2 2
sin sin
2 2
(n 2) (n 1)
2sin .sin
2 2
(n 1) (n 1)
sin sin
S 2 .sin (n 2) 2 .sin 2 0 [As (n + 2) = 2]
2 2
sin sin
2 2
Example 6 : Find all the values of satisfying the equation, sin 7 = sin + sin3 such that 0 .
Solution : sin 7 = sin + sin 3
(sin 7 – sin ) – sin 3 = 0
2 sin 3 . cos 4 – sin 3 = 0
1
sin 3 (2 cos 4 – 1) = 0 Either : sin 3 = 0 or cos4
2
i.e.,3 = n , n I or 4 2n , n
3
n n
or
3 2 12
Put n = 0, = 0 or , rejected
12 12
(101)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
Put n = 1, or , , 7 , 5
3 2 12 2 12 12 12
2
Put n = 2, or rejected
3 12 12
Put n = 3, =
Solutions are ;
5 7 2 11
0, , , , , , and
12 3 12 12 3 12
Example 7 : Solve the equation sin 3x + cos 2x = 1.
Solution : sin 3x + cos 2x = 1
(3 sin x – 4 sin3 x) + (1 – 2 sin2 x) = 1
i.e., –4 sin3 x – 2 sin2 x + 3 sin x = 0
sin x (4 sin2 x + 2 sin x – 3) = 0
2 4 48
sin x = 0 or x
8
1 13
i.e., sin x = 0 or sin x
4
x = n ; n
1 13 1 13
or x = n + (–1)n sin–1 sin x is rejected as it is < –1
4 4
x
sec2
Example 8 : Solve the equation : 1 2cosec x 2 , where, x n .
2
x
sec2
Solution : Here 1 2cosec x 2
2
2 [1 tan2 x / 2]
1
sin x 2
x x
2tan 2 x 2tan
2 2 1 tan2 . 2
1 tan2 x 2 1 tan2 x
2
2
x 2t 2t
Put tan t , 2 2
2 (1 t 2 ) 2
2 1 t 1t
4t2 + 4t + 2t(1 + t2) + 4 = 0 2t3 + 4t2 + 6t + 4 = 0
t3 + 2t2 + 3t + 2 = 0 (t + 1)(t2 + t + 2) = 0
2
t=–1 ( t + t + 2 0)
x x
or tan t 1 n , n
2 2 4
x 2n , n is the required solution.
2
(102)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
Example 9 : Solve for real x and y.
cot2 (x + y) + tan2 (x + y) + y2 + 2y – 1 = 0
Solution : Here, cot2 (x + y) + tan2 (x + y) + y2 + 2y – 1 = 0
{1 + cot2 (x + y)} + {1 + tan2 (x + y)} + y2 + 2y – 3 = 0 [By adding and subtracting 2]
i.e., cosec2 (x + y) + sec2 (x + y) + (y + 1)2 – 4 = 0
1
i.e., 4 (y 1)2 0
sin (x y).cos2 (x y)
2
4 [cosec2 (2x + 2y) – 1] + (y + 1)2 = 0 .... (i)
2
We know that {cosec – 1} 0 always
{cosec2 (2x + 2y) – 1} 0 ; also (y + 1)2 0 for all real y.
L.H.S. of (i) is always 0.
Equality is possible if and only if both the terms,
4 {cosec2 (2x + 2y) – 1} and ( y + 1)2 are zero simultaneously.
(y + 1)2 = 0 and sin2(2x + 2y) = 1
y=–1 and cos2 (2x + 2y) = 0
y=–1 and cos2 (2x – 2) = 0
i.e., y = – 1 and 2 (x – 1) = (2n + 1) , where n I
2
i.e,x – 1 = (2n + 1) , n
4
i.e, y = – 1 and x = (2n + 1) + 1, n I are the possible solutions.
4
Example 10 : Find all the solutions of the equation : (sin x + cos x) sin 2x = a (sin3 x + cos3 x) located
between and and for which values of 'a' does this equation have at most one solution
2
satisfying the condition x .
2
Solution : (sin x + cos x) sin 2x = a (sin x + cos x) [sin2x + cos2x – sin x cos x]
1
(sin x cos x) sin2x a 1 sin2x 0 .... (i)
2
3 1
Either : sin x + cos x = 0 tan x = – 1 = tan OR sin 2 x a 1 sin 2 x 0
4 2
3
x
4
Hence there is always at least one root lying in /2 and for any value of the parameter a.
or 2 sin 2x – 2a + a sin 2x = 0 [From (i)]
2a
sin2 x ..... (ii)
2a
Since < x < or < 2x < 2
2
–1 sin 2x < 0 ..... (iii)
Now, from (ii) and (iii), we have
2a
1 0, where a – 2
2a
(103)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
2a 2a
1 and 0
2a 2a
2a
0 1 and a(2 + a) < 0
2a
+ – + + – +
–2 –2/3 –2 0
a < – 2 or a –2/3 ....... (A) –2 < a 0 ....... (B)
And from (A) and (B)
2
a0
3
2 2a
Hence for every value of 'a' satisfying the condition a 0 the equation, sin 2 x has
3 2a
the roots lying between /2 and .
Now we have to find the solution of the equation
2a 2
sin2 x where a 0 and x
2a 3 2
< 2 x < 2
3
Case : I 2 x
2
0 < 2x – < /2
2a
sin(2 x )
2a
2a
sin (2x – ) = –
2a
1 1 2a
x sin
2 2 2a
3
Case : II 2 x 2
2
2 x 2 0
2
2a
Since, sin2 x
2a
2a
sin(2 x 2)
2a
2a
2 x 2 sin1
2a
1 2a
x sin1
2 2a
1 1 2a
2 2 sin 2 a , 2 x 3 / 2
2
Thus, x For a ,0
1 sin1 2a , 3 2 x 2 3
2 2a 2
(104)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
Solve the following Trigonometric equations :
1. cos2
2 1 cos 1 / 2 . 2. tan p = cot q
3. cos + sin = cos2 + sin2 4. sin + sin5 = sin3 where 0
5. sin3x + cosx sinx + cos3x = 1 6. cos 3x cos3x + sin 3x sin3x = 0
7. sin 2x + sinx + cos2x + cosx + 1 = 0
8. If y + cosx = sinx has a real solution, then :
(A) y 2 (B) 2 y 2 (C) y 2 (D) None of these
9. The equation a sinx + cos2x = 2a – 7 possesses a solution if :
(A) a > 6 (B) 2 a 6 (C) a > 2 (D) None of these
10. The equaiton 3 (sinx + cosx) – 2(sin3x + cos3x) = 8 has :
(A) No solutions (B) One solution (C) Two solutions (D) Infinite
11. If 2 cosx < 3 and x [–, ] then the solution set for x is :
(A) , 6 6 , (B) ,
6 6
(C) , 6 6 , (D) None of these
12. If 2 sinx + 1 0 and x [0, 2] then solution set for x is :
7 7 11
(A) 0, 6 (B) 0, ,2
6 6
11
(C) 6 ,2 (D) None of these
13. The most general solutionof the equation 3 cos x sin x 2 is
5
(A) 2n (B) 2n (C) 2n (D) None of these
12 4 6 12
UNSOLVED EXERCISE
Section-A
(Straight objective type with single option correct)
Topic : 1 General Solution
6 6 2 (b) x 2n ;nI
1. If sin + cos + k cos 2 = 1, then k is 6
equal to
1
1 1 (c) x 2n cos 1 ; n I
(a) tan2 2 (b) tan2 2 3
2 4
(d) None of these
3 3. Let 2 sin2x + 3 sinx – 2 > 0 and x2 – x – 2 < 0
(c) 4 cot2 2 (d) tan2 2
4 (x is measured in radian). Then 'x' lies in the
x interval
2. The general solution of the equation 8 tan2
2 5 5
(a) , (b) 1,
= 1 + sec x is 6 6 6
1
(a) x 2n cos 1 ; n I (c) (–1, 2) (d) ,2
3 6
(105)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
4. The number of all possible triplets (a1, a2,
a3) such that a1 + a2 cos 2x + a3 sin2 x = 0 for (4n 1) ,(4m 1) , m , n Z . Which of
2 2
all x is the following options is correct ?
(a) 0 (b) 1
(a) TTT (b) FFF
(c) 3 (d) Infinite
(c) FTT (d) FTF
5. The most general values of 'x' for which sinx
9. The number of non-zero solutions of the
+ cosx = min {1, a2 – 4a + 6} are given by
aR ( 2 1)x ( 2 1)x
equation cos cos 1 is
2 2
(a) 2n (b) 2n
2 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 0 (d) 3
(c) n (1)n (d) None of these 10. The solution of the equation 12
4 4
6. If F (x) = sinx + cosx, then the most general 10
tan2 x 1 0 is
cos x
solution of f ( x) F are (where [x] is (a) n – tan–1 3, n I
10
the greatest integer less than or equal to 'x'
(b) n – tan–1 3, where is an even integer
)
(c) n – tan–1 3, where n is an odd integer
(d) none of these
(a) 2n (b) n, n I
2 11. Solution of the equa-
2
(c) 2n , n I (d) None of these tion sec sec 2 2 is
3 4 4
7. Statement-1 : If cos ( sin x) = sin (cos x),
n
3 3 (a) , n I or = n
then sin 2x is equal to or . 3
4 4
Statement-2 : If cos ( sin x) = sin ( cos x), 2n
(b) , n I or = 2n
3
3 3
then sin2 x ,1 1, .
4 4 n
(c) , n I or = n
Statement-3 : cos ( sin x) = sin ( cos x) 6
x
1
which of the following statements (d) n , n I or = n
2 2
is true ?
sin3 cos3 cos
(a) TFT (b) FTT 12. If –2 tan cot
(c) TTT (d) TFF sin cos 1 cot2
8. Statement-1 : The solution set (x, y) for = –1, [0, 2], then
which sin x sin y = 1 contains perfect square
(a) 0, (b)
multiple of . 2 4
2
Statement-2 : The solutions set (x, y) of sin 3
,
x sin y = 1 is given by 2 4
3 5 (d)
(4n 1) ,(4m 1) , m , n Z . (c) ,
2 2 2 4
Statement-3 : The solution set (x, y) of sin x
sin y = 1 is given by 0, ,
4 2
(106)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
13. If tan4 x + tan4 y + 2 cot2 x cot2 y = 3 + sin2 20. Let and be the angles satisfying cos
(x + y), then 1
( – ) = 1 and cos ( + ) = , where ,
e
(a) x y n , n
6 [–, ]
Total number of ordered pairs of the type
(b) x y n , n (, ) satisfying these conditions is/are
4
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 4
(c) x y n , n
3 21. General solution of the equation (3 – 1)
(d) None of these sin + (3 + 1) cos = 2 is
14. Number of solutions of cot 3 + 6 cosec 2 –
8 cosec3 2 = 0 is (a) 2n (b) n (1)n
4 12 4 12
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) n
(c) 2n (d) n (1)
15. From the identitiy sin 3x = 3 sin x – 4 sin3 x, 4 12 4 12
it follows that if x is real and |x| < 1, then 22. The set of values of x for which
(a) 3x – 4x3 > 1 tan3x tan2 x
1 is
(b) 3x – 4x3 1 1 tan3x tan2 x
(c) 3x – 4x3 < 1 (a)
(d) Nothing can be said about 3x – 4x3
16. Solution of the equation4 cot 2 = cot2 – (b)
tan2 is 4
(a) n (b) n (c) n , n 1,2,3,...
2 3 4
(c) n (d) None of these (d) 2n , n 1,2,3,...
4 4
17. A set of values of x satisfying the equation 23. If sin 5x + sin 3x + sin x = 0, then the value
1 1 of x other than zero, lying between 0 x
cos2 px cos qx = 0 form an A.P..
2 2
is
with common difference 2
2 2
(a) (b) (a) (b)
pq pq 6 12
(c) (d) None of these (c) (d)
pq 3 4
24. The values of satisfying sin 7 = sin 4 –
18. The equation (cos p – 1) x2 + (cos p)x + sin p
= 0, where x is a variable, has real roots.
sin and 0 < < are
Then the interval of p may be any of the fol- 2
lowing
(a) (0, 2) (b) (–, 0) (a) , (b) ,
9 4 3 9
(c) , (d) (0, ) (c) , (d) ,
2 2 6 9 3 4
19. The solution set of the system of equations: 7
25. If cos3x + sin 2 x 2, then x =
2 6
x y ,cos x cos y , where x and y
3 2
are real is (6k 1)
(a) (6k 1) (b)
(a) a finite non-empty set 3 3
(b) nul set
(c) (2k 1) (d) None of these
(c) 3
(d) none of these
(107)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
26. The solution of tan 2 tan = 1 is Topic : 2 Solving Equation with graph
33. Number of solutions of the given equation tan
(a) (b) (6n 1) x + sec x = 2 cos x lying in the interval [0, 2] is
3 6 (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
(c) (4 n 1) (d) (2n )
6 6 34. The number of points of intersection of the
27. If sinA = sinB, cosA = cosB, then the value two curves y = 2 sin x and y = 5x2 + 2x + 3 is
of A in terms of B is (a) 0 (b) 1
(a) n + B (b) n + (–1)nB (c) 2 (d)
(c) 2n + B (d) 2n – B 35. If 0 < x < /2 and sinn x + cosn x 1 then
(a) n [2, ) (b) (–, 2]
28. If 5 cos 2 + 2 cos2 + 1 = 0, – < < , (c) n [–1, 1] (d) None of these
2 36. Value of 'x' and 'y' satisfying the equation
then = sin7y = |x3 – x2 – 9x + 9| + |x3 – 4x – x2 + 4|
1 + sec2 2y + cos4y are
(a) (b) ,cos (3 / 5)
3 3
(c) cos–1 (3/5) (d) (a) x = 1, y = n (b) x = 1, y = 2n +
2
(c) x = 1 y = 2n (d) None of these
, cos 1 (3 / 5)
3 37. Total number of solution of sin {x} = cos {x},
29. The solution set of the equation 4 sin cos where {.} denotes the fractional part, in [0,
– 2 cos – 23 sin + 3 = 0 in the interval 2] is equal to
(0, 2) is (a) 5 (b) 6
3 7 5 (c) 7 (d) None of these
(a) , (b) ,
4 4 3 3 38. If a, b [0, ] and the equation x 2 + 4 + 3 sin
(ax + b) – 2x = 0 has at least one solution,
3 7 5 5 11
(c) , , , (d) , , then the value of (a + b) can be
4 4 3 3 6 6 6
7 3
30. The most general solution of tan = – 1, (a) (b)
2 2
1
cos = is 9
2 (c) (d) None of these
2
7 7
(a) n (b) n (1)n 3
4 4 39. If 1 sin x x a has no solution,
7 2 2
(c) 2n (d) None of these where a R +, then
4
31. The general solution of : sin2 sec + 3 3
(a) a R + (b) a
tan = 0 is 2 3
3
(a) = n + (–1)n + 1 , = n, n Z (c) a 0,
3 (d) None of these
(b) = n, n Z 2 3
40. A solution of the equation (1 – tan) (1 +
2
(c) = n + (–1)n + 1 , n Z t an) sec2 + 2tan
0 , where lies in the
3
n
(d) , n Z interval , is given by
2 2 2
32. The equation
(a) = 0 (b) or
sin2 x 2cos2 x 1sin2 x 2sin2 x
3 3 28 is satis- 3 3
fied for the values of x given by
(a) cos x = 0 (b) tan x = – 1 (c) (d)
6 6
(c) tan x = 1 (d) None of these
41. The equation 2 sin2 x – (p + 3) sin x + 2p – 2
= 0 possesses a real solution if
(108)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
(a) 0 p 1 (b) –1 p 3 gral value of p such that 3 sin x + 2 cos
(c) 4 p 6 (d) p 6 x = k has a solution is 5.
42. If 0 , and cos cos cos (+) = Statement-3 : The number of possible solu-
2 tions of x such that sin8x + cos8x = 1 is al-
1 ways finite. Which of the following options
, then is true ?
8
(a) TTF (b) FTF
(c) TTT (d) TFF
(a) , (b) ,
6 3 3 3 48. The most general solution of the equation
2sin x 2cos x 211/ 2
are
(c) , (d) None of these
3 6
43. Solutions of the equation |cos x| = 2 [x] are (a) n (b) n
4 4
(where [ ] = G.I.F.)
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) n (1)n (d) 2n (1)n
(c) 3 (d) None of these 4 4
43. 2
If 1 + sin + sin + ... to 4 + 2 3, 0 < 49. The general solution of the equation
cot3 x cot x
cot x sin2 (2 x ) cos( x )sin x
< , , then = 2
sin 2 is
2 6
(a) (b) 7
6 3 (a) n , where tan
5
2
(c) or (d) or
3 6 3 3 7
(b) n , where tan
44. 6 6
The equation sin x + cos x = , has a 5
solution if
(c) n
1 1
(a) ,1 (b) ,1 4
(d) None of these
2 4
50. For x (–, ), the value of x for which the
1
(c) [–1, 1] (d) 0, equation ( 3 sin x cos x) 3 sin2 x cos2 x 2
4
2
is satisfied
Topic : 3 Problems Based on Maximum and Minimum
45. The number of solution of the equation :
(a) (b)
2 4
cos( x 4).cos x 1 is
(a) > 2 (b) 2
(c) (d)
(c) 1 (d) 0 3 6
46. If the mapping of f (x) = ax + b, a < 0 maps [– 51 The solution set of the inequality
1, 1] onto [0, 2], then for all values of , A = 1 is
cos2 + sin4 is cos2
2
1
(a) F A F (0) (b) F(0) A F (–2)
4 (a) : (8n 1) (8n 3) , n Z
4 4
1
(c) F A F (2) (d) None of these
3 (b) : (8n 1) (8n 3) , n Z
4 4
47. Statement-1 : If cos x – cos = sin x – sin
(c) : (4n 1) (4n 3) , n Z
, then minimum value of |x + | is . 4 4
2
Statement-2 : The number of possible inte- (d) None of these
(109)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
Section-B
(Previous Year Question)
1. If 5(tan2 x – cos2x) = 2 cos 2x + 9, then the π nπ π
value of cos 4x is (a) n + (b) +
8 2 8
3 1 nπ π 3
(a) – (b) (c) (– 1)n + (d) 2n + cos– 1
5 3 2 8 2
2 7 9. The general solution of the trigonometric
(c) (d) – equation sin x + cos x = 1 is given by
9 9
2. If 0 x < 2, then the number of real values (a) x = 2n; n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,....
of x, which satisfy the equation (b) x = 2n + /2, n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,....
cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x + cos 4x = 0, is π π
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) x = n + (– 1)n – ; n = 0, ± 1, ± 2,...
4 4
(c) 7 (d) 9 (d) None of the above
π x π
3. Let S = x (– π,π);x 0,± . The sum of all 10. The equation 2 cos2 sin2x = x2 + x– 2, x has
2 2 9
distinct solutions of the equation (a) no real solution
3 sec x + cosec x + 2(tan x – cot x) = 0 in the (b) one real solution
set S is equal to (c) more than one real solution
(d) none of the above
7π 2π
(a) – (b) – 11. Let and be non zero real numbers such
9 9 that 2(cos – cos ) + cos cos = 1.
5π Then which of the following is/are true?
(c) 0 (d)
9 α β
(a) 3 tan – tan = 0
4. If P = {θ : sinθ – cosθ = 2 cosθ} and Q 2 2
= {θ : sinθ + cosθ = 2 sinθ} be two sets. Then, α β
(a) P Q and Q – P (b) tan – 3 tan = 0
2 2
(b) Q P
(c) P Q (d) P = Q α β
(c) tan + 3 tan = 0
n
r
2 2
5. Let n be an odd integer. If sin n = br sin θ ,
r=0 α β
(d) 3 tan + tan = 0
for every value of , then 2
2
(a) b0 = 1, b1 = 3 (b) b0 = 0, b1 = n 12. The values of lying between = 0 and =
(c) b0 = – 1, b1 = n (d) b0 = 0, b1 = n2 – 3n + 3 /2 and satisfying the equation
6. The general value of satisfying the equa-
tion 2 sin2 – 3 sin – 2 = 0, is 1 sin 2 cos 2 4sin 4
2 2
π π sin 1 cos 4sin 4 = 0, is
(a) n + (– 1)n (b) n + (– 1)n 2
sin 2
cos 1 4sin 4
6 2
5π 7π (a) 7/24 (b) 5/24
(c) n + (– 1)n (d) n + (– 1)n (c) 11/24 (d) /24
6 6
7. In a ABC, angle A is greater than angle B. 13. The set of values of satisfying inequation
If the measures of angles A and B satisfy 2 sin2 – 5 sin + 2 > 0, where 0 < < 2, is
the equation 3 sin x – 4 sin3x – k = 0, 0 < k < π
5π π 5π
1, then the measure of angle C is (a) 0, ,2π (b) 0, ,2π
6 6 6 6
π π
(a) (b) π
2π
3 2 (c) 0, ,2π (d) None of the above
3 3
2π 5π
(c) (d) 14. Let [0, 2] be such that 2 cos (1 – sin
3 6
8. The general solution of sin x – 3 sin 2x + sin θ θ
) = sin2 tan + cot cos – 1, tan (2 –
3x = cos x – 3 cos 2x + cos 3x is 2 2
(110)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
3 20. The number of solutions of the equation sin
) > 0 and – 1 < sin < – . Then cannot (ex) = 5x + 5– x is
2
satisfy (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) infinitely many
π π 4π 21. The equation (cos p – 1)x2 + (cos p)x + sin p
(a) 0 < < (b) <<
2 2 3 = 0 in the variable x, has real roots. Then, p
4π 3π 3π can take any value in the interval
(c) << (d) < < 2π
3 2 2 (a) (0, 2) (b) (– , 0)
15. For x(0,), the equation sin x + 2 sin 2x – π π
sin 3x = 3 has (c) – , (d) (0, )
2 2
(a) infinitely many solutions 22. The smallest positive root of the equation
(b) three solutions tan x – x = 0 lies in
(c) one solution
(d) no solution π π
(a) 0, (b) ,π
16. The number of solutions of the pair of equa- 2 2
tions 2 sin2 – cos 2 = 0 and 2 cos2 – 3 sin 3π 3π
= 0 in the interval [0, 2] is (c) π, (d) ,2π
2 2
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 4 23. The number of all possible triplets (a1, a2,
17. The number of integral values of k for which a3) such that a1 + a2 cos (2x) + a3 sin2 (x) = 0,
the equation 7 cos x + 5 sin x = 2k + 1 has a x is
solution, is (a) 0 (b) 1
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 3 (d)
(c) 10 (d) 12 4xy
18. The number of values of x in the interval [, 24. sec2 = (x + y)2 is true if and only if
5] satisfying the equation 3 sin2x – 7 sin x (a) x = y 0 (b) x = y, x 0
+ 2 = 0 is (c) x = y (d) x 0, y 0
(a) 0 (b) 5
2n
(c) 6 (d) 10 25. For 0 < < /2, if x = cos2n , y = sin ,
19. Number of solutions of the equation tan x + n=0 n=0
sec x = 2 cos x lying in the interval [0, 2] is
2n
z= cos sin 2n , then
(a) 0 (b) 1 n=0
(c) 2 (d) 3 (a) xyz = xz + y (b) xyz = xy + z
(c) xyz = x + y + z (d) xyz = yz + x
Section-C
(School / Board pattern)
1. Solve the Equation (General solution): 7. The general value of x satisfying the equa-
cos cos3 2cos 2 0 tion 3 sin x cos x 3 is given by
2. Solve the Equation 8. The smallest positive angle which satisfies
tan tan 2 tan tan 2 1
the equation 2sin 2 3 cos 1 0 is
3. Sole the Equation 2sin 2 x sin 2 2 x 2
4. Solve the Equation 4sin x sin 2 x sin 4 x sin 3 x 9. If 3 cos sin 2, then general value of is
5. Solve the Equation 10. The number of values of x in the interval
sin sin 2 sin 3 sin 4 0 0,5 satisfying the equation
6. The general solution of the equation 3sin 2 x 7sin x 2 0 is
7 cos 2 3sin 2 4 is
(111)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I ANSWER KEY
ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER-01 (SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS)
SECTION-A (Straight objective type questions)
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (d)
8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (b)
15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (c) 21. (b)
22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (a)
29. (b) 30. (a) 31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (d)
36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (b) 41. (b) 42. (b)
43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (b)
50. (b) 51. (a,b) 52. (c) 53. (d) 54. (a) 55. (d) 56. (c)
57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (b) 60. (a,c) 61. (c)
SECTION-B (Previous Years Questions)
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (c)
8. (c) 9. (a, d) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (d)
15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (a, b, c) 20. (a,c) 21. (b, c)
22. (a, d) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (a, b, c)
29. (c) 30. (b) 31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (a)
36. (b)
SECTION-C(School/Board level type questions)
1. (i) 18 (ii) 3 2. 11
3. (i) R 1,11, 2 , 1,31,4 1,6 2, 2 2,4 2,6 3,3 3,6 4, 4 5,5 6,6
(ii) Df 1,2,3, 4,5,6 (iii) Range R 1,2,3, 4,5,6
4. 1,1 2,2 3,3 , 1, 2 2,1 2,33, 2
5. (i) R (ii) e 2 (iii) Yes 6. 3 x4 12 x 3 13 x 2 2 x 7
x
7. 8 8. Rf 0,1 9. 0 10. 11. 0
x 1
CHAPTER-02 (TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS OF ANGLES)
SECTION-A (Straight objective type questions)
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d)
8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (a)
15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (d) 21. (d)
22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (c)
29. (d) 30. (c) 31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (b)
SECTION-B (Previous Years Questions)
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (b)
8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b)
SECTION-C (School/Board level type questions)
1. / 360, / 3, 239 / 360 2. 10,8 3. 10 4. 22:13
(112)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - I ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER-03 (TRANSFORMATION FORMULAE)
SECTION-A (Straight objective type questions)
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c)
8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b)
15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (c) 21. (a)
22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (c)
29. (c) 30. (b) 31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (c)
36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (a)
SECTION-B (Previous Years Question )
1. (a,b) 2. (c,d) 3. (a,b) 4. (a,b,c,d) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (b)
8. (c) 9. (d)
CHAPTER-04 (TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS)
SECTION-A (Straight objective type questions)
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (d)
8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (a)
15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (c) 21. (a)
22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (d)
29. (d) 30. (c) 31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (a)
36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (b) 41. (b) 42. (b)
43. (d) 44. (a) 45. (b) 46. (c) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (b)
50. (b) 51. (c) 52. (c)
SECTION-B (Previous Years Questions)
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (c)
8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (b,c) 12. (a,c) 13. (a) 14. (a,c,d)
15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (a) 21. (d)
22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (a,b) 25. (b,c)
(113)
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