IMMUNITY: DEFINITION o Immunity is the ability of the body to protect against all types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances which enter the body. o Immunity is also called disease resistance. isease resistanct © The lack of immunity is known as susceptibility. o Immunity is derived from Latin word “immune” which means free from burden. o In this case burden refers to disease caused by microorganisms or their toxic products.ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY o Antigens — o Any substance which invokes an immunological Tesponse is an antigen or immunogen . o Certain component of cell membrane act as a antigens. compo" ee © Most are proteins or large polysaccharides from a foreign organism. o Antibodies — ° Proteins that recognize and bind to particular antigen with very high specificity.TYPES OF IMMUNITY o Any immune response or immunity involves initial recognition of pathogen/foreign material and then a reaction to eliminate it. + Broadly, immunity falls into two categories: 1. Innate (inborn) immunity a. Species immunityr—~ bb. Racial immunity _// 2. Adaptive (acquired) immunity a. Active immunity — b. b. Passive immunity ——TYPES IMMUNITY tst line of defense ag {ine of efense ae ACQUIRED prevent from Birth WT ACTIVE (OWN BASSIVE ANTIBODIES ) AOA ANTIBODIES ) pt ReS NATURAL (EXPOSURE TO (MATERNAL PrECTIONS ANTIBODIES ) AGENT) ARTIFICIAL ARTIFICIAL (IMMUNIZATIO (ANTIBODIES N) FROM OTHER SOURCESES ) Anti-RabiesTetanus,Anti 1. INNATE (NON SPECIFIC OR NATURAL) IMMUNITY o It refers to the inborn-ability of the body to resist, and is genetically transmitted from one generation to the next. © This immunity offersresistance to any microorganism or foreign material encountered by the host. © Innate immunity lacks immunological memory, i.e., it occurs to the same extent each time a microorganism or foreign material is encountered. o Innate immunity can be divided into species, racial, and individual immunity ooA. SPECIES IMMUNITY o Species immunity (species resistance) is that in which a disease affecting one species does not affect the other species. o For convenience, humans do not contract cattle_ plague, chicken cholera, hog cholera, infectious horse anemia, efc., o while animals are not affected by many human diseases such as enteric fever, scarlet fever, syphilis, gonorrhea, measles, etc. o Diseases of skin, to which humans are quite susceptible, are often resisted by animals because they have more hair and thicker hides. e@ ——B. RACIAL IMMUNITY o Racial immunity (racial resistance) is that in which various races (breeds) (Breed is group of animals of the same species)show marked differences in their resistance to certain infectious diseases, ee —_—eer o A well known example is that Brahman cattle are resistant to the protozoan, site responsible for tick fever in other breeds of — —_—_ cattle. o Similarly, Black Africans affected by sickle cell anaemia, a genetic disease, are resistant to malaria while malaria affects other human races. © Racial immunity (racial resistance) is that in which various races (breeds) show marked differences in their resistance to certain infectious diseases. )o A well known example is th: resistant to the protozoan parasite fever in other breeds of cattle. © Similarly, Black Africans affected My sickle anemia, a genetic disease, are resistant to malaria while materia affects other human races. RepeatedC. INDIVIDUAL IMMUNITY o Having the same racial background and opportunity for exposure, some individuals of the race experience fewer or less severe infections than other individuals of the same race. o For convenience, children are more susceptible to diseases such as measles and chicken pox, while aged individuals are susceptible to other diseases like pneumonia.2. ACQUIRED (SPECIFIC OR ADAPTIVE) IMMUNITY o It refers to an immunity that is developed by the host in its body after exposure to a suitable antigen or after transfer of antibodies or lymphocytes from ————S— ——— an immune donor. o Acquired immunity is highly adaptive and is capable of specifically recognizing and selectively eliminating foreign microorganisms and macromolecules, i.e., antigens. © It exhibits the following four characteristic features that distinguish it from nonspecific (innate) immunity: Discuss laterTYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Acquired immunity can be obtained by the host actively or passively and, on this basis, can be categorized as of two types: a. Active immunity The active immunity is the direct response of your body against the pathogens. It is induced by the exposure to a foreign antigen such as the antigen of microbes. It is an adaptive response of the individual after contact. with specific pathogen or antigen. In active immunity, there is active involvement of host’s own immune system leading to the syntl and/or the production of immuno-competent cells a) —<$<$< <B. PASSIVE IMMUNITY * The passive immunity is the immunity conferred to an individual by the transfer of serum or lymphocytes from a specifically immunized individual + Passive immunity is a useful method for conferring resistance without waiting for the development of the active immune response. ———— + In passive immunity, on the contrary, the antibodies and /or the immuno-competent cells (ICCs) are transferred from one host to anothera Pe MULLS NO Vy Produced actively by the immune Produced passively by the immune. system of the host. system of the host 2 Antibody production is induced by the Antibodies are not produced, but infection or by immunogens directly transferred 3 Active immunity involves both cell Passive immunity is due to the mediated and humoral immunity. presence of ready-made antibodies. 4 Natural active immunity is by clinical _ Natural passive immunity is by the infection transfer of antibodies through placenta 5 Artificial active immunity is induced Artificial passive immunity is induced by vaccination by injection of antibodies ee 6 Active immunity is durable Passive immunity is only transient —_—_— it Active immunity offers effective Passive immunity is less efficient in protection against microbes. offering complete protection Immunological memory is present Immunological memory Not presen 9. In active immunity, the subsequent In passive immunity, the subsequent doses with the antigen causes doses is less effective due to booster effect immune elimination 10 Negative phase may occurs — Negative phase is absento Similarities between Active Immunity and Passive Immunity o 1. Both active and passive immunity are acquired immunities o 2. Both can be natural and artificial o 3. Both types of immunity involve lymphocytes o 4. The antimicrobial components in both the systems are antibodies o 5. Both are induced by the antigens © 6. Both systems are specificEl INNATE IMMUNITY ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY a 2 Known as natural immunity Generate a non-specific immune response Always present in the body Generates a rapid response Plasma proteins, phagocytes, physical and chemical barriers are the components Temperature, pH, skin and mucous, membrane are the barriers Does not develop memory cells Possesses a less diversity, Less potent Example: Redness and swelling caused by the white blood cells around a wound Known as acquired immunity Generate a specific immune response Generated in response to exposure to an external factor Delayed 5-6 days Humoral and cell mediated immunity are the components Lymph nodes, spleen and lymphoid tissues are the barriers Develops memory cells Possesses a higher diversity, Exhibits a higher potency Ex: Vaccination against a virus