Hard-links and Softlinks
MADHAV@DESKTOP-O3S5JRL MINGW64 ~/OneDrive/Desktop
$ ssh -i "[Link]" ec2-user@[Link]-south-
[Link]
The authenticity of host '[Link]
([Link])' can't be established.
ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:EN1UyNyAuouTwruxsBbE727tqS00+6TehcRzEjFWILg.
This key is not known by any other names.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
Warning: Permanently added '[Link]'
(ED25519) to the list of known hosts.
, #_
~\_ ####_ Amazon Linux 2023
~~ \_#####\
~~ \###|
~~ \#/ ___ [Link]
~~ V~' '->
~~~ /
~~._. _/
_/ _/
_/m/'
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 ~]$ yum update -y
Error: This command has to be run with superuser privileges (under the root user on
most systems).
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 ~]$ sudo -i
[root@ip-172-31-10-214 ~]# yum update -y
Amazon Linux 2023 Kernel Livepatch repository 257 kB/s |
26 kB 00:00
===================================================================================
======================
WARNING:
A newer release of "Amazon Linux" is available.
Available Versions:
Version 2023.9.20251020:
Run the following command to upgrade to 2023.9.20251020:
dnf upgrade --releasever=2023.9.20251020
Release notes:
[Link]
[Link]
===================================================================================
======================
Dependencies resolved.
Nothing to do.
Complete!
[root@ip-172-31-10-214 ~]# exit
logout
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 ~]$ pwd
/home/ec2-user
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 ~]$ mkdir -p ./linux-practice/links/
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 ~]$ pwd
/home/ec2-user
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 ~]$ ls
linux-practice
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 ~]$ cd ./linux-practice/links/
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ touch original
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ echo -e "Amazon\nMyntra\nFlipkart\nMeesho\nEbay\
nShopsy" >> original
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat original
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cp -l original hard-link
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cp -s original soft-link
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ ls -al
total 8
drwxr-xr-x. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 56 Oct 24 05:41 .
drwxr-xr-x. 3 ec2-user ec2-user 19 Oct 24 05:39 ..
-rw-r--r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 42 Oct 24 05:41 hard-link
-rw-r--r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 42 Oct 24 05:41 original
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 ec2-user ec2-user 8 Oct 24 05:41 soft-link -> original
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ echo -e "Shopclues\nSnapdeal\nAjio\nJiomart" >>
original [ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat original
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat hard-link
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat soft-link
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ echo -e "Swiggy\nZomato" >> hard-link
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat original
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
Swiggy
Zomato
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat hard-link
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
Swiggy
Zomato
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat soft-link
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
Swiggy
Zomato
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ echo -e "Blinkit\nInstamart\nZepto\nCounty
Delight" >> soft-link
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat soft-link
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
Swiggy
Zomato
Blinkit
Instamart
Zepto
County Delight
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat hard-link
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
Swiggy
Zomato
Blinkit
Instamart
Zepto
County Delight
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat original
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
Swiggy
Zomato
Blinkit
Instamart
Zepto
County Delight
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ ls -ial
total 8
8536202 drwxr-xr-x. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 56 Oct 24 05:41 .
493569 drwxr-xr-x. 3 ec2-user ec2-user 19 Oct 24 05:39 ..
8536240 -rw-r--r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 127 Oct 24 05:46 hard-link
8536240 -rw-r--r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 127 Oct 24 05:46 original
8536255 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 ec2-user ec2-user 8 Oct 24 05:41 soft-link -> original
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ rm original
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ ls -ial
total 4
8536202 drwxr-xr-x. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 40 Oct 24 05:46 .
493569 drwxr-xr-x. 3 ec2-user ec2-user 19 Oct 24 05:39 ..
8536240 -rw-r--r--. 1 ec2-user ec2-user 127 Oct 24 05:46 hard-link
8536255 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 ec2-user ec2-user 8 Oct 24 05:41 soft-link -> original
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat hard-link
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
Swiggy
Zomato
Blinkit
Instamart
Zepto
County Delight
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat soft-link
cat: soft-link: No such file or directory
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$
Results: When you create hard-links ad soft-links for a file.
1) Inode for hard-links remains same as of original file, but for soft-
links, a new I node gets created.
Example:
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ ls -ial
total 8
Inode permissions file-name
-----------------------------------------------------------------
8536202 drwxr-xr-x. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 56 Oct 24 05:41 .
493569 drwxr-xr-x. 3 ec2-user ec2-user 19 Oct 24 05:39 ..
8536240 -rw-r--r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 127 Oct 24 05:46 hard-link
8536240 -rw-r--r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 127 Oct 24 05:46 original
8536255 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 ec2-user ec2-user 8 Oct 24 05:41 soft-link -> original
2) If you add/remove data to/from any of the file, original or hard-
link or soft-link, the changes will be applied to the other file as well.
Example:
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ echo -e "Shopclues\nSnapdeal\nAjio\nJiomart" >>
original [ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat original
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat hard-link
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat soft-link
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ echo -e "Swiggy\nZomato" >> hard-link
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat original
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
Swiggy
Zomato
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat hard-link
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
Swiggy
Zomato
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat soft-link
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
Swiggy
Zomato
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ echo -e "Blinkit\nInstamart\nZepto\nCounty
Delight" >> soft-link
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat soft-link
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
Swiggy
Zomato
Blinkit
Instamart
Zepto
County Delight
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat hard-link
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
Swiggy
Zomato
Blinkit
Instamart
Zepto
County Delight
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat original
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
Swiggy
Zomato
Blinkit
Instamart
Zepto
County Delight
3) When you delete original file, hard-link remains unaffected, but
soft-link gets broken.
Example:
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ rm original
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ ls -ial
total 4
8536202 drwxr-xr-x. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 40 Oct 24 05:46 .
493569 drwxr-xr-x. 3 ec2-user ec2-user 19 Oct 24 05:39 ..
8536240 -rw-r--r--. 1 ec2-user ec2-user 127 Oct 24 05:46 hard-link
8536255 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 ec2-user ec2-user 8 Oct 24 05:41 soft-link -> original
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat hard-link
Amazon
Myntra
Flipkart
Meesho
Ebay
Shopsy
Shopclues
Snapdeal
Ajio
Jiomart
Swiggy
Zomato
Blinkit
Instamart
Zepto
County Delight
[ec2-user@ip-172-31-10-214 links]$ cat soft-link
cat: soft-link: No such file or directory
