1.
什么是定语：用于修饰或限定名词或代词的成分
2. 什么是定语从句：用一个句子作为定语
关系词通常有下列三个作用
A.引导定语从句；
B.代替先行词；
C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。
She is a girl who is beautiful.
关系代词：
1．that
先行词：人或物， 从句成分：主语或宾语
The number of people that come to visit this city each year reaches one million.
The number of.... ....的数量（单数）
A number of.... 许多（复数）
The number of people reaches one million.
people come to visit this city each year.
2. which
先行词：物，从句成分：主语或宾语
The factory which makes computers is far away from here.
The film which they went to see last night was not interesting at all.
[Link]
先行词：人，从句成分：主语,宾语
The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
4. whom
先行词：人，从句成分：宾语
Mr Li is the person whom/who you talked about on the bus.
Mr Li is the person about whom you talked on the bus.
5. whose
先行词：人或物，从句成分：定语。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.
I visited a scientist
a scientist’s name is known all over the country.
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.
I once lived in the house the house’s roof has fallen in.
Whose= of which?
Tom’s son=the son of Tom
6. AS（位于句首，固定搭配）
先行词：人或物， 从句成分：主语或宾语
such+名词+ as
such（pron.)+ as
the same +名词 + as as....as
He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
This book is not such as I expect.
As is expected, he has been absent.= he has been absent, which is expected, he has been absent.
关系副词
When
先行词：时间， 从句成分：时间状语
I will never forget the day when we met there.
I will never forget the day
We met there on the day
I still remember the day when I first came to this school.
The time when we got together finally arrived.
I will never forget the day when/on which we met there.
We met there on the day====on which
Where
先行词：地点， 从句成分：地点状语
This is the house where I was born.
I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised .
Is this the place where they fought the enemy?
why
先行词：原因， 从句成分：原因状语
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
Please tell me the reason
you missed the plane for the reason
The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.
I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
关系副词 =
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示
when = 表时间的介词（in, at,on,during 等）+ which
where= 表地点的介词（in, at, on ,under 等）+ which
why= 表原因的介词（for）+ which
注意：
That 前绝不能有介词
“介词+关系代词”前还可有 some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each , few
等代词或者数词。
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. （√）
He loves his parents deeply, both of them are very kind to him.（×）
He loves his parents deeply,and both of them are very kind to him.
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.
In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.
非限制性定语从句用逗号与主句隔开。只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。通常译成主句的并列句。
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义（了解即可）：
Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to
go to college.
她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学.（意含：她还有其他哥哥。）
Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her
to go to college.
她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她只有一个哥哥。）
All the books that have pictures in them are well written.
所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。（意含： 不带插图的书则不一定写得好。）
All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written.
所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。（意含： 没有不带插图的书。）
限制性定语从句中只能用 that 引导定语从句的情况
(1)先行词为 every-/any-/some-/no-(thing/body)等不定复合代词时。
we should do something that is useful to people.
(2) 先行词被 all, every, no, some, any, little, much 等修饰时。
You can take any seat that is free.
(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。
The best/first that I could do was to apologize.
(4)先行词既有人也有物的时候。
The people and the buildings that comes to my mind is No1 middle school.
(5)当主语是以 who, which, what 开头的特殊疑问句时.
Which is the bike that you lost?
Who is the boy that won the gold media?
(6)先行词被 the only, the very, the last 修饰时。
This is the very book that I’m looking for.
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.
只用 which 引导的定语从句
（1）引导非限制性定语从句
（2） 代表整个句子的意思
He had failed in the math exam, which made his father very angry.
（3）介词+关系代词（whom 指代人）
This is the room in which my father lived last year.
（4）先行词后面有插入语时，只用 which，不用 that。
Here is the English grammar book which, as I've told you, will help you improve your English.
关系代词 as 和 which 引导的定语从句（了解）
as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 相同之处：
1. 都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。
He married her, as / which was natural.
He is honest, as / which we can see.
不同点：
（1）位置
as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。
which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。
As is known to all, China is a developing country.
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.
John, as you know, is a famous writer.
Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe.
（2）当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用 which。如：
Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.
（3）先行词作主语且定语从句为被动语态时，用 as， 如： be known, be said, be reported, be announced, be
mentioned 等
She has been absent again, as is expected.
（4）当先行词受 such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用 as。
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells.
定语从句与同位语从句的区别
区别一：
定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；
同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。
The fact that he has already died is quite clear. （同）
The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. （定）
区别二：
定语从句关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，有时可省
同位语从句主要由连词 that 引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；
有时也由 where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。
The news that he told me is true. （定）
The news that he has just died is true. （同）
The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. （定）
The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. （同）
