Chapter 1: Cell – The Unit of Life
- Cell = basic structural and functional unit of life.
- Robert Hooke (1665) coined the term cell.
- Cell Theory (Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow).
- Types: Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic, Unicellular vs Multicellular.
- Organelles: Plasma membrane, Cell wall, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Plastids, ER,
Ribosomes, Golgi, Lysosomes, Vacuole, Centrosome.
- Differences: Plant vs Animal cell.
- Cell Division: Mitosis (2 identical cells), Meiosis (4 haploid gametes).
Chapter 2: Tissues (Plant & Animal)
- Plant Tissues: Meristematic (Apical, Intercalary, Lateral), Permanent (Simple: Parenchyma,
Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma; Complex: Xylem, Phloem; Protective: Epidermis, Cork).
- Animal Tissues: Epithelial (Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Ciliated, Glandular), Connective
(Areolar, Adipose, Cartilage, Bone, Blood, Ligaments, Tendons), Muscular (Striated, Unstriated,
Cardiac), Nervous (Neuron).
- Key differences: Xylem vs Phloem, Ligament vs Tendon, Striated vs Smooth vs Cardiac.
Chapter 3: The Flower
- Structure: Pedicel, Thalamus, Calyx (Sepals), Corolla (Petals), Androecium (Stamens),
Gynoecium (Carpel).
- Classification: Bisexual/Unisexual, Actinomorphic/Zygomorphic,
Hypogynous/Perigynous/Epigynous, Polypetalous/Gamopetalous.
- Special Terms: Epicalyx, Bracts, Nectaries, Inflorescence.
- Functions: Reproduction, Pollinator attraction, Fruit/seed development.
Chapter 4: Pollination & Fertilization
- Pollination = Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma.
- Self Pollination: Autogamy, Geitonogamy.
- Cross Pollination: By insects (Entomophily), Wind (Anemophily), Water (Hydrophily), Animals
(Zoophily).
- Adaptations: Herkogamy, Dichogamy, Cleistogamy, Self-sterility.
- Fertilization: Pollen tube → ovule → double fertilization (Zygote + Endosperm).
- Post-fertilization changes: Ovary → fruit, Ovules → seeds.
Chapter 5: Seeds – Structure & Germination
- Seed = Mature ovule with embryo.
- Structure: Seed coat (Testa, Tegmen, Hilum, Micropyle), Embryo (Radicle, Plumule, Cotyledons),
Endosperm.
- Types: Monocot (Maize – scutellum, coleoptile, coleorhiza), Dicot (Pea – 2 cotyledons, no
endosperm).
- Germination: Epigeal (Bean), Hypogeal (Maize), Vivipary (Rhizophora).
- Conditions: Water, Oxygen, Temperature, Viable seed.
- Experiments: Respiration in germinating seeds (CO■, heat release).
- Differences: Monocot vs Dicot, Epigeal vs Hypogeal germination.
Chapter 6: Five Kingdom Classification
- Proposed by R.H. Whittaker (1969).
- Basis: Cell structure, type, nutrition, organization, reproduction.
- Monera: Prokaryotic, unicellular, no nucleus (Bacteria, Cyanobacteria).
- Protista: Eukaryotic, unicellular (Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium).
- Fungi: Eukaryotic, uni/multicellular, chitin wall, heterotrophic (Yeast, Mushroom).
- Plantae: Eukaryotic, multicellular, cellulose wall, autotrophic (Moss, Fern, Mango).
- Animalia: Eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell wall, heterotrophic (Hydra, Humans).
- Importance: Useful & harmful roles of each kingdom.
