9/22/25, 4:13 PM Data Visualization with Pandas and Matplotlib — Data Visualization with Python

Data Visualization with Pandas and Matplotlib

# import library
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# display plot in the notebook

%matplotlib inline

# set figuresize and fontsize

plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (8,6)
plt.rcParams['font.size'] = 14

# read data
drink_cols = ["country", 'beer', 'spirit', 'wine', 'liters',
'continent']
drinks = pd.read_csv("../data/drinks.csv", header=0, names=drink_cols,
na_filter=False)

Data Exploration
# examine first few rows
drinks.head()

country beer spirit wine liters continent

0 Afghanistan 0 0 0 0.0 AS

1 Albania 89 132 54 4.9 EU

2 Algeria 25 0 14 0.7 AF

3 Andorra 245 138 312 12.4 EU

4 Angola 217 57 45 5.9 AF

# observations and columns

drinks.shape

(193, 6)

# data structure
drinks.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 193 entries, 0 to 192
Data columns (total 6 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 country 193 non-null object
1 beer 193 non-null int64
2 spirit 193 non-null int64
3 wine 193 non-null int64
4 liters 193 non-null float64
5 continent 193 non-null object
dtypes: float64(1), int64(3), object(2)
memory usage: 9.2+ KB

# numerical summary
drinks.describe()

beer spirit wine liters

count 193.000000 193.000000 193.000000 193.000000

mean 106.160622 80.994819 49.450777 4.717098

std 101.143103 88.284312 79.697598 3.773298

min 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000

25% 20.000000 4.000000 1.000000 1.300000

50% 76.000000 56.000000 8.000000 4.200000

75% 188.000000 128.000000 59.000000 7.200000

max 376.000000 438.000000 370.000000 14.400000

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Histogram: show the distribution of a numerical

variable
# sort the beer columns and split it into 3 groups
drinks.beer.sort_values().values

array([ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0,
0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5,
5,
6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 12,
13,
15, 15, 16, 16, 17, 18, 19, 19, 20, 20, 21, 21,
21,
21, 22, 23, 25, 25, 25, 25, 26, 28, 31, 31, 31,
31,
32, 32, 34, 36, 36, 36, 37, 42, 42, 43, 44, 45,
47,
49, 51, 51, 52, 52, 52, 53, 56, 56, 57, 58, 60,
62,
62, 63, 64, 69, 71, 76, 76, 77, 77, 77, 78, 79,
82,
82, 85, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 93, 98, 99, 102, 105,
106,
109, 111, 115, 120, 122, 124, 127, 128, 130, 133, 140, 142,
143,
144, 147, 149, 149, 152, 157, 159, 162, 163, 167, 169, 171,
173,
185, 188, 192, 193, 193, 194, 194, 196, 197, 199, 203, 206,
213,
217, 219, 224, 224, 225, 230, 231, 233, 234, 236, 238, 240,
245,
245, 247, 249, 251, 261, 263, 263, 270, 279, 281, 283, 284,
285,
295, 297, 306, 313, 333, 343, 343, 346, 347, 361, 376])

# compare with histogram

drinks.beer.plot(kind="hist", bins=3);

# try more bins

drinks.beer.plot(kind="hist", bins=20);

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# add title and labels

drinks.beer.plot(kind="hist", bins=20, title="Histogram of Beer
Servings")
plt.xlabel("Beer Survings")
plt.ylabel("Frequency")
# show plot
plt.show()

Print to PDF

# compare with density plot(smooth version of a histogram)

drinks.beer.plot(kind="density", xlim=(0, 500));

Scatter Plot: show the relationship between two

numerical variables
# select the beer and wine columns and sort by beer
drinks[["beer", "wine"]].sort_values(by="beer").values

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array([[ 0, 0],
[ 0, 74],
[ 0, 0],
[ 0, 0],
[ 0, 0],
[ 0, 0],
[ 0, 0],
[ 0, 0],
[ 0, 0],
[ 0, 0],
[ 0, 0],
[ 0, 0],
[ 0, 0],
[ 0, 0],
[ 0, 0],
[ 1, 7],
[ 1, 1],
[ 1, 4],
[ 1, 1],
[ 2, 0],
[ 3, 1],
[ 5, 0],
[ 5, 0],
[ 5, 16],
[ 5, 1],
[ 5, 0],
[ 6, 1],
[ 6, 0],
[ 6, 1],
[ 6, 9],
[ 8, 0],
[ 8, 1],
[ 8, 1],
[ 9, 2],
[ 9, 0],
[ 9, 7],
[ 9, 0],
[ 12, 10],
[ 13, 0],
[ 15, 3],
[ 15, 1],
[ 16, 5],
[ 16, 0],
[ 17, 1],
[ 18, 0],
[ 19, 32],
[ 19, 2],
[ 20, 0],
[ 20, 31],
[ 21, 11],
[ 21, 11],
[ 21, 5],
[ 21, 1],
[ 22, 1],
[ 23, 0],
[ 25, 8],
[ 25, 14],
[ 25, 2],
[ 25, 7],
[ 26, 4],
[ 28, 21],
[ 31, 128],
[ 31, 6],
[ 31, 10],
[ 31, 1],
[ 32, 4],
[ 32, 1],
[ 34, 13],
[ 36, 19],
[ 36, 5],
[ 36, 1],
[ 37, 7],
[ 42, 2],
[ 42, 7],
[ 43, 0],
[ 44, 1],
[ 45, 0],
[ 47, 5],
[ 49, 8],
[ 51, 20],
[ 51, 7],
[ 52, 2],
[ 52, 149],
[ 52, 26],
[ 53, 2],
[ 56, 140],
[ 56, 1],
[ 57, 1],
[ 58, 2],
[ 60, 11],
[ 62, 18],
[ 62, 123],
[ 63, 9],
[ 64, 4],
[ 69, 2],
[ 71, 1],
[ 76, 8],

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[ 76, 9],
[ 77, 8],
[ 77, 16],
[ 77, 1],
[ 78, 1],
[ 79, 8],
[ 82, 9],
[ 82, 0],
[ 85, 237],
[ 88, 0],
[ 89, 54],
[ 90, 2],
[ 92, 233],
[ 93, 5],
[ 93, 1],
[ 98, 18],
[ 99, 1],
[102, 45],
[105, 24],
[106, 86],
[109, 18],
[111, 1],
[115, 220],
[120, 11],
[122, 51],
[124, 12],
[127, 370],
[128, 7],
[130, 172],
[133, 218],
[140, 9],
[142, 42],
[143, 36],
[144, 16],
[147, 4],
[149, 120],
[149, 11],
[152, 186],
[157, 51],
[159, 3],
[162, 3],
[163, 21],
[167, 8],
[169, 129],
[171, 71],
[173, 35],
[185, 280],
[188, 7],
[192, 113],
[193, 9],
[193, 221],
[194, 339],
[194, 32],
[196, 116],
[197, 7],
[199, 28],
[203, 175],
[206, 45],
[213, 74],
[217, 45],
[219, 195],
[224, 59],
[224, 278],
[225, 81],
[230, 254],
[231, 94],
[233, 78],
[234, 185],
[236, 271],
[238, 5],
[240, 100],
[245, 312],
[245, 16],
[247, 73],
[249, 84],
[251, 190],
[261, 212],
[263, 97],
[263, 8],
[270, 276],
[279, 191],
[281, 62],
[283, 127],
[284, 112],
[285, 18],
[295, 212],
[297, 167],
[306, 23],
[313, 165],
[333, 3],
[343, 56],
[343, 56],
[346, 175],
[347, 59],
[361, 134],
[376, 1]])

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# comapre with scatter plot

drinks.plot(kind="scatter", x="beer", y="wine");

# add transparency
drinks.plot(kind='scatter', x="beer", y="wine", alpha=0.3);

# vary point color by spirit servings

drinks.plot(kind="scatter", x="beer", y="wine", c="spirit",
colormap="Blues");

# scatter matrix of 3 numerical columns

pd.plotting.scatter_matrix(drinks[['beer', 'wine', 'spirit']]);

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# increase figure size

# scatter matrix of 3 numerical columns
pd.plotting.scatter_matrix(drinks[['beer', 'wine', 'spirit']],
figsize=(10,8));

Bar Plot: show a numerical comparison across different

categories
# count the number of countries in each continent
drinks.continent.value_counts()

AF 53
EU 45
AS 44
NA 23
OC 16
SA 12
Name: continent, dtype: int64

# compare with bar plot

drinks.continent.value_counts().plot(kind="bar");

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# calculate the mean alcohol amounts for each continent

drinks.groupby('continent').mean()

beer spirit wine liters

continent

AF 61.471698 16.339623 16.264151 3.007547

AS 37.045455 60.840909 9.068182 2.170455

EU 193.777778 132.555556 142.222222 8.617778

NA 145.434783 165.739130 24.521739 5.995652

OC 89.687500 58.437500 35.625000 3.381250

SA 175.083333 114.750000 62.416667 6.308333

# side-by-side bar plots

drinks.groupby('continent').mean().plot(kind='bar');

# drop the liters column

drinks.groupby('continent').mean().drop('liters',
axis=1).plot(kind='bar');

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# stacked bar plots

drinks.groupby('continent').mean().drop('liters',
axis=1).plot(kind='bar', stacked=True);

Box Plot: show quartiles (and outliers) for one or more

numerical variables
Five-Number Summary

min = minimum value

5% = first quartile (Q1) = median of the lower half of the data
50% = second quartile (Q2) = median of the data
75% = third quartile (Q3) = median of the upper half of the data
max = maximum value (More useful than mean and standard deviation for describing skewed distributions)
Interquartile Range (IQR) = Q3 - Q1

Outliers

below Q1 - 1.5 * IQR

above Q3 + 1.5 * IQR

# sort the spirit column

drinks.spirit.sort_values().values

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array([ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1,
1,
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2,
3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5,
5,
6, 6, 6, 7, 9, 11, 11, 12, 13, 15, 15, 16,
16,
18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 21, 21, 22, 22, 25, 25, 27,
29,
31, 31, 34, 35, 35, 35, 35, 38, 39, 41, 41, 42,
42,
44, 46, 50, 51, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 63, 63, 65,
67,
68, 69, 69, 69, 71, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 76, 79,
81,
84, 87, 87, 88, 97, 97, 98, 98, 100, 100, 100, 100,
101,
104, 104, 112, 114, 114, 114, 117, 117, 118, 118, 122, 122,
124,
126, 128, 131, 132, 133, 133, 135, 137, 138, 145, 147, 151,
152,
154, 156, 157, 158, 160, 170, 173, 173, 176, 178, 179, 186,
189,
192, 194, 200, 202, 205, 215, 215, 216, 221, 226, 237, 244,
246,
252, 254, 258, 286, 293, 302, 315, 326, 326, 373, 438])

# show five-number summary of spirit

drinks.spirit.describe()

count 193.000000
mean 80.994819
std 88.284312
min 0.000000
25% 4.000000
50% 56.000000
75% 128.000000
max 438.000000
Name: spirit, dtype: float64

# compare with boxplot

drinks.spirit.plot(kind='box');

# include multiple variables

drinks.drop('liters', axis=1).plot(kind='box');

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Line Plot: show the trend of a numerical variable over

time
# read ufo data
ufo = pd.read_csv("../data/ufo.csv")
ufo['Time'] = pd.to_datetime(ufo.Time)
ufo['Year'] = ufo.Time.dt.year

# examine first few rows

ufo.head()

Colors Shape
City State Time Year
Reported Reported

1930-06-
0 Ithaca NaN TRIANGLE NY 01 1930
22:00:00

1930-06-
1 Willingboro NaN OTHER NJ 30 1930
20:00:00

1931-02-
2 Holyoke NaN OVAL CO 15 1931
14:00:00

1931-06-
3 Abilene NaN DISK KS 01 1931
13:00:00

1933-04-
New York
4 NaN LIGHT NY 18 1933
Worlds Fair
19:00:00

# observations and columns

ufo.shape

(80543, 6)

# data structure
ufo.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 80543 entries, 0 to 80542
Data columns (total 6 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 City 80496 non-null object
1 Colors Reported 17034 non-null object
2 Shape Reported 72141 non-null object
3 State 80543 non-null object
4 Time 80543 non-null datetime64[ns]
5 Year 80543 non-null int64
dtypes: datetime64[ns](1), int64(1), object(4)
memory usage: 3.7+ MB

# numerical summary
ufo.describe()

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Year

count 80543.000000

mean 2004.178737

std 10.602487

min 1930.000000

25% 2001.000000

50% 2007.000000

75% 2011.000000

max 2014.000000

# count the number of ufo reports each year (and sort by year)
ufo.Year.value_counts().sort_index()

1930 2
1931 2
1933 1
1934 1
1935 1
...
2010 4154
2011 5089
2012 7263
2013 7003
2014 5382
Name: Year, Length: 82, dtype: int64

# compare with line plot

ufo.Year.value_counts().sort_index().plot();

# don't use a line plot when there is no logical ordering

drinks.continent.value_counts().plot(kind='line');

Grouped Box Plots: show one box plot for each group
# remainder: boxplot of beer survings
drinks.beer.plot(kind='box');

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# boxplot of beer survings group by continent

drinks.boxplot(column='beer', by='continent');

# boxplot of all numerical columns group by continent

drinks.boxplot(by='continent');

Grouped Histograms: show one histogram for each

group
# remainder: histogram of beer survings
drinks.beer.plot(kind='hist', bins=20);

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# histogram of beer survings group by continent

drinks.hist(column='beer', by='continent');

# share the x-axis

drinks.hist(column='beer', by='continent', sharex=True);

# share the x and y axis

drinks.hist(column='beer', by='continent', sharex=True, sharey=True);

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# change the layout

drinks.hist(column='beer', by='continent', sharex=True, layout=(2,
3));

Assorted Functionality
# saving a plot to a file
drinks.beer.plot(kind='hist', bins=20, title="Histogram of Beer
Survings")
plt.xlabel("Beer Survings")
plt.ylabel("Freequency")
plt.savefig("beer_survings.png") # .png, .tiff, .pdf, .jpeg

# list available plot style

plt.style.available

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['Solarize_Light2',
'_classic_test_patch',
'bmh',
'classic',
'dark_background',
'fast',
'fivethirtyeight',
'ggplot',
'grayscale',
'seaborn',
'seaborn-bright',
'seaborn-colorblind',
'seaborn-dark',
'seaborn-dark-palette',
'seaborn-darkgrid',
'seaborn-deep',
'seaborn-muted',
'seaborn-notebook',
'seaborn-paper',
'seaborn-pastel',
'seaborn-poster',
'seaborn-talk',
'seaborn-ticks',
'seaborn-white',
'seaborn-whitegrid',
'tableau-colorblind10']

# use plot style: ggplot

plt.style.use('ggplot')

# histogram of beer survings in ggplot style

drinks.beer.plot(kind="hist", title="Histogram of Beer Survings")
plt.xlabel("Beer Survings")
plt.ylabel("Frequnecy")

Text(0, 0.5, 'Frequnecy')

# use plot style: ggplot

plt.style.use('seaborn')

# histogram of beer survings in seaborn style

drinks.beer.plot(kind="hist", title="Histogram of Beer Survings")
plt.xlabel("Beer Survings")
plt.ylabel("Frequnecy")

Text(0, 0.5, 'Frequnecy')

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# use plot style: ggplot

plt.style.use('fivethirtyeight')

# histogram of beer survings in fivethirtyeight style

drinks.beer.plot(kind="hist", title="Histogram of Beer Survings")
plt.xlabel("Beer Survings")
plt.ylabel("Frequnecy")

Text(0, 0.5, 'Frequnecy')

By Jubayer Hossain
© Copyright 2020.

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