Solution manual for Tomassi chapter 12

TransmissiondigitalIt is the transmission of digital pulses between two or more points of a

communication system and it occurs through the Earth's atmosphere.
Digital radio:the modulationand demodulation are digital pulses instead of waveforms
analog waves and there are three digital modulation techniques FSK, PSK, QAM.
2.
The information capacity of a communication system represents the number of
independent symbols that can pass through the system in a unit of time
determined represented in bps.
3. What are the most predominant modulation schemes used in the
digital radio systems?
FSK: Frequency shift keying (modulation).
PSK: Phase Shift Keying (Modulation).
QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation.
4.- Explain the relationship between bits per second and bauds for an FSK system.
The bit rate (speed) of change in the input of the modulator. The speed (rate) of
change in the output of the modulator is called ratio ofbaudioy is equal to the reciprocal of time
from an exit signaling element, the baud rate is the line rate in symbols per
second. In binary FSK, the input and output rates are equal, that is, one bit and one
audio are the same.
5. Defina los siguientes términos para la modulación FSK.
Frequency deviation: It is half the difference between the frame frequencies and
space and depends on the amplitude of the modulating signal.
Modulation index: MI = Äf/fo
Äf=desviación de frecuencia; fo= modulating frequency(it remains thebandwidthof
exit);
Deviation ratio: it is the modulation index that provides the widest bandwidth.
The worst case is when the frequency deviation and the modulating frequency are
at their maximum values.

6. Explain the relationship between a) the minimum bandwidth required for a

FSK system and the bit rate, and b) the frame and space frequencies.
a) The minimum bandwidth is two or three times the input bitrate and produces a
relatively narrow FM output spectrum.
b) The FSK output shifts between two frequencies, mark frequency or logical 1 and
space frequency or logical 0.
7.- What is the difference between MSK and standard FSK? What is the advantage of
MSK?
c) The MSK is a binary FSK, except that the mark and space frequencies are
synchronized with the binary input bit rate (there is only one time relationship)
necessary).
d) The advantage: it ensures a smooth phase transmission and thus the demodulator does not have
problems in tracking the frequency shift.
8.-Define PSK
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is another form of angular modulation.
constant amplitude digital modulation. In PSK the input signal is a digital signal
binary and a limited number of output axes are possible.
9.- Explain the relationship between bits per second and bauds for a BPSK system.
The output change rate (baud) is equal to the input change rate (bits per
second).
10.- What is a constellation diagram and how is it used with PSK?
A constellation diagram is similar to a phasor diagram, except that the complete phasor
It is not drawn, only the relative positions of the peaks of the phasors are shown. The
the separation between 2 adjacent phasors is 45° in an 8-PSK signal that can experience
a phase shift of almost ±22.5 during transmission and still maintain its integrity.
11.- What is a coherent demodulator?
The coherent carrier recovery circuit detects and regenerates a signal from
carrier that is coherent both in frequency and phase with the carrier of the
original transmitter.
12.-Explain the relationship between the minimum bandwidth required for a system
of 8-PSK.
The minimum bandwidth required to allow the output of an 8-PSK modulator is
equal to one third of the BPSK modulator and 50% less than required for a modulator
QPSK, moreover, in each case the baud has been reduced by the same proportions.
13.- Explain the relationship between bits per second and baud rate for a 16-
PSK.
A 16-PSK modulator acts on the data that is entering in groups of 4 bits
(2^4=16), called quadbits (quadrature bits). The output phase does not change until 4.
bits have been introduced to the modulator, so the rate of output change (baud) and the
minimum bandwidth is equal to a quarter of the incoming bitrate (fb/4).
14.- Define QAM.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is a form of digital modulation in
where digital information is contained, both in amplitude and in phase of the
carrier transmitted.

15. What is the difference between PSK and QAM?

The difference is that in PSK, the digital information is contained in the amplitude.
(constant) and in QAM it is contained in both the amplitude and the phase.
16. Define bandwidth efficiency?
It is used to compare the performance of one digital modulation technique with another, in
essence is the ratio of the transmission bit rate to the minimum required bandwidth,
para resolver un esquema de modulación en particular.(Número de bits que pueden
propagate through a medium, for each Hz of BW)
Mathematically:

17. Explain the differences between absolute PSK and differential PSK.
In DPSK, the binary input information is contained in the difference between 2
successive signaling elements, while in absolute phase (PSK) it does not.
18. What is the purpose of a clock recovery circuit? When does it happen?
use?
The purpose is to regenerate the clocks in the receiver (of a digital system), which are
synchronized with those of the transmitter.
It is almost always used to retrieve information from the data received clock.