INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Backyard broiler raising is a productive activity that can help

supplement family income. The shorter rearing period of broiler chicken

results in a reduced waiting time for a return on investment, especially with

a guaranteed market and profit. As a result, broiler raising has become a

popular pastime among rural communities during lull periods in farming.

However, despite the impressive growth of the commercial broiler industry,

the backyard broiler farming sector lags due to various issues and practices

that hinder production.

Furthermore, financial constraints often discourage backyard broiler

raisers from investing in additional production costs, such as purchasing

vitamins and mineral supplements essential for the optimal growth of

broilers. To address these challenges, research efforts should focus on

developing cost-efficient production technologies that can also enhance the

performance of broilers.

Feed additives have been utilized in poultry nutrition for many decades

to improve production and maintain animal health (Alloui et al., 2014).

Among these additives, Antibiotics Growth Promoters (AGPs) have been

widely used. However, the use of AGPs has negative effects not only on

poultry but also on humans who consume poultry by-products and products.

In Nigeria, the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control

(NAFDAC) has issued a ban on antibiotics as growth promoters and mold

inhibitors in animal feed. They recommend alternative healthy and approved

methods to promote animal growth and well-being (NAFDAC, 2018).

The fermentation process itself increases the release of bioactive

compounds in plants, enhances their bio-accessibility and bioavailability, and

improves the nutritional and functional properties of food, resulting in

beneficial effects on health. Beverages fermented with probiotic bacteria can

act as vehicles for delivering probiotic species to the gut, playing a

fundamental role in modulating the microbiota (Oliveira, A., 2018).

In a study by Omidiwura (2022), it was found that shiny bush

(Peperomia pellucida) can be used as a feed additive. Its inclusion in diets

can serve as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) without

negatively affecting the overall health of birds. Further research will be

conducted to determine the specific effects of the fermented shiny bush

(Peperomia pellucida) on broiler chickens and to investigate the potential

benefits of using it as a feed additive in broiler production.

 Objectives of the Study

The study aimed to evaluate the performance of broilers supplemented

with different levels of fermented shiny bush (Peperomia pellucida Silalahi,

M.).

Specifically, the study aimed to:

1. determine the growth performance of broiler supplemented

with fermented shiny bush;

2. evaluate the feed conversion efficiency of broiler supplemented

with fermented shiny bush;

3. evaluate the water intake of broiler chickens supplemented with

fermented shiny bush

4. evaluate the carcass sensory characteristics of broiler

supplemented with fermented shiny bush;

5. determine the morbidity and mortality rate of broiler

supplemented with fermented shiny bush; and

calculate the profitability of broilers supplemented with fermented shiny

bush.
 Significance of the Study

This study provides valuable information to students, poultry raisers,

researchers, and other stakeholders regarding the effect of fermented shiny

bush (Peperomia pellucida Silalahi, M.) on the performance of broiler

chickens.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study was delimited only to determine the performance of broilers

supplemented with fermented shiny bush. It specifically focuses on

evaluating feed conversion efficiency, carcass sensory characteristics,

morbidity and mortality rates, and profitability. They also assess the

inclusion of fermented shiny bush affects broiler performance. Other factors

and variables beyond this scope are not considered in this study.

Time and Place of the Study

The study was conducted at P-1 San Andres, Bunawan, Agusan del Sur

from July to August 2023.

 Operational Definition of Terms

Ad libitum is the unrestricted feeding of broilers.

Aroma is the quality that can be perceived by the olfactory sense.

Broiler finisher is a type of feed given to chicks from four weeks old

until the desired age and market weight are achieved.

Broiler is a type of chicken raised specifically for meat production.

Broiler starter is a type of feed given to chicks from two weeks to

four weeks old.

Brooding is a process of subjecting the chicks to heat to increase

survival.

Carcass is the dressed body of the broiler after slaughtering.

Chick booster is a feed given to chicks from day to two weeks old.

Dressing percentage refers to the weight of birds after dressing

divided by the number of birds multiplied by one hundred.

Drinking trough is a device used to hold water for broilers.

 Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCE) is the ratio of units of feed

needed per unit of production.

Feed intake refers to the feeds taken by the broiler during the study.

Feed additives are non-nutrient compounds added to livestock feeds

to promote growth and production and prevent infection and diseases.

Feeding trough is a device used to hold feeds for broilers.

Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes

in organic substrates through the action of enzymes. In biochemistry, it is

narrowly defined as the extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the

absence of oxygen.

Fermented Plant Juice is a fermented extract of a plant's sap and

chlorophyll. It is a rich enzyme solution full of microorganisms such as lactic

acid bacteria and yeast that invigorates plants and animals. FPJ is used for

crop treatments.

Gain weight is the difference between the initial weight and the final

weight.

Growth is the process of gradual increase in terms of the size and

weight of the broiler.

Gut health is the function and balance of bacteria in many parts of

the gastrointestinal tract.

 Initial weight refers to the weight of the broiler at the beginning of

the study.

Meat is properly dressed flesh derived from a broiler after

slaughtering.

Microflora is present in the small intestine and functions to prevent

the colonization of pathogenic microbes by competing for available nutrients,

maintaining an appropriate lumen environment, and producing inhibitory.

Molasses is a thick brown-colored liquid with a syrupy consistency,

which is the residue remaining after sugar extraction when it is no longer

possible to conveniently obtain sucrose from the latter for simple

crystallization.

Peperomia pellucida is an annual, shallow-rooted herb, usually

growing to a height of about 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 inches), it is characterized

by succulent stems, shiny, heart-shaped, fleshy leaves and tiny, dot-like

seeds attached to several fruiting spikes. It has a mustard-like odor when

crushed.

Return on Investment is a performance measure used to evaluate

the efficiency of an investment or to compare the efficiency of several

different investments.

Sensory evaluation is the science of judging the quality of food using

the senses.
 Tenderness refers to the meat quality of the broiler having a soft or

yielding texture: easily broken, cut, or damaged.

Vaccine is a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies

and provide immunity against several diseases.

 Conceptual Framework

Figure 2. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Independent Management Dependent

Variable Practices Variable
Input Process Output
Treatment: Parameter:
T0 - 360 ml of Rearing System [Link]
tap water Cage Dimension A. Initial weight
T1 - 3ml Provision of light B. Final weight
and Brooding C. Weight Gain
Fermented
Feeding D. Dressing weight
shiny bush+ E. Dressing
357 spring Management
Percentage
water. Water F. Cut up parts
T2 - 6ml Management weight
Fermented Treatment G. Internal Organ
shiny bush + Preparation and weight
Application 2. Feed intake
354 spring
Vaccination 3. Feed Conversion
water.
Health and Efficiency
T3 - 9ml
Sanitation 4. Length (cm) of
Fermented
Internal Organs
shiny bush
5. Carcass sensory
+351 spring
A. Aroma
water. B. Taste
T4 -12ml C. Texture
Fermented D. Juiciness
shiny bush + E. Tenderness
348 spring F. General
water. Acceptability
6. Profitability
A. Expenses
B. Gross income
C. Net Income
D. Return of
Investment (ROI)
 The independent variables in this study consisted of different

treatments: (T0) 360ml tap water, (T1) 3ml Fermented Shiny bush + 357ml

spring water, (T2) 6ml Fermented Shiny bush + 354ml spring water, (T3) 9ml

fermented Shiny bush + 351ml spring water, and (T4) 12ml Fermented Shiny

bush + 348ml spring water.

The dependent variables include various growth parameters, feed

intake, feed conversion efficiency, carcass sensory evaluation, morbidity

rate, mortality rate, and profitability.

Fermentation has been utilized to enhance the nutritional value of

unconventional feed ingredients by reducing their crude fiber content

(Skrede et al., 2003; Khempaka et al., 2014; Sugiharto et al., 2015). Plant

leaves are considered affordable and alternative sources of protein-rich feed

ingredients for broilers due to their high protein content. Studies have also

demonstrated that fermented plant leaves can serve as natural growth

promoters, which is beneficial for broilers in the post-antibiotic era.

Fermented leaves can also be used as natural antimicrobial and antioxidant

agents for broilers, as they contain phytochemical compounds (Sugiharto,

2021).
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Broiler Chicken

A broiler is a type of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) that is

specifically bred and raised for meat production. Typical broilers have white

feathers and yellowish skin. Adult male and female chickens have different

feather characteristics depending on the breed. Males have pointed feathers

around the neck, back, and tail, whereas females have feathers with rounded

ends. When chickens are purebred, there are also differences in color

patterns between males and females. Males often develop larger and more

prominent combs and wattles compared to females. Therefore, if you

observe a broiler with a large comb and prominent wattles, it is highly likely

to be a male (Bosco et al., 2017).

Male broilers are generally taller than female broilers unless the male

is a "dwarf" variety. In such cases, female broilers may be taller than male

broilers of the same age. Adult male broilers produce specific vocalizations,

often referred to as cackles, which are characteristic sounds associated with

their gender. Older male broilers may even crow like other roosters, a
feature rarely observed in female broilers (Willman et al., 2018). Additionally,

male broilers tend to have longer, thicker, and larger legs compared to

females.

Shiny Bush (Peperomia pellucida)

Shiny bush is a fast-growing, erect, annual herb that typically reaches

a height of 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 inches). It has a dense branching structure

and shallow roots. The plant can be found growing in various habitats such

as forests, rock crevices, bases of cliffs, open forests, nurseries,

greenhouses, degraded forest areas, wastelands, wet areas within forests,

shaded woods, coastal plains, wooded rocky hillsides, flooded water courses,

and woodlands.

Shiny bush thrives in permanently damp, well-draining loam and sandy

soils that are moderately acidic to alkaline, typically with a pH range of 5.5 to

8.0. It prefers sites with filtered sunlight or light to medium shade. The stems

of the plant are translucent pale green, erect, or ascending, usually

measuring 15-45 cm in length, with internodes typically ranging from 3-8

cm. The stems are devoid of hair (Sylvia, 2021).

Leaves
 The leaves of the shiny bush plant are arranged in a spiral pattern and

are simple in structure. They are shiny and light green in color, with an ovate

elliptical to broadly ovate or almost triangular shape. The leaves measure

approximately 2.5-3.5 cm in length and 2-3 cm in width. They have smooth

edges (entire), and when dry, they become membranous. The leaves have

five distinct veins and a rounded to truncate base, with a pointed apex. The

petiole, which connects the leaf to the stem, can reach up to 20 mm in

length and has a diameter of about 1 mm. The petiole is smooth (glabrous),

and the plant does not have stipules (small leaf-like structures at the base of

the petiole).

The leaves of the shiny bush are sometimes gathered from the wild

and used locally as a food source, for medicinal purposes, and to make tea.

When the leaves are crushed, they emit a mustard-like odor (Sylvia, 2021).

Flowers

The flowers of the shiny bush plant are small, bisexual, and greenish in

color. They are inconspicuous and of little significance. The flowers are

produced continuously throughout the year and are borne on slender flower

spikes measuring about 3-6 cm in length, which emerge from the tips of the

stems. Each flower has a diameter of approximately 0.5 mm. The fertile axis
of the flower spike is about 2-5 cm long and has a diameter of around 0.5

mm (Sylvia, 2021).

Fruit

The fertile flowers of the shiny bush plant are followed by tiny, round to

oblong fruit, measuring 0.5-1 mm in diameter. These fruits have ridges and

are striped lengthwise. Inside each fruit, there is a single seed. Initially, the

fruits are green, but they turn black when they are fully ripe. Once the fruits

have ripened, they fall to the ground. Under moist conditions, the seeds

readily germinate.

In certain parts of the tropics, the shiny bush plant is cultivated for its

medicinal and food uses. It is also sold as both food and medicine in local

markets (Sylvia, 2021).

Nutritional Value of Shiny Bush

After conducting various research studies, scientists have indicated

that shiny bush can serve as a potential source of protein, minerals, energy,

and other micronutrients. This is attributed to the high levels of

carbohydrates, calories, and other beneficial substances present in the shiny

bush.

The nutritional composition of shiny bush has been analyzed, revealing

the following values per 100 grams of the plant: 8.33 g moisture, 10.63 g

protein, 3.24 g lipid (fat), 46.58 g carbohydrates, 31.22 g total ash

(minerals), 258 kcal calories. Furthermore, shiny bush contains significant

amounts of essential minerals, including 6977 mg potassium, 483 mg

calcium, 119.3 mg iron, 53.92 mg sodium, 12.59 mg zinc, and 3.10 mg

copper. These findings highlight the potential of shiny bush as a valuable

dietary source, providing essential nutrients and minerals to support overall

health (Sylvia, 2021).

Table of Nutrition in Shiny Bush

Table 1. Show the Nutrition value of Shiny Bush

Moisture 8.33 g

Protein 10.63 g

Lipid 3.24 g

Carbohydrates 46.58 g

Total ash 31.22 g

Calories 258 Kcal

Potassium 6977 mg

Calcium 483 mg

Iron 119.3 mg

Sodium 53.92 mg
 Zinc 12.59 mg

Copper 3.10 mg

Source: Sylvia, 2021

Used to Treat Gout and Arthritis

The leaves of the shiny bush are traditionally used to prepare herbal

tea or decoction, which is believed to have medicinal properties for treating

conditions such as gout, arthritis, and other joint-related diseases or

disorders (Sylvia, 2021).

In the Philippines and other Asian countries, the shiny bush is

commonly used to prepare herbal tea or consumed as a decoction, as it is

believed to have medicinal properties for treating urinary or renal diseases.

It is believed that consuming shiny bush can help decrease the levels of uric

acid in the body, providing potential benefits for individuals with such

conditions (Sylvia, 2021).

Treat Fever, Wounds, and Skin Problems Using the Roots and the
Leaves
 The roots of shiny bush are commonly utilized to reduce fever and

lower body heat. On the other hand, the leaves are applied as a remedy for

external wounds and scars and are also beneficial in various skin treatments.

Additionally, other aerial parts of the plant are used to address external skin

issues, including acne and boils (Sylvia, 2021).

Herbal Medicine for Cough and other Respiratory Problems

In Guyana and the Amazon region, the shiny bush is used by the local

population to suppress cough and alleviate symptoms related to asthma. It is

believed to have properties that can help prevent various respiratory

diseases (Sylvia, 2021).

Used to Lower Cholesterol Level

This is particularly observed in Brazil, where shiny bush is believed to

assist in lowering cholesterol levels, thereby reducing the risk of heart

attack, stroke, and other heart-related diseases (Sylvia, 2021).

Used to Stop Bleeding

In Bolivia, Indian tribes used the whole shiny bush plant to stop the
bleeding or hemorrhage. (Sylvia 2021).
 Incredible Gastro-Protective Properties

A decoction made from the aerial parts of (Peperomia pellucida) has

been shown to provide relief for patients suffering from ulcers. Additionally,

studies evaluating extracts from the shiny bush have demonstrated notable

protection in various experimental models, with significant inhibition of

gastric mucosa damage when administered as a pretreatment. The gastric

mucosa refers to the mucous membrane layer of the stomach, which

contains glands and gastric pits (Sylvia, 2021).

Peperomia pellucida as Animal Feed

Peperomia pellucida is an herb commonly used in Cameroonian

traditional medicine to treat fractures. However, no systematic study has

been conducted to confirm the efficacy of the aqueous extract of this plant in

accelerating fracture healing. Currently, there is no orally available agent or

compound specifically used for treating fractures. In the present study, we

aimed to evaluate the mineral content of the aqueous extract of the whole

plant. Minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorus (hydroxyapatite),

contribute to the inorganic composition of bones. The analysis of the mineral

content of the aqueous extract of (Pepermia pellucida) revealed the

presence of various minerals, including potassium, phosphorus, magnesium,

calcium, and sodium. These findings align with a study by Ooi et al. (2012),

which reported similar mineral composition in (Peperomia pellucida)

harvested in Malaysia. The presence of these minerals in (Peperomia

pellucida) suggests that it could serve as a suitable dietary source of bone

minerals. Therefore, the administration of this plant extract to both

unfractured and fractured rats may contribute to the development of strong

bones by providing essential minerals necessary for osteoid mineralization

during bone formation.

 METHODOLOGY

Experimental Design and Treatments

The study was carried out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD).

Seventy-five heads of broiler were randomly distributed in five (5)

treatments with three (3) replications. Each treatment consists of five heads

of experimental birds. A total of 75 broilers of chicks were utilized in the

study.

The treatments used are the following:

T0 - 360ml spring water

T1 - 3ml Fermented Shiny bush + 357 spring water

T2 - 6ml Fermented Shiny bush + 354 spring water

T3 - 9ml Fermented Shiny bush + 351 spring water

T4 - 12ml Fermented Shiny bush + 348 spring water

Rearing System

The experimental birds were raised in a confinement system. The

poultry house was constructed using wooden sticks, plastic nets, and

tarpaulin for the roofing. Feeders and waterers were provided for each

treatment. The confinement system offers improved feeding efficiency, as it

promotes lower feed intake and higher weight gains in chickens. Sufficient

space in the poultry house was allocated based on the number of birds to

avoid potential issues.

Construction of Poultry House

The poultry house was constructed using bamboo sticks, plastic nets,

and nipa for roofing. The height of the poultry house was 7 feet, utilizing a

semi-shed roofing design. The cage was divided into 15 compartments, each

measuring five square feet, representing different treatments within a

replication. Light, feeders, and waterers were provided for each treatment.

Light Management

The provision of light was scheduled from 6:00 pm to 6:00 am to meet

the demand of the broilers.
 Brooding

The experimental birds were subjected to brooding for two weeks

using three 25-watt bulbs. A temperature of 32 to 35ºC was maintained
during the brooding period. The bulb is suspended at the center of the
brooder and has been adjusted according to current climatic conditions. In
the absence of a thermometer, the behavior of the chicks was used to
determine the appropriate temperature in the brooder.

Procurement of Experimental Broiler Chicks

Day–old broiler chicks, feeds, medication, and biologics, were

purchased in an Agricultural supply in Digos, Davao del Sur.

Feeding Management

The birds were fed with pure commercial chick booster for 12 days
during the brooding stage and were gradually shifted to starter feeds on the
13th day with a ratio of 2/3 booster and 1/3 starter. On the 14th day, the
ratio was 1/3 booster and 2/3 starter. On the 15th day, full feeding of starter
feed started. The finisher feeds were given five days before the termination
of the study. Mixing started on the 31st day with a ratio of 2/3 starter feed
and 1/3 finisher feed. On the 32nd day, the ratio was 1/3 starter feed and 2/3
finisher feed. Full feeding of finisher feed began on the 33rd day. The
experimental broilers were fed twice a day at 6 am and 5 pm.

Collection and Preparation of Fermented P. pellucida

(Peperomia. pellucida) was collected early at 5:00 am in Bunawan,

Agusan del Sur. The (Peperomia pellucida) weighed 1kg and was chopped
and placed into a clean container. It was mixed with 1 kg of molasses in the
same ratio as the plant material, using bare hands to ensure thorough
mixing. All chopped materials were coated with molasses to facilitate easy
juice extraction. The bagged mixture is placed in a ceramic pot or plastic
pail, and a weight is added to compress the mixture. Stones are suitable for
weighing down the mixture. The pot was covered with paper or cloth, and
secured with a string or rubber band. The cover allows air to enter the pot or
pail and lets the gas produced during fermentation escape. The date of
processing and expected date of harvest was written on the cover. The
container with the bagged mixture was stored for 14 days in a cool, dry
place. After 14 days, the extract changed from the color yellow-orange to
brown and developed a sweet and alcoholic smell. The remaining extract
was squeezed out from the mixture, and the fermented extracts were
collected and preserved in a dark-colored glass jar. To cover the jar, paper
and cloth will be used, allowing gas to escape during further fermentation.
The fermented shiny bush extract was mixed with water and given to the
broilers early in the morning following the treatment specification.

Treatment Application and Water Management

The birds were provided with antibiotics, vitamins, and mineral

supplementation for seven days through their drinking water. On the 16th
day, the fermented shiny bush was offered to the experimental birds
according to the treatment specifications, and it was the only treatment
provided until the end of the study. The water that the birds refused to drink
was collected and measured using a syringe to determine their daily water
intake. The fermented shiny bush was given at 6 in the morning, along with
the corresponding water volume per bird for each treatment group: (T0) 360
ml of tap water, (T1) 3 ml of fermented shiny bush + 357 ml of spring water,
(T2) 6 ml of fermented shiny bush + 354 ml of spring water, (T3) 9 ml of
fermented shiny bush + 352 ml of spring water, (T4) 12 ml of fermented
shiny bush + 348 ml of spring water. This ensures the birds consume the
treated water before noon to prevent spoilage. Additional tap water was
added later, following the treatment specifications. The water that the birds
refused on the next day was measured using a syringe to determine their
water intake before each treatment application. No other treatment or
medication was given to the experimental birds from the beginning of the
study at 16 days old until it was terminated at 35 days old.

Heath and Sanitation

Proper sanitation has been implemented throughout the study. Feeders have
been cleaned before providing feeds to the birds. The water trough was
washed with clean water and detergent soap before usage. Regular and
proper disposal of manure was carried out to prevent the multiplication of
flies. Any sick or weak birds were promptly removed to prevent the spread of
diseases.
 Vaccination

Vaccination against NCD B1B1 was administered on the 10th day of the
brooding stage using the ocular or nasal method.

Termination

The supplementation of the fermented shiny bush was discontinued on the

35th day of the study. However, the collection of final data on final weight,
water intake, and feed refusal was conducted on the 36th day.

Data Gathered

1. Initial Weight (g). The initial weight of the broilers at 16 days old was
recorded individually using a digital scale.

2. Final weight (g). The final weight of the broilers was obtained during the
termination of the study on the 36th day. Data collection was done by
weighing the experimental birds using a digital weighing scale.

3. Weight gain (g). The weight gain of broilers was determined by getting
the difference between the initial weight and the final weight. The weight
gain of the birds was determined using the following formula:

W2 – W1 = weight gain

Where: W1 – the initial weight of the birds on the 16th day

W2 – final weight of the birds on the 36th day.

4. Feed Intake (g). The feed offered and the feed refused by the
experimental birds was weighed to determine the feed intake of the birds.
The formula below was used:

X 100

Feed Intake (g) =

Feed given – Feed Refused

Number of Birds per treatment

5. Feed conversion efficiency. Feed conversion efficiency was determined

by dividing the feed consumption by the total kg live weight of the birds at
the end of the feeding period per treatment per application.

The formula used:

Feed Conversion Efficiency =

total feed intake

Total kg of live weight

6. Water Intake. This data was obtained to measure the water consumption
of broilers daily.

The formula below was used:

Water Intake =

Water offered- water refused

Number of birds per treatment

7. Dressed weight (g). The dressed weight (g) was determined by

weighing the dressed weight of the broiler.

8. Dressing percentage. The weight of the chicken carcass after the

entrails, head, legs, and feathers have been removed.

The dressing percentage was determined using the formula

X 100

Dressing Percentage =
Dressing Weight (g)

Live Weight (g)

9. Weight of cut-up parts (g). The weight of the cut-up parts was
determined by weighing the breast, back, wings, and thigh of the broiler.

10. Weight of internal organs (g). The weight of the internal organs was
determined by weighing the heart, liver, and gizzard, spleen using a digital
weighing scale.

11. Length (cm) of Internal Organs. This data was obtained by measuring
the internal organs of broiler chicken such as the small intestine, and large
intestine using measuring tape.

12. Carcass Sensory Evaluation. These data were gathered and evaluated
in terms of general acceptability, aroma, taste, tenderness, and juiciness of
roasted/steamed broiler breast per treatment per replication.

The samples were tested by a panel of evaluators that is composed of 10

faculties. The average score for each parameter was computed by dividing
the sum of the points by the member or panelist. The sensory evaluation of
the broiler was done using the hedonic scale in terms of aroma, tenderness,
juiciness, taste, and general acceptability.

The restriction of the evaluation was the following:

a. Not pregnant

b. Not hungry

c. Non-smoker

d. No false teeth

13. Morbidity rate (%). This data represents the number of broilers that
contracted a particular disease during the study. The morbidity rate was
determined using the formula:

X 100

Morbidity Rate (%)

Total number of infected birds

Total number of birds

14. Mortality rate (%). This data represents the number of broilers that
died during the study. The mortality rate was determined using the formula:

Mortality Rate (%) =

X 100

Total number of dead birds

Total number of birds

15. Cost and Return Analysis. The financial statement of the study or the
cost and return analysis of the study was determined using the following
formula: Total cost of Production = Cost of stock + fed cost + non cost.

Net income = Total gross sale – Total cost of production.

X 100

Return on Investment =

Net income

Total cost of production

per treatment

Statistical Analysis/Treatment

All data gathered was organized, tabulated, and analyzed using the Analysis
of Variance (ANOVA) in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The Honesty
Significant Difference (HSD) was used to test the difference among
treatment means.