Electronics
BS222
Outlines
Electrical circuit laws and theorem
Electronics components and circuits
Digital circuits
1. Series and parallel connection
2. Current and voltage divider
Electrical circuit laws and 3. Ohm’s Law
theorems 4. Kirchhoff’s Rules
5. Node voltage method
6. Mesh current
7. Thevenin’s theorem
8. Maximum power transfer
9. Superposition theorem
Lecture 1
Series and parallel resistors
connection
Delta-Star transformation
Ohm’s law, and
Kirchhoff’s rules
Electric circuit
The system in which the electric current can flow from a sources
to load through one path and after delivering energy at load the current can
return to the other terminal of source through another path is referred as
electric circuit.
Circuit elements
The ideal basic circuit elements are as follows:
Voltage source
Current source
Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor
Circuit elements
Passive Active
Cannot generate energy. Common Can generate energy. Common
examples of passive elements are examples of active elements are
resistors, capacitors and inductors. power supplies and operational
amplifiers.
Voltage / Current
sources
Independent Dependent
Independent source: a source whose value is independent of any
other voltages or currents in the circuit.
Dependent Sources: have an output voltage or current that is not
fixed and is dependent on the voltage or current in another section of
the circuit.
Electric current
Assume charges are moving perpendicular to a surface of area A.
If ΔQ is the amount of charge that passes through A in time Δt, then the
average current is:
𝑄
𝐼=
𝑡
Resistors in series
When connected in series, resistors form a “string” in which there is only
one path for current.
Voltage divider
The voltage drop across any resistor or combination of resistors in series
circuit is equal to the ratio of that resistance value to the total resistance
multiplied by the source voltage.
Example
Resistors in parallel
If there is more than one current path (branch) between two points, and if
the voltage between those two points also appears across each of
the branches, then there is a parallel circuit between those two points.
Current divider
The total current divides among parallel resistors into currents with
value inversely proportional to resistance values.
Example
Delta-Star transformation
Star-Delta transformation
Example
Find the value of the voltage source Vs that delivers 2A current through
the circuit as shown in Figure.
Ohm’s law
In a conductor, the voltage applied across the ends of the conductor is
proportional to the current through the conductor.
V
R
I
The constant of proportionality is called the resistance of the conductor.
SI units of resistance are ohms Ω.
1Ω=1V/A
Resistance in a circuit arises due to collisions between the electrons
carrying the current with the fixed atoms inside the conductor.
Resistivity ρ
The inverse of the conductivity is the resistivity:
𝟏
𝝆=
𝝈
Resistivity has SI units of ohm-meters (Ω.m)
Resistance is also related to resistivity:
𝒍
𝑹=𝝆
𝑨
Electric power
The resistor is normally in contact with the air, so its increased
temperature will result in a transfer of energy by heat into the air.
The resistor also emits thermal radiation.
After some time interval, the resistor reaches a constant temperature.
The rate at which the system’s potential energy decreases as the charge
passes through the resistor is equal to the rate at which the system gains
internal energy in the resistor.
The power is given by the equation:
P = I ΔV
Applying Ohm’s Law, alternative expressions can be found:
V
2
P I V I2 R
R
Units: I is in A, R is in Ω, ΔV is in V, and P is in W
Any resistor in a circuit that has a voltage drop across it dissipates electric
al power. This electrical power is converted into heat energy.
If the circuit element is a source, the power associated may be delivered
or absorbed
Ohm’s law and electric power
Circuit analysis
Simple electric circuits may contain batteries, resistors, and capacitors in
various combinations.
For some circuits, analysis may consist of combining resistors.
In more complex complicated circuits, Kirchhoff’s Rules may be used
for analysis.
These rules are based on conservation of energy and conservation of
electric charge for isolated systems.
Circuits may involve direct current DC or alternating current AC.
An electric circuit based on three concepts, namely, node, branch and loop.
Branch
The elements connected to an electric circuit is generally two terminal
element.
Branches
Nodes
A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.
Nodes
Loop
A loop is a closed path formed by starting at a node, passing through a set
of nodes, and returning to the starting node without passing through any
node more than once.
a b
d c
Kirchhoff’s rules
There are ways in which resistors can be connected so that the circuits
formed cannot be reduced to a single equivalent resistor.
Two rules, called Kirchhoff’s rules, can be used instead.
Krchhoff’s current rule KCL
The sum of the currents at any junction must equal zero.
Mathematically,
junction
I 0
Currents directed into the junction are entered into the equation as +I and those
leaving as -I.
Kirchhoff’s voltage rule KVL
The sum of the potential differences across all elements around any closed
circuit loop must be zero.
Mathematically,
V 0
closed
loop
Example
i1 i2 i4
i1
i3 i4
1 - 2 3 +
+ +
- - -
i +
KCL i1 i2 i4
i1= -1A
i3= 8A
KVL
I4= -4A
i2= 4A
i= 3A
THANK YOU
