VISION INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE, ANKLESHWAR
TEST:03 (EXCRETORY PRODUCT AND THIR ELIMINATION )
DATE: -14/02/2025 DURATION: 1 hrs.
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY
CLASS: XI MARKS: 50
1. Which of the following factors contribute to the high filtration rate in the
glomerulus?
a) Large afferent arteriole and small efferent arteriole
b) High blood pressure in renal artery
c) Extensive surface area of capillary network
d) All of the above
2. A patient was found to excrete high amounts of glucose in urine despite
normal blood glucose levels. The likely cause is:
a) Damage to β-cells of the pancreas
b) Non-functional glucose transporters in PCT
c) Over-secretion of insulin
d) Defective glomerular filtration
3. In which of the following conditions will there be maximum vasopressin
secretion?
a) High blood pressure and high hydration
b) Low blood pressure and dehydration
c) Low blood glucose levels
d) Excess water intake
4. Which of the following is the most dilute urine formed?
a) After consuming a high-protein diet
b) After prolonged sweating
c) After drinking excessive water
d) During dehydration
5. Uricotelic mode of excretion is more advantageous for animals living in:
a) Freshwater
b) Desert
c) Marine water
d) Cold regions
6. The thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle helps in urine concentration
by:
a) Actively transporting Na⁺ out of the filtrate
b) Being permeable to water
c) Transporting urea
d) Absorbing glucose
7. Which of the following conditions can be diagnosed by checking ketone
bodies in urine?
a) Proteinuria
b) Diabetes mellitus
c) Hypertension
d) Kidney stones
8. Which of the following factors does NOT directly affect glomerular filtration
rate (GFR)?
a) Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus
b) Permeability of filtration membrane
c) Renin secretion
d) Uric acid concentration in plasma
9. If the Henle’s loop were absent from mammalian nephrons, which of the
following is likely to happen?
a) More concentrated urine
b) Less concentrated urine
c) Increased urea retention
d) Increased sodium absorption
10. What is the function of the counter current multiplier system in the nephron?
a) To generate a hyperosmotic medullary interstitium
b) To promote glucose reabsorption
c) To ensure passive diffusion of water into the tubule
d) To regulate the pH of blood
11. Aldosterone increases Na⁺ reabsorption in which part of the nephron?
a) Glomerulus
b) Proximal convoluted tubule
c) Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
d) Loop of Henle
12. Which of the following will be a direct consequence of excess loss of
albumin in urine?
a) Increased blood osmolarity
b) Edema due to loss of plasma proteins
c) Increased urine concentration
d) Increased GFR
13. Renin secretion is triggered when:
a) Blood pressure increases
b) Blood volume decreases
c) Blood urea increases
d) Sodium level in blood increases
14. Which of the following structures is impermeable to water under normal
conditions?
a) Descending limb of Henle’s loop
b) Proximal convoluted tubule
c) Ascending limb of Henle’s loop
d) Collecting duct in presence of ADH
15. Which of the following will decrease urine output?
a) ANP secretion
b) Inhibition of ADH
c) Increased aldosterone
d) Increased caffeine consumption
16. In patients with diabetes insipidus, the primary cause of increased urine
output is:
a) Reduced reabsorption of Na⁺
b) Inhibition of aldosterone
c) Absence of vasopressin (ADH)
d) Increased filtration at the glomerulus
17. The role of the vasa recta in the nephron is to:
a) Act as a countercurrent exchanger to maintain the medullary concentration
gradient
b) Filter blood at the glomerulus
c) Actively transport sodium
d) Secrete renin
18. How does alcohol consumption increase urine output?
a) By inhibiting aldosterone
b) By increasing glomerular filtration rate
c) By inhibiting ADH secretion
d) By blocking sodium transport in PCT
19. The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is formed by:
a) Macula densa and afferent arteriole
b) Loop of Henle and vasa recta
c) Collecting duct and PCT
d) Renal corpuscle and DCT
20. A patient with severe dehydration is found to have:
a) Increased ADH secretion
b) Decreased aldosterone levels
c) Dilute urine
d) Increased ANP levels
21. Which of the following will most likely lead to a decrease in GFR?
a) Dilation of afferent arteriole
b) Increased blood pressure
c) Constriction of efferent arteriole
d) Constriction of afferent arteriole
22. The main site for the action of diuretics in nephron is:
a) Glomerulus
b) Collecting duct
c) Loop of Henle
d) Bowman’s capsule
23. Increased urea levels in the blood (uremia) can cause:
a) Increased RBC count
b) Permanent kidney damage
c) Decreased blood osmolarity
d) Increased glucose filtration
24. Which of the following statements regarding dialysis is correct?
a) It completely replaces kidney function
b) It filters out both useful and waste substances
c) It selectively removes nitrogenous wastes
d) It leads to kidney regeneration
25. In mammals, the final urine is hypertonic to plasma due to:
a) Selective water reabsorption by collecting duct
b) High glomerular filtration rate
c) Reabsorption of glucose in PCT
d) Active secretion in the DCT
Answer Key:
1. d
2. b
3. b
4. c
5. b
6. a
7. b
8. d
9. b
10.a
11.c
12.b
13.b
14.c
15.c
16.c
17.a
18.c
19.a
20.a
21.d
22.c
23.b
24.c
25.a
1. Which of the following factors contribute to the high filtration rate in the
glomerulus?
✅ Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: High glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is due to the larger
afferent arteriole, which increases blood flow, high glomerular capillary
pressure, and a large filtration surface area.
2. A patient was found to excrete high amounts of glucose in urine despite
normal blood glucose levels. The likely cause is:
✅ Answer: b) Non-functional glucose transporters in PCT
Explanation: Normally, glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted
tubule (PCT) via sodium-glucose cotransporters. A defect in these transporters
leads to glucosuria, despite normal blood glucose levels.
3. In which of the following conditions will there be maximum vasopressin
secretion?
✅ Answer: b) Low blood pressure and dehydration
Explanation: ADH (vasopressin) is secreted in response to low blood
pressure and high plasma osmolarity (due to dehydration) to increase water
reabsorption in the collecting duct.
4. Which of the following is the most dilute urine formed?
✅ Answer: c) After drinking excessive water
Explanation: Excessive water intake inhibits ADH release, leading to more
water excretion and highly diluted urine.
5. Uricotelic mode of excretion is more advantageous for animals living in:
✅ Answer: b) Desert
Explanation: Uricotelic animals (e.g., birds, reptiles) excrete uric acid in a
solid or semi-solid form to conserve water, making it ideal for desert conditions.
6. The thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle helps in urine concentration
by:
✅ Answer: a) Actively transporting Na⁺ out of the filtrate
Explanation: The thick ascending limb is impermeable to water but actively
transports Na⁺, creating a hyperosmotic medullary interstitium.
7. Which of the following conditions can be diagnosed by checking ketone
bodies in urine?
✅ Answer: b) Diabetes mellitus
Explanation: Uncontrolled diabetes leads to fat metabolism for energy,
producing ketone bodies excreted in urine (ketonuria).
8. Which of the following factors does NOT directly affect glomerular filtration
rate (GFR)?
✅ Answer: d) Uric acid concentration in plasma
Explanation: GFR is regulated by hydrostatic pressure, permeability, and
renin-angiotensin activity. Uric acid levels do not directly control GFR.
9. If the Henle’s loop were absent from mammalian nephrons, which of the
following is likely to happen?
✅ Answer: b) Less concentrated urine
Explanation: Henle’s loop plays a role in countercurrent multiplication,
essential for urine concentration.
10. What is the function of the countercurrent multiplier system in the nephron?
✅ Answer: a) To generate a hyperosmotic medullary interstitium
Explanation: The countercurrent mechanism helps increase solute
concentration in the medulla, allowing water reabsorption from the collecting
duct.
11. Aldosterone increases Na⁺ reabsorption in which part of the nephron?
✅ Answer: c) Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Explanation: Aldosterone stimulates Na⁺ reabsorption in the DCT and
collecting duct, helping retain sodium and water.
12. Which of the following will be a direct consequence of excess loss of
albumin in urine?
✅ Answer: b) Edema due to loss of plasma proteins
Explanation: Albumin maintains osmotic pressure. Loss of albumin leads to
fluid retention in tissues (edema).
13. Renin secretion is triggered when:
✅ Answer: b) Blood volume decreases
Explanation: Low blood volume (or low BP) stimulates renin release from
the JGA, leading to the RAAS system activation.
14. Which of the following structures is impermeable to water under normal
conditions?
✅ Answer: c) Ascending limb of Henle’s loop
Explanation: The ascending limb actively transports Na⁺ but does not allow
water movement.
15. Which of the following will decrease urine output?
✅ Answer: c) Increased aldosterone
Explanation: Aldosterone promotes Na⁺ and water reabsorption, reducing
urine volume.
16. In patients with diabetes insipidus, the primary cause of increased urine
output is:
✅ Answer: c) Absence of vasopressin (ADH)
Explanation: Diabetes insipidus is caused by low ADH, leading to excessive
urine loss (polyuria).
17. The role of the vasa recta in the nephron is to:
✅ Answer: a) Act as a countercurrent exchanger to maintain the medullary
concentration gradient
Explanation: The vasa recta prevents washout of solutes, maintaining the
hyperosmotic environment.
18. How does alcohol consumption increase urine output?
✅ Answer: c) By inhibiting ADH secretion
Explanation: Alcohol inhibits ADH, leading to reduced water reabsorption
and dilute urine.
19. The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is formed by:
✅ Answer: a) Macula densa and afferent arteriole
Explanation: The JGA consists of macula densa cells of the DCT and
juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole.
20. A patient with severe dehydration is found to have:
✅ Answer: a) Increased ADH secretion
Explanation: Dehydration increases plasma osmolarity, stimulating ADH
release to conserve water.
21. Which of the following will most likely lead to a decrease in GFR?
✅ Answer: d) Constriction of afferent arteriole
Explanation: Afferent arteriole constriction reduces blood flow to the
glomerulus, decreasing GFR.
22. The main site for the action of diuretics in nephron is:
✅ Answer: c) Loop of Henle
Explanation: Most diuretics act on the loop of Henle, preventing Na⁺
reabsorption and increasing urine output.
23. Increased urea levels in the blood (uremia) can cause:
✅ Answer: b) Permanent kidney damage
Explanation: Uremia is a sign of kidney failure, leading to toxic
accumulation in the blood.
24. Which of the following statements regarding dialysis is correct?
✅ Answer: c) It selectively removes nitrogenous wastes
Explanation: Dialysis selectively removes wastes like urea and creatinine
while retaining useful solutes.
25. In mammals, the final urine is hypertonic to plasma due to:
✅ Answer: a) Selective water reabsorption by collecting duct
Explanation: Water is selectively reabsorbed under the control of ADH,
making the urine hypertonic.
QUESTIONS:-
Question 1: Structure and Function of the Nephron
(a) Draw and label a well-structured diagram of a nephron. (2 marks)
(b) Explain the role of the renal corpuscle in filtration. (1 mark)
(c) What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting
duct? (2 marks)
Question 2: Renin-Angiotensin Mechanism and Blood Pressure Regulation
(a) What is the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)? (2 marks)
(b) Explain the role of angiotensin II in blood pressure regulation. (2 marks)
(c) How does aldosterone affect sodium and water balance? (1 mark)
Question 3: Nitrogenous Waste Excretion and Adaptations
(a) Differentiate between ammonotelism, ureotelism, and uricotelism with
examples. (3 marks)
(b) Why do desert animals excrete uric acid instead of urea? (2 marks)
Question 4: Micturition Process and Urine Formation
(a) Explain the micturition reflex and how urine is expelled from the body. (3
marks)
(b) What happens if there is damage to the external urethral sphincter? (1 mark)
(c) How does the bladder signal the brain when it is full? (1 mark)
Question 5: Countercurrent Mechanism and Urine Concentration
(a) What is the countercurrent multiplier system in the kidney? (2 marks)
(b) How does the vasa recta maintain the concentration gradient? (2 marks)
(c) Why is the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle impermeable to water? (1
mark)
Answers with Explanation
Answer 1: Structure and Function of the Nephron
(a) (2 marks)
• The nephron consists of the renal corpuscle (Bowman’s capsule +
glomerulus), proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting
duct.
• Well-labeled diagram required.
(b) (1 mark)
• The renal corpuscle filters blood plasma through the glomerulus into
Bowman’s capsule, removing waste while retaining proteins and cells.
(c) (2 marks)
• DCT: Fine-tunes ion balance, reabsorbs Na⁺, secretes K⁺ & H⁺.
• Collecting Duct: Reabsorbs water under ADH influence, concentrates
urine.
Answer 2: Renin-Angiotensin Mechanism and Blood Pressure Regulation
(a) (2 marks)
• RAAS is activated when BP is low.
• The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) secretes renin, which converts
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
(b) (2 marks)
• Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction, increasing BP.
• Stimulates aldosterone release, increasing Na⁺ reabsorption.
(c) (1 mark)
• Aldosterone increases Na⁺ reabsorption in the DCT, indirectly promoting
water retention, increasing BP.
Answer 3: Nitrogenous Waste Excretion and Adaptations
(a) (3 marks)
• Ammonotelic (e.g., fish, amphibians): Excrete ammonia, requires large
water amounts.
• Ureotelic (e.g., humans, amphibians): Excrete urea, moderate water
needed.
• Uricotelic (e.g., birds, reptiles): Excrete uric acid, minimal water loss.
(b) (2 marks)
• Uric acid is excreted as a solid paste to conserve water.
• Adaptation in desert animals (e.g., reptiles, birds) to survive in dry
environments.
Answer 4: Micturition Process and Urine Formation
(a) (3 marks)
• Micturition reflex involves stretch receptors in the bladder, which send
signals to the spinal cord when full.
• Parasympathetic activation causes bladder contraction, relaxing the
internal urethral sphincter.
• Voluntary control via the external urethral sphincter releases urine.
(b) (1 mark)
• Damage to the external urethral sphincter leads to urinary incontinence
(loss of voluntary control).
(c) (1 mark)
• Stretch receptors in the bladder wall send signals to the brain, creating the
urge to urinate.
Answer 5: Countercurrent Mechanism and Urine Concentration
(a) (2 marks)
• The Loop of Henle’s countercurrent multiplier increases the osmolarity in
the medulla.
• This helps draw water out of the collecting duct, concentrating urine.
(b) (2 marks)
• Vasa recta (capillary network around Henle’s loop) maintains medullary
gradient by passively exchanging Na⁺ and water, preventing washout.
(c) (1 mark)
• The ascending limb is impermeable to water to ensure a hyperosmotic
medulla, which aids in water reabsorption in the collecting duct.
