Chicago Style – Quick Guide 16th edition

This guide outlines how to cite some of the more common information sources. For a comprehensive listing, please consult:

Chicago Manual of Style

Call number: Z 253.U69 2010 Reference & Stacks at: KAM; Reference at WLK

The library subscribes to RefWorks – an online bibliographic management package. For more information, see:
[Link]

General Rules
Notes & Bibliography (NB) in Chicago
Chicago has two documentation methods. The first, which involves footnotes or endnotes and a bibliography, is typically used
by writers in history, literature and the arts. The other uses in-text parenthetical author-date references and a reference list.
This system is sometimes preferred by writers in the social sciences. The two systems provide the same information, but in
different formats. This guide summarizes instructions for the note and bibliography system. For guidelines on the
th
parenthetical system, consult chapter 15 of the 16 edition of the Chicago Manual of Style.

About Notes
Footnotes versus Endnotes
Footnotes and endnotes are structured in exactly the same way. The only difference between them is location; footnotes are
placed at the foot (bottom) of the same page of the referenced text, whereas endnotes are listed in a separate section at the
end of a paper or article. Although readers may prefer footnotes for texts in which knowledge of referenced sources is
important, the choice to use footnotes versus endnotes in student papers is one of personal preference.

Notes: Numbering and Style

In most cases, note numbers should be placed at the end of a sentence or clause, with the number following any punctuation
(except for a dash, which it precedes). Order note numbers consecutively, beginning with 1 and continuing throughout the
1
paper or article. Use superscript (superior) style for note reference numbers in the text (i.e. ), and a normal full sized font for
note reference numbers in the notes themselves, unless you are preparing a manuscript, in which case superscripted numbers
may be used in both the text and the notes.

Example: Footnote or endnote

According to anthropologist Hildred Geertz, “magic” as a construct, has been used as an ideological weapon in the
1
study of “primitive” or “traditional” cultures.

1. Hildred Geertz, “An Anthropology of Religion and Magic, I,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6,1
(Summer, 1975): 88.

Shortened Citations
Subsequent citations of sources that have already been referenced should be documented in short form. Short form usually
includes the author, editor or translator’s last name (omitting any abbreviations such as ed. or trans.), the main title of the work
cited, plus any relevant page numbers. The short title omits A or The, includes the key word or words, and is italicized.

Examples: Shortened Citations

15. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century
England (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971), 603.

16. Thomas, Religion, 587-9.

17. Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, “The Spectral Turn,” in Spectral America: Phantoms and the National Imagination, ed.
Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004), 4.

18. Weinstock, “The Spectral Turn,” 3-4.

19. Peter Buse and Andrew Stott, eds., Ghosts: Deconstruction, Psychoanalysis, History (London:Macmillan, 1999), 15.
 Chicago Style – Quick Guide 16th edition

20. Buse and Stott, Ghosts, 16.

“Ibid.”

Ibid. is an abbreviation of ibidem, which means “in the same place”. It may be used in place of the author’s name and the title
of a work in a short citation if the same work was cited in the preceding note. Ibid may not be used if the preceding note
includes more than one reference. If the note references the same page numbers as the preceding note, those page numbers
need not be repeated. Ibid may be used in successive notes when they refer to the same work.

Example: Ibid
1. Leslie Monkman, “Indian Myths and Legends,” A Native Heritage: Images of the Indian in English- Canadian Literature
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981), 127-65.
2. Monkman, “Indian Myths and Legends,” 154.
3. Ibid., 133.
4. Ibid.

About Bibliographies
In Chicago Style, a bibliography is an alphabetical list of all of the sources cited in a work, as well as some which may not have
been cited, but which support the work indirectly or provide relevant additional reading. The bibliography is usually placed at
the end of the work. Arrange the works listed in a bibliography alphabetically by the author (or editor)’s last name, or if there is
no author or editor, by the title of the work, or a keyword that a reader might use in attempting to search for the work.

A bibliography may be divided into sections if necessary. Scenarios where it may make more sense to divide a bibliography into
sections include:

1. If manuscript, archival or other sources do not readily fit into an alphabetical list
2. If readers need to easily differentiate between different types of works cited
3. If the main purpose of the bibliography is as a guide to additional readings.

List the full name of the author(s), beginning with the last name, followed by the first name. For works with two authors, use
“and” (not the ampersand “&”conjunction) to separate the authors’ names and only invert the first author’s name. List authors
in the order used on the title page. For example: Springsteen, Bruce and Jonie Varnell.

If your reference list contains more than one item by the same author(s), list titles by the same author alphabetically. (Ignore
the or an when ordering titles alphabetically).

Nilsen, Christina. Busking for Idiots. Seattle: My Imaginary Press, 2007.

———. Stop Worrying: Enjoy Life. Barcelona: Rioja Publishing Cooperative, 2010.

Books, Edited Books & Book Chapters

A full reference to a book should include the following elements, where applicable, in the bibliography, and also in complete
foot or endnotes:

Author(s) or editor(s): full names. If no personal author/editor, use a corporate author (name of an institution).
Title: Use the full title of the book, including the subtitle. Titles are capitalized headline-style.
Editor, compiler or translator if applicable
Edition: include the edition for anything that is not the first edition
 Chicago Style – Quick Guide 16th edition
Volume: If referencing a multivolume work in its entirety, include the total number of volumes. If referencing a single
volume within a multivolume work, cite only the individual volume number and its title.
Series: if applicable, include the series title and volume number, if a numbered series.
Publication details: city, publisher and date.
Page number(s): don’t put “p” in front.
URL or DOI for online electronic books. For other types of electronic books, indicate the medium (DVD, CD-ROM etc.)

Full Footnote or Endnote: General Format

Author’s First Name(s) Surname, Title of Publication (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number(s).

Bibliography: General Format

Author’s Surname, First Name(s). Title of Publication. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Note the main differences between citations in the notes versus the bibliography:
First and surname order is reversed
Commas are used in notes where periods are used in the bibliography
Publication details are placed in parentheses in the notes.

Books, One Author

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote
21. James Fenimore Cooper, The Last of the Mohicans; A Narrative of 1757 (London: John Miller, 1826), 33.

Example: Bibliography
Cooper, James Fenimore. The Last of the Mohicans; A Narrative of 1757. London: John Miller, 1826.

Books, 2-3 Authors (or Editors)

If a book has two to three authors or editors, list them in the same order as occurs on the title page. In the bibliography, invert
only the first author’s name and use commas before and after the first author’s given name or initials. Use and instead of the
ampersand “&” to separate names.

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote

22. Howard Kerr, John W. Crowley and Charles L. Crow, eds., The Haunted Dusk: American Supernatural Fiction, 1820-1920
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1982), i.

Example: Bibliography
Kerr, Howard, John W. Crowley and Charles L. Crow, eds. The Haunted Dusk: American Supernatural Fiction, 1820-1920. Athens:
University of Georgia Press, 1982.

Books, 4-10 Authors (or Editors)

For books with four to ten authors or editors, list them all in the bibliography, but in the note, include only the name of the first
author, followed by et al. (without an intervening comma).

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote

13. Jason Henning et al., Using Action Research to Improve Instruction: An Interactive Guide for Teachers (New York: Routledge,
2009), 33.

Example: Bibliography
Henning, Jason, Elizabeth Stone, Jared Kelly and Carly Crow. Using Action Research to Improve Instruction: An Interactive Guide
for Teachers. New York: Routledge, 2009.
 Chicago Style – Quick Guide 16th edition
Books, 11+ Authors (or Editors)
In the humanities, books with eleven or more authors are rare. However, in this scenario, Chicago Style suggests that the
bibliography include only the first seven of these followed by et al. If there is a shortage of space, this may be reduced to six. In
the note, include only the name of the first author, followed by et al. (without an intervening comma).

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote

13. Rudy, Jason et al., Large Collaboration Projects in History and the Humanities (New York: Routledge, 1989), 21.

Example: Bibliography
Rudy, Jason, Isla Randolph, Isabella Jiminez, Leen Vanderhoufen, Gijs Kirkermann, Saar Maartens and Carly Crow et al. Large
Collaboration Projects in History and the Humanities. New York: Routledge, 1989.

Books: Editor, Translator or Compiler Instead of Author(s)

For works with no author listed on the title page, use the name of the editor(s), translator(s), and/or compiler(s) instead. In full
notes and bibliographies, use the applicable abbreviations following the name, preceded by a comma: ed. or eds., comp. or
comps., or trans. This abbreviation is not included in shortened notes.

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote

7. Laura Dabundo, ed. Encyclopedia of Romanticism: Culture in Britain, 1780s – 1830s (New York & London: Garland Publishing,
Ltd., 1992), 2-3.

Example: Bibliography
Dabundo, Laura, ed. Encyclopedia of Romanticism: Culture in Britain, 1780s – 1830s. New York & London: Garland Publishing
Ltd., 1992.

Chapter or Section of a Book

To reference a specific chapter or other clearly marked section of a book, list the title of the chapter in quotations following the
author’s name. After the title of the chapter or section, the chapter number may be indicated, followed by in, followed by the
title of the book. In the bibliography, it is acceptable to list either the title of the book or the chapter first.

Examples: Full Footnote or Endnote

2. W.E.H. Lecky, “On the Secularization of Politics,” chap. 5 in History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in
Europe (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1865), 50-72.

2. W.E.H. Lecky, “On the Secularization of Politics,” in History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe
(London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1865), 50-72.

Examples: Bibliography
Lecky, W.E.H. “On the Secularization of Politics.” Chap. 5 in History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in
Europe. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1865.

Lecky, W.E.H. History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1865.
See esp. chap 5, “On the Secularization of Politics.”

Chapter in an Edited Book

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote
Alison Tracy, "Uncanny Afflictions: Spectral Evidence and the Puritan Crisis of Subjectivity," in Spectral America: Phantoms and
the National Imagination, ed. Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004), 4.

Example: Bibliography
Tracy, Alison. "Uncanny Afflictions: Spectral Evidence and the Puritan Crisis of Subjectivity." In Spectral America: Phantoms and
the National Imagination, edited by Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004.
 Chicago Style – Quick Guide 16th edition

Group / Corporate Author

If there is no personal author listed on the title page of a publication issued by an organization, association or corporation, list
the organization as the author, even if it is also the publisher.

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote

th
15. University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style, 16 ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010).

Example: Bibliography
th
University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style. 16 ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.

Multi-Volume Work: Cited as a Whole

To cite a multi-volume work as a whole, list the total number of volumes after the title of the work, or after the editor’s name if
applicable. If the volumes have been published over a period of several years, give the dates of the first and last volumes,
separated by a dash.

Example: Bibliography
Aristotle. Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Edited by J. Barnes. 2 vols. Bollingen Series. Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983.

Multi-Volume Work: Citing a Particular Volume

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote
15. Muriel St. Clare Byrne, ed., The Lisle Letters (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 4:243.

Example: Bibliography
Chaim, Jared, ed. The Revolutionary Wars. Vol. 6 of European History through the Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Letters in Published Collections

Begin a reference to a letter in a published collection with the names of the sender and recipient (in that order), followed by
the date and, sometimes the place where the letter was written.

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote

34. Emily Carr to Langdon Kihn, 31 December 1931, in Letters from Klee Wick, 1928-1941, ed. Ruth Sampson (Victoria: Trafford
Press, 2007), 2-6.

Example: Bibliography
Carr, Emily. Letters from Klee Wick, 1928-1941. Edited by Ruth Sampson. Victoria: Trafford Press, 2007.

Electronic Books
Retrieved from a library or bookseller
The format for citing an electronic book is the same as for a print book, except that the type of format consulted must be
identified at the end of the citation.

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote

Jane Austen. Sense and Sensibility (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), Kindle edition.
Jane Austen. Sense and Sensibility (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), PDF e-book.
Jane Austen. Sense and Sensibility (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), iBooks e-book.

Example: Bibliography
Austen, Jane. Sense and Sensibility. New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle edition.
Austen, Jane. Sense and Sensibility. New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. PDF e-book.
Austen, Jane. Sense and Sensibility. New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. iBooks e-book.
 Chicago Style – Quick Guide 16th edition

Books consulted online

For books consulted online, add the URL or Digital Object Identifier (DOI), if available, to the end of the citation.

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote

Henry James, The Coxon Fund (London, U.K.: The Electric Book Company, 2001)
[Link]

Example: Bibliography
James, Henry. The Coxon Fund. London, U.K.: The Electric Book Company, 2001.
[Link]

Freely available electronic editions of older works

Many books in the public domain are freely available online. It may be difficult to know, however, whether such sources are
authoritative – i.e. which edition of a text is online. If this information is available, include it in the citation. If not, consider
consulting a print edition.

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote

Henry James. The Figure in the Carpet [1916; Project Gutenberg, 1996],
[Link]

Example: Bibliography
James, Henry. The Figure in the Carpet. Reprint of the 1916 Martin Secker edition, Project Gutenberg, 1996.
[Link]

Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and other Reference Works

If well known, reference books such as dictionaries and encyclopedias may be excluded from bibliographies. In the notes,
reference specific entries from dictionaries and encyclopedias as per the examples below. Note that most of the publication
details can be omitted.

Example: Footnote or Endnote

nd
42. Oxford English Dictionary, 2 ed., s.v. “chortle.”
th
43. Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 ed., s.v. “a cappella (vocal music).”

In some cases, it may be more appropriate to include the full publication details in references to some reference works.

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote

13. Laura Dabundo, ed. Encyclopedia of Romanticism: Culture in Britain, 1780s - 1830s (New York & London, Garland
Publishing, Ltd., 1992), 2-3.

Example: Bibliography
Dabundo, Laura, ed. Encyclopedia of Romanticism: Culture in Britain, 1780s - 1830s. New York & London, Garland Publishing,
Ltd., 1992.

Online Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

Cite online dictionaries and encyclopedias in the same way as you would a print version. However, if no publication or revision
date is available, include an access date instead. Also add a URL: if the article recommends a particular URL, use that; otherwise
include a short form of the URL which readers may use to enter a search term.
 Chicago Style – Quick Guide 16th edition
Example: Full Footnote or Endnote
2. Wikipedia, s.v. “Thompson Rivers University,” last modified October 18, 2010,
[Link]

As with print dictionaries and encyclopedias, in some cases, it may be more appropriate to include the full publication details in
some references.

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote

3. Tom Radford, “David Thompson: The Greatest Geographer the World has Known,” in The Canadian Encylopedia, accessed
November 26, 2010, [Link]

Example: Bibliography
Lawlor, Leonard. “Jacques Derrida.” In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, 1997. Article published 2006.
[Link]

Periodicals: Journal, Magazine, & Newspaper Articles

In Chicago Style, online periodicals (journals, magazines and newspapers) are cited exactly the same as their print versions, with
the addition of a URL or DOI (Digital Object Identifier). DOI’s are unique codes used to provide a stable URL for online articles.
DOI’s are preferable to URLs. They are typically located on the search results page of an article database, in the detailed
bibliographic information for an article, or on the PDF or HTML full-text version of an article. If using a URL, use a stable or
“permanent” URL if this is available. Otherwise, use the web address that appears in your web browser’s address bar when you
view the article itself (or the abstract). Note that access dates are not required by Chicago Style when citing electronic sources,
unless no date of publication or revision can be identified from the source.

Full Footnote or Endnote: General Format

Author’s First Name(s) Surname, “Title of Article,” Periodical Title Volume, Number (Publication Date): page number(s).

Bibliography: General Format

Author’s Surname, First Name(s). “Title of Article.” Periodical Title Volume, Number (Publication Date): page number(s).

Journals
Chicago Style defines a “journal” as a scholarly or professional periodical. Journals are typically accessed through a
subscription. When citing journal articles, include both the volume number and publication date.

Journal Article, One Author: Retrieved from a Print Journal

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote
12. Michael Lundblad, "Epistemology of the Jungle: Progressive-Era Sexuality and the Nature of the Beast," American Literature
81, no. 4 (December 2009): 747-773.

Example: Bibliography
Lundblad, Michael. "Epistemology of the Jungle: Progressive-Era Sexuality and the Nature of the Beast." American Literature
81, no. 4 (December 2009): 747-773.

Journal Article, One Author: Retrieved Online with a DOI

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote
12. Michael Lundblad, "Epistemology of the Jungle: Progressive-Era Sexuality and the Nature of the Beast," American
Literature 81, no. 4 (December 2009): 747-773, doi: 10.1215/00029831-2009-045.

Example: Bibliography
Lundblad, Michael. "Epistemology of the Jungle: Progressive-Era Sexuality and the Nature of the Beast." American Literature
81, no. 4 (December 2009): 747-773. doi: 10.1215/00029831-2009-045.
 Chicago Style – Quick Guide 16th edition

Journal article, One Author: Retrieved Online without a DOI

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote
12. Michael Lundblad, "Epistemology of the Jungle: Progressive-Era Sexuality and the Nature of the Beast," American Literature
81, no. 4 (December 2009): 747-773,
[Link]
ost-live.

Example: Bibliography
Lundblad, Michael. "Epistemology of the Jungle: Progressive-Era Sexuality and the Nature of the Beast." American Literature
81, no. 4 (December 2009): 747-773.
[Link]
ost-live.

Journal article, 2-3 Authors: Retrieved Online

Cite print and online journal articles in the same way, with one exception: include a URL or DOI at the end of online article
citations.

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote

11. Antoinette Burton and Jean Allman. "Gender, Colonialism, and Feminist Collaboration." Radical History Review no. 101
(Spring 2008): 198-210, doi 10.1215/01636545-2007-046.

Example: Bibliography
Burton, Antoinette, and Jean Allman. "Gender, Colonialism, and Feminist Collaboration." Radical History Review no. 101 (Spring
2008): 198-210. doi 10.1215/01636545-2007-046.

Journal Article, 4-10 Authors: Retrieved Online

When citing journal articles with 4-10 authors, include the names of all of the authors in the bibliography. In the notes, include
only the name of the first author, followed by et al. (without an intervening comma). Also, cite print and online journal articles
in the same way, with one exception: include a URL or DOI at the end of online article citations.

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote

13. Jason Henning et al., “Dance as a Pedagogical Practice in Literacy Instruction,” Shaking up the Classroom 33, no. 2 (Fall,
2005): 23-67, doi: 10.1215/01636545-2007-046.

Example: Bibliography
Henning, Jason, Elizabeth Stone, Jared Kelly and Carly Crow. “Dance as a Pedagogical Practise in Literacy Instruction.” Shaking
up the Classroom 33, no. 2 (Fall, 2005): 23-67. doi: 10.1215/01636545-2007-046.

Journal Article, 11+ Authors: Retrieved Online

In the humanities, articles with eleven or more authors are rare. However, in this scenario, Chicago Style suggests that the
bibliography includes only the first seven authors’ names followed by et al. If there is a shortage of space, this may be reduced
to six. In the note, include only the name of the first author, followed by et al. (without an intervening comma). Also, cite print
and online journal articles in the same way, with one exception: include a URL or DOI at the end of online article citations.

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote

13. Tine Ketelslegers et al., “Great Painters from Oostende,” Flemish Art 32, no. 4 (Winter, 2007): 3-39, doi: 10.1215/01636545-
2007-046.

Example: Bibliography
 Chicago Style – Quick Guide 16th edition
Ketelslegers, Tine, Heleen Praat, Gaert Himmelsbaden, Koen Biertjes, Lieve Krankenhaus, Jos Thielmans and Art Gjarder et al.
“Great Painters from Oostende.” Flemish Art 32, no. 4 (Winter, 2007): 3-39. doi: 10.1215/01636545-2007-046.

Magazines
Chicago Style distinguishes magazines and journals, the latter of which are understood to be scholarly or professional
periodicals. Magazines, by contrast, are defined here as weekly, monthly or bimonthly periodicals which are more accessible to
the generalist reader. Most of the guidelines for citing journals also apply to magazines, including the differences between
citing online versus print formats. Note, however, that magazines should be cited by date only, even if a volume and issue
number exists.

Magazine Article (General Format): Retrieved from a Print Magazine

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote
12. Pilar Salina Taylor, “The Drink for the Rich and Uneducated,” Maclean's, July 12, 2008, 29.

Example: Bibliography
Taylor, Pilar Salina. “The Drink for the Rich and Uneducated.” Maclean's, July 12, 2008, 29.

Magazine Article: Retrieved Online with a DOI

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote
12. Pilar Salina Taylor, “The Drink for the Rich and Uneducated,” Maclean's, July 12, 2008, 29, doi: 10.1215/01636545-2007-
046.

Example: Bibliography
Taylor, Pilar Salina. “The Drink for the Rich and Uneducated.” Maclean's, July 12, 2008, 29. doi: 10.1215/01636545-2007-046.

Magazine Article: Retrieved Online with No DOI

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote
12. Pilar Salina Taylor, “The Drink for the Rich and Uneducated,” Maclean's, July 12, 2008, 29,
[Link]
host-live.

Example: Bibliography
Taylor, Pilar Salina. “The Drink for the Rich and Uneducated.” Maclean's, July 12, 2008, 29.
[Link]
host-live.

Newspapers
When citing newspaper articles, include the author’s name (if available), the headline or column heading (similar to the title of
a magazine article title), and the month, day and year of publication. Page numbers may be omitted, as there may be multiple
issues of a newspaper on any given day. In the bibliography, include the edition and section name (where applicable). For
online newspaper articles, include the URL. If the URL is excessively long and/or it is necessary to save space, the URL may be
shortened to include only the portion up to the end of the domain extension (i.e. .com, .ca, .org etc.).

Newspaper Article (General Format): Retrieved from a Print Newspaper

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote
12. Chuck Roar, “Cabins by the Lake,” Toronto Star, July 12, 2008, 29, doi: 10.1215/01636545-2007-046.

Example: Bibliography
Roar, Chuck. “Cabins by the Lake.” Toronto Star, July 12, 2008, 29. doi: 10.1215/01636545-2007-046.

Newspaper Article, Anonymous: Retrieved from a Print Newspaper

 Chicago Style – Quick Guide 16th edition
When citing a newspaper article with no known author, begin the citation with the title of the article.

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote

"Wonderful Spiritualist Manifestations: Spirit Hands, Faces and Forms!" British Colonist, 13 October 1875, 3.

Example: Bibliography
"Wonderful Spiritualist Manifestations: Spirit Hands, Faces and Forms!" British Colonist, 13 October 1875, 3.

Newspaper article: Retrieved Online

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote
D. W. Higgins, "More Ghosts: A Grim Chronicle of Shadowy Visitations," Victoria Daily Colonist, 25 October 1903, 6,
[Link]

Example: Bibliography
Higgins, D.W. "More Ghosts: A Grim Chronicle of Shadowy Visitations." Victoria Daily Colonist, 25 October 1903, 6.
[Link]

Book Reviews: retrieved online with no DOI

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote
Rebecca Ascher-Walsh, review of The River of Lost Footsteps, by Thant Myint-U, Entertainment Weekly no. 910 (December 8,
2006): 101.
[Link]
host-live
Example: Bibliography
Ascher-Walsh, Rebecca. Review of The River of Lost Footsteps, by Thant Myint-U. Entertainment Weekly no. 910 (December 8,
2006): 101.
[Link]
host-live

Web Documents
The general format for citing web documents is as follows. (Include as much relevant information as is available.)

Author, “Title of Webpage,” Title of Website, date webpage was last modified (or accessed), URL.

Website refers to a collection of webpages associated by domain and made available at a specific online location/URL.
Webpage, by contrast, refers to any of the individual “pages” included in a website. Note that if the date when a webpage was
last modified is available, you should include this in the citation. If not, include the date the webpage was last accessed.

Webpage with an Author

Examples: Full Footnote or Endnote
History on the Edge, “Spirits in Victoria: An Inspection of Liquor in the 1860’s,” Victoria’s Victoria, accessed December 22, 2010,
[Link]

Paul Ward, “Antarctica Fact File,” Cool Antarctica, last modified 2001,
[Link]

Barack Obama’s Facebook page, accessed July 19, 2008, [Link]

Examples: Bibliography

History on the Edge. “Spirits in Victoria: An Inspection of Liquor in the 1860’s.” Victoria’s Victoria. Accessed December 22,
2010. [Link]
 Chicago Style – Quick Guide 16th edition
Ward, Paul. “Antarctica Fact File.” Cool Antarctica. Last modified 2001.
[Link]

Barack Obama’s Facebook Page. Accessed July 19, 2008. [Link]

Webpage without an Author

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote
“Google Privacy Policy,” last modified October 14, 2005, [Link]

Example: Bibliography
“Google Privacy Policy.” Last modified October 14, 2005. [Link]

Blog Entries
Omit blogs from bibliographies unless a particular blog has been cited frequently. Cite blog entries in the notes as follows:

Author, “Title of Blog Post,” Title of Blog, Date of Post, URL.

If the word “blog” is not included in the blog title, add it in parentheses at the end of the title.

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote

Michael Geist, “Liberals Stake Out Positions on Bill C-32,” Michael Geist (blog), December 16, 2010,
[Link]

Example: Bibliography
Geist, Michael. “Liberals Stake Out Positions on Bill C-32.” Michael Geist (blog). December 16, 2010.
[Link]

Audio-Visual and Multimedia Materials

Video Clip: Retrieved from the Internet (i.e. YouTube)
When citing multimedia sources, include enough information to thoroughly identify the work, including the author, title, video
source, date of publication or access and the URL. If you are citing a video of a live performance or speech, include information
about the original performance or published source if available. If no publication or posting date is known, list the date that the
source was accessed.

Full Footnote or Endnote: General Format for Online Media

1. First name Surname of Performer, Writer or Creator, Title of Text, indication of format/medium, running time,
publication or accessed date, URL.

Bibliography: General Format for Online Media

Surname, First name of Performer, Writer or Creator. Title of Text. Indication of Medium, Running Time. Publication or
Accessed Date. URL.

Examples: Full Footnote or Endnote

Arianna Huffington, “How to Succeed? Get More Sleep,” TED video, 4:11, filmed in December 2010, posted January 2011,
[Link]

“Early Animated Smokey Bear Commercial,” YouTube video, 1:05, accessed January 2011,
[Link]

Examples: Bibliography
Huffington, Arianna. “How to Succeed? Get More Sleep.” Ted video, 4:11. Filmed in December 2010. Posted January 2011.
[Link]
 Chicago Style – Quick Guide 16th edition

“Early Animated Smokey Bear Commercial.” YouTube video, 1:05. Accessed January 2011.
[Link]

DVDs and Videocassettes

When citing video recordings, include any facts that may assist in identifying the item.

Examples: Full Footnote or Endnote

32. John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin, “Commentaries,” disc 2, Monty Python and the Holy
Grail, special ed. DVD, directed by Terry Gilliam and Terry Jones (Culver City, CA: Columbia Tristar Home
Entertainment, 2001).
33. George Frideric Handel, Messiah, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chamber Chorus, Robert Shaw, performed December
19, 1987 (Ansonia Station, NY: Video Artists International, 1988), videocassette (VHS), 141 min.

Examples: Bibliography
Cleese, John, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. “Commentaries.” Disc 2, Monty Python and the Holy Grail,
special ed. DVD. Directed by Terry Gilliam and Terry Jones. Culver City, CA: Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment,
2001.

Handel, George Frideric. Messiah. Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chamber Chorus, Robert Shaw, performed December 19,
1987. Ansonia Station, NY: Video Artists International, 1988. Videocassette (VHS), 141 min.

Audio Recordings
Examples: Full Footnote or Endnote
33. The Fireside Treasury of Folk Songs, vol. 1, orchestra and chorus dir. Mitch Miller, Golden Record A198:17A-B, 1958, 33 ½
rpm.
34. New York Trumpet Ensemble, with Edward Carroll (trumpet) and Edward Brewer (organ), Art of the Trumpet, recorded at
the Madeira Festival, June 1-2, 1981, Vox/Turnabout, PVT 7183, 1982, compact disc.
35. Richard Strauss, Don Quixote, with Emmanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by
Eugene Ormandy, recorded February 24, 1940, Buddulph LAB 042, 1991, compact disc.
36. Billy Holiday, vocal performance of “I’m a Fool to Want You,” by Joel Heron, Frank Sinatra, and Jack Wolf, recorded
February 20, 1958, with Ray Ellis, on Lady in Satin, Columbia CL 1157, 33 ½ rpm.

Examples: Bibliography
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Don Giovanni. Orchestra and Chorus of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Sir Colin Davis.
With Ingvar Wixell, Luigi Roni, Marina Arroyo, Stuart Burrows, Kiri Te Kanawa, et al. Recorded May 1973. Philips 422
541-2, 1991, 3 compact discs.

Grubbs, David. Rickets & Scurvy. Gastr Virgo Music (BMI), 2002, compact disc.

Rubenstein, Artur. The Chopin Collection. RCA Victor / BMG 60822-2-RG, 1991, 11 compact discs. Recorded 1946, 1958-67.

Unpublished and Informally Published Material

Theses and Dissertations

Titles of unpublished works are placed inside quotation marks, and are not italicized. Identify the type of thesis or dissertation
in parentheses in the note, and without parentheses in the bibliography.

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote

Louise-Anne May, “Sino-Western Historical Accounts and Imaginative Images of Women in Battle” (PhD diss., University of
British Columbia, 1985), [Link]
 Chicago Style – Quick Guide 16th edition
Example: Bibliography
May, Louise-Anne. “Sino-Western Historical Accounts and Imaginative Images of Women in Battle.” PhD diss., University of
British Columbia, 1985. [Link]

Lectures, Papers Presented at Meetings etc.

Example: Full Footnote or Endnote
Tara Smirts, “The Revival of Lighthouses in Maritime Canada” (paper presented at Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC,
March 13, 2004).

Example: Bibliography
Smirts, Tara. “The Revival of Lighthouses in Maritime Canada.” Paper presented at Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC,
March 13, 2004.

Personal Communications
Personal communications such as face-to-face conversations, e-mail, text messages etc. are rarely included in bibliographies.
These are typically referenced in the text or in a note alone.