Introduction

• Objective - Analysis and design of beams

• Beams - structural members supporting loads at

various points along the member

• Transverse loadings of beams are classified as

concentrated loads or distributed loads

• Applied loads result in internal forces consisting

of a shear force (from the shear stress
distribution) and a bending couple (from the
normal stress distribution)

• Normal stress is often the critical design criteria

My Mc M
σx = − σm = =
I I S
Requires determination of the location and
magnitude of largest bending moment
Introduction

Classification of Beam Supports

Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
• Determination of maximum normal and
shearing stresses requires identification of
maximum internal shear force and bending
couple.

• Shear force and bending couple at a point are

determined by passing a section through the
beam and applying an equilibrium analysis on
the beam portions on either side of the
section.

• Sign conventions for shear forces V and V’

and bending couples M and M’
Sample Problem 5.1
SOLUTION:
• Treating the entire beam as a rigid
body, determine the reaction forces

• Section the beam at points near

supports and load application points.
Apply equilibrium analyses on
resulting free-bodies to determine
For the timber beam and loading internal shear forces and bending
shown, draw the shear and bend- couples
moment diagrams and determine the
maximum normal stress due to • Identify the maximum shear and
bending. bending-moment from plots of their
distributions.

• Apply the elastic flexure formulas to

determine the corresponding
maximum normal stress.
Sample Problem 5.1
SOLUTION:
• Treating the entire beam as a rigid body, determine
the reaction forces
from ∑ Fy = 0 = ∑ M B : RB = 40 kN RD = 14 kN

• Section the beam and apply equilibrium analyses

on resulting free-bodies
∑ Fy = 0 − 20 kN − V1 = 0 V1 = −20 kN
∑ M1 = 0 (20 kN )(0 m ) + M1 = 0 M1 = 0

∑ Fy = 0 − 20 kN − V2 = 0 V2 = −20 kN
∑ M2 = 0 (20 kN )(2.5 m ) + M 2 = 0 M 2 = −50 kN ⋅ m

V3 = +26 kN M 3 = −50 kN ⋅ m
V4 = +26 kN M 4 = +28 kN ⋅ m
V5 = −14 kN M 5 = +28 kN ⋅ m
V6 = −14 kN M 6 = 0
Sample Problem 5.1
• Identify the maximum shear and bending-
moment from plots of their distributions.
Vm = 26 kN M m = M B = 50 kN ⋅ m

• Apply the elastic flexure formulas to

determine the corresponding
maximum normal stress.
S = 16 b h 2 = 16 (0.080 m )(0.250 m )2

= 833.33 × 10− 6 m3

MB 50 × 103 N ⋅ m
σm = =
S 833.33 × 10− 6 m3

σ m = 60.0 ×106 Pa
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
• Relationship between load and shear:
∑ Fy = 0 : V − (V + ∆V ) − w ∆x = 0
∆V = − w ∆x
dV
= −w
dx
xD
VD − VC = − ∫ w dx
xC
• Relationship between shear and bending
moment:

∑ M C′ = 0 : (M + ∆M ) − M − V ∆x + w∆x ∆x = 0
2
∆M = V ∆x − 12 w (∆x )2
dM
=V
dx
xD
M D − M C = ∫ V dx
xC
Sample Problem 5.2
SOLUTION:
• Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at C.

• Apply the relationship between shear

and load to develop the shear diagram.

Draw the shear and bending moment • Apply the relationship between
diagrams for the beam and loading bending moment and shear to develop
shown. the bending moment diagram.
Sample Problem 5.2
SOLUTION:
• Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at C.
∑ Fy = 0 = − 12 w0 a + RC RC = 12 w0 a
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ a⎞
∑ M C = 0 = 12 w0 a⎜ L − ⎟ + M C M C = − 12 w0 a⎜ L − ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
Results from integration of the load and shear
distributions should be equivalent.
• Apply the relationship between shear and load
to develop the shear diagram.
a
a
⎛ x⎞ ⎡ ⎛ x 2 ⎞⎤
VB − V A = − ∫ w0 ⎜1 − ⎟ dx = − ⎢ w0 ⎜ x − ⎟⎥
⎜ 2a ⎟⎠⎥⎦
0 ⎝ a⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ 0
VB = − 12 w0 a = − ( area under load curve)
- No change in shear between B and C.
- Compatible with free body analysis
Sample Problem 5.2
• Apply the relationship between bending moment
and shear to develop the bending moment
diagram.
a
a⎛ ⎛ x 2 ⎞⎞ ⎡ ⎛ x 2 x3 ⎞⎤
⎜ ⎟
M B − M A = ∫ − w0 ⎜ x − ⎟ dx = ⎢− w0 ⎜ − ⎟⎥
⎜ ⎜ 2a ⎟⎠ ⎟⎠ ⎜ 2 6a ⎟
0⎝ ⎝ ⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎥⎦ 0
M B = − 13 w0 a 2

( )
L
M B − M C = ∫ − 12 w0 a dx = − 12 w0 a(L − a )
a
a w0 ⎛ a⎞
M C = − 16 w0 a(3L − a ) = ⎜L− ⎟
2 ⎝ 3⎠

Results at C are compatible with free-body

analysis