AN ARTICLE ON GREEN'S THEOREM
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\title{An Exposition on Green's Theorem}
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\begin{abstract}
Green's Theorem is a fundamental result in vector calculus, relating a line integral around a simple
closed curve in the plane to a double integral over the region enclosed by the curve. In this article, we
present a detailed derivation of Green's Theorem for two-dimensional regions that are regular with
respect to the coordinate axes. The proof develops from elementary properties of integrals and
gradually extends to more general regions.
\end{abstract}
\section{Introduction}
Green's Theorem provides a powerful link between the circulation around a simple closed curve and
the flux across the boundary of a planar region. More specifically, it connects the line integral of a
vector field along the boundary of a region in \(\mathbb{R}^2\) to a double integral over the enclosed
domain.
This theorem plays a crucial role in many areas of mathematics and physics, including fluid dynamics,
electromagnetics, and the evaluation of area and circulation integrals.
\section{Statement of Green's Theorem}
Let \(E\) be a domain in \(\mathbb{R}^2\), regular with respect to both axes, and bounded by a
positively oriented, piecewise smooth, simple closed contour \(C\). Suppose that \(f(x,y)\) and \(g(x,y)\)
are functions defined on \(E\) whose partial derivatives \(f_y = \partial f / \partial y\) and \(g_x = \
partial g / \partial x\) exist and are continuous on \(E\).
Then Green's Theorem states that:
\[
\iint_E \left(\frac{\partial g}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\right) \, dx\, dy = \oint_C (f\, dx +
g\, dy)
\]
where the line integral on the right-hand side is taken counterclockwise (positive) around the
boundary \(C\).
\section{Proof for Regions Regular with respect to the \(y\)-axis}
We begin by considering a function \(f\) such that \(f\) and its partial derivative \(f_y\) are continuous
on a region \(E\) which is regular with respect to the \(y\)-axis. Specifically, let \(E\) be bounded by the
curves
\[
y = \varphi(x), \quad y = \psi(x), \quad x = a, \quad x = b
\]
where \(\varphi(x) \leq \psi(x)\) for all \(x \in [a,b]\).
The domain \(E\) is thus described as
\[
E = \{(x,y) : a \leq x \leq b, \, \varphi(x) \leq y \leq \psi(x)\}.
\]
We start with the double integral
\[
\iint_E f_y(x,y) \, dx\, dy = \int_a^b \int_{\varphi(x)}^{\psi(x)} f_y(x,y) \, dy\, dx.
\]
Applying the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus with respect to \(y\), we get
\[
\int_{\varphi(x)}^{\psi(x)} f_y(x,y) \, dy = f(x, \psi(x)) - f(x, \varphi(x)),
\]
so that
\[
\iint_E f_y(x,y) \, dx\, dy = \int_a^b f(x, \psi(x)) \, dx - \int_a^b f(x, \varphi(x)) \, dx.
\]
\section{Interpretation in terms of Line Integrals}
The above integrals correspond to line integrals along the boundary segments of \(E\):
\begin{itemize}
\item \(\int_a^b f(x, \psi(x)) \, dx\) corresponds to the integral along the curve \(C_3 : y = \psi(x), \,
x \in [a,b]\),
\item \(\int_a^b f(x, \varphi(x)) \, dx\) corresponds to the integral along the curve \(C_1 : y = \
varphi(x), \, x \in [a,b]\).
\end{itemize}
Taking into account the orientation of the boundary \(C = C_1 + C_2 + C_3 + C_4\), where \(C_2\) and
\(C_4\) are the vertical line segments \(x = b\) and \(x = a\), respectively, and noting that the
contributions on these vertical sides vanish for the integral \(\oint_C f\, dx\),
we have the key relation:
\[
\iint_E f_y \, dx\, dy = - \oint_C f\, dx.
\]
\section{Extension to More General Regions}
If the domain \(E\) can be decomposed into a finite number of subregions \(E_1, E_2, ..., E_n\), each
regular with respect to the \(y\)-axis, then the integral over \(E\) is the sum of the integrals over each
subregion. Since the internal boundary integrals cancel out (because they are traversed in opposite
directions on adjacent subregions), the formula
\[
\iint_E f_y \, dx\, dy = - \oint_C f\, dx
\]
holds in general for any region piecewise regular with respect to the \(y\)-axis.
\section{The Complementary Statement for \(g_x\)}
By a similar argument for a function \(g\) with continuous partial derivative \(g_x\), and for \(E\)
piecewise regular with respect to the \(x\)-axis, one obtains:
\[
\iint_E g_x \, dx\, dy = \oint_C g \, dy.
\]
\section{Conclusion: Green's Theorem}
Combining the two above results, for any region \(E\) regular with respect to both axes, we conclude:
\[
\iint_E \left( \frac{\partial g}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \right) dx\, dy = \oint_C (f\, dx +
g\, dy).
\]
This completes the proof of Green's Theorem.
\section*{References}
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