P. Bean • M. Kleyn • E.L Llewellyn • T.R. Maliehe • A.

Marx

Study Guide

Via Afrika
Tourism
Grade 10
Contents
General Introduction........................................................................................... iii

Term 1 Tourism sectors.......................................................................................1

overview.............................................................................................................1
Questions..........................................................................................................21

Term 2 Map work and tour planning...................................................................27

overview...........................................................................................................27
Questions..........................................................................................................33
Domestic, regional and international toursim........................................................37
overview...........................................................................................................37
Questions......................................................................................................... 39

Term 3 Tourist attractions in South Africa.......................................................... 43

overview.......................................................................................................... 43
Questions..........................................................................................................57
Sustainable and responsible tourism...................................................................61
overview...........................................................................................................61
Questions......................................................................................................... 66
Marketing......................................................................................................... 70
overview.......................................................................................................... 70
Questions..........................................................................................................72

Term 4 Culture and heritage..............................................................................75

overview...........................................................................................................75
Questions......................................................................................................... 80
Communication and customer care..................................................................... 82
overview.......................................................................................................... 82
Questions......................................................................................................... 86

Exam Paper 1..................................................................................................... 89

Answers............................................................................................................ 94

©Via Afrika » Tourism ii

Welcome to the Via Afrika Tourism Grade 10 Study Guide eBook. This eBook will help
you understand and master all the content and skills that you will need to meet the
requirements for the Grade 10 National Curriculum Assessment Policy Statement for
Tourism.

This Study Guide covers the following topics:

1 Tourism sectors
2 Map work and tour planning
3 Domestic, regional and international tourism
4 Tourist attractions
5 Sustainable and responsible tourism
6 Marketing
7 Culture and heritage
8 Communication and customer care

How to get the most from your Study Guide

Each topic is divided into:

●● an overview (graphic organiser)
●● summaries
●● questions and answers.

There is an example of a final examination paper with model answers.

The tourism industry in South Africa is changing all the time. Every day brings new
ideas. Our Learner’s Book and Study Guide eBook will provide you with excellent
resource material, but it is important for you to keep up to date by following new
developments in tourism in the media, such as on television, in newspapers, magazines
and on the internet.

Your ability to work in a team, find information and discuss and explain key concepts
will help to develop your competence in a very exciting career in Tourism!

©Via Afrika » Tourism iii

 Term 1
Tourism sectors

Overview
topic Tourism
1 sectors

unit introduction to unit Types of tourists unit different modes of unit The hospitality

1 Tourism
2 and tourist profiles
3 transport
4 sector

1 What is tourism? 1 Types of tourists 1 Travelling by road 1 Different types of

2 Types of 2 Drawing up a 2 Travelling by air accommodation
destinations tourist profile establishments
3 Travelling by rail
3 Why do people 4 Travelling by water
travel?
5 Extraordinary modes of
4 What is a tourist? transport
6 Mode of transport to suit
the purpose of a trip
7 Advantages and
disadvantages

unit The south african unit accomidation unit in-room technology unit Food and beverage

5 grading system
6 establishment
terminology and
concepts
7 8 establishments

1 The Star Grading 1 Technology for 1 Types of

System information establishments
2 The role of the TGCSA 2 Technology for comfort
3 Benefits of the grading 3 Technology for
system entertainment
4 Procedure to follow to 4 Technology for safety
be graded 5 Technology for
5 Logos that may be environmental
displayed upon grading responsibility
6 Technology for work

unit The attraction unit structure of the unit structure of the unit payment methods

9 sector
10 south african
tourism industry:
the public sector
11 south african
tourism industry:
the private sector
12 in south africa

1 What are attractions? 1 The National 1 Product owners 1 Internet payments

2 Attraction sub-sectors Department of 2 Local communities 2 Automatic teller
Tourism (NDT) machine (ATM)
3 Types of tourist 3 NGOs, CBOs and
attractions 2 Other government professional payments
departments associations 3 Speed point
4 Primary and secondary
tourist attractions 3 State owned 4 The international machines
enterprises community 4 Credit cards
5 Attractions and their (parastatals)
appeal for particular 5 Debit cards
types of tourists 4 Partly state-owned
agencies 6 Cellphone payments
6 Activities offered at 7 Cheques
tourist attractions 5 Public entities

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 Term 1

1 Introduction to tourism
1.1 What is tourism?
Tourism is the study of activities, services and industries that provide a travel
experience. It is made up of different sectors: tourist profiles, transport, hospitality,
support services and attractions.

1.1.1 The difference between inbound and outbound tourism

●● Inbound tourists travel into a country from another country.
●● Outbound tourists travel out of their home country to visit another country.

1.2 Types of destinations

●● Domestic tourism is people travelling within their own country.
●● Regional tourism is people travelling in a specific geographical area.
●● International tourism is people who travel outside their country of residence,
crossing an international border with passport control.

1.3 Why do people travel?

Tourists have different needs, preferences and expectations. Once people have satisfied
their basic needs (air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sleep, protection, security, order,
law, limits, stability, family, affection, relationships, work) they seek to satisfy higher
level needs and wants. These include achievement, status, responsibility, reputation,
personal growth and fulfilment. Tourism can provide part of the satisfaction of these
higher needs and wants.

1.4 What is a tourist?

●● A tourist travels away from home for longer than a day, but less than a year.
●● An excursionist arrives at and departs from a destination on the same day.

2 Types of tourists and tourist profiles

2.1 Types of tourists
Tourists can be classified as follows:
●● Business and professional
●● Leisure and holiday
●● Visiting friends and relatives (VFR)
●● Youth travel (backpackers and gap year)
●● Adventure
●● Eco/environmental
●● Cultural
●● Religion
●● Sport and recreation

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 Term 1

●● Special interest tourist (SIT)

●● Incentive
●● Health.

2.2 Drawing up a tourist profile

A tourist profile is a summary of what tourists want and expect. It contains the following
information:
●● Name
●● Nationality
●● Age
●● Contact details
●● Occupation
●● Needs and preferences (sport, education, etc.)
●● Specific requirements (accommodation, food, transport)
●● Arrival and departure dates.

3 Different modes of transport

3.1 Travelling by road
3.1.1 Cars
●● Sedan cars are used for private travel.
●● 4x4 vehicles are used off-road.
●● Cars can tow trailers or caravans.
●● Hired cars transport small groups or individuals.

3.1.2 Buses/coaches
●● They follow a set timetable and fixed routes.
●● Tour groups use chartered buses.
●● Greyhound and Intercape are coach companies.
●● The Baz Bus is for backpackers.
●● Shuttle buses provide transport to and from airports, harbours and terminals.

3.1.3 Taxis
●● Metered taxis charge rates for the distance travelled.
●● Mini buses don’t have timetables of fixed pick-up of drop-off points.

3.1.4 Motorbikes or motor cycles

●● Motorbikes are hired for self-drive trips.

3.2 Travelling by air

3.2.1 Aeroplanes
●● They are fast and expensive.

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 Term 1

●● They fly between major centres.

●● Business executives and wealthy tourists charter smaller aircraft.
●● Helicopters can fly from small airfields. They are a popular way to view attractions.
They are expensive.
●● Microlights can only carry one or two people.
●● They appeal to adventure tourists.

3.3 Travelling by rail

●● Railway networks link major centres.
●● It is a good way to see the scenery.

3.3.1 Train services in South Africa

●● Shosholoza Meyl travel on city to city routes.
●● Metrorail is a commuter service.
●● The Gautrain is a rapid transit route linking OR Tambo International Airport with
Johannesburg and Pretoria. It is a bullet train.
●● The Blue Train is a luxury train. It runs weekly on the Cape Town-Pretoria route.
●● Rovos Rail is a privately run luxury service. It operates within South Africa and to
other countries.
●● Trams run on tracks laid down in streets. In South Africa they were replaced by bus
systems. There is one in Kimberley that takes tourists to the Big Hole.

3.4 Travelling by water

3.4.1 Luxury cruise liners
●● Tourists can embark and disembark at South African ports.
3.4.2 Boats
●● Boats are popular for harbour cruises, fishing trips and whale watching.
●● Yachts are used for private cruising.

3.5 Extraordinary modes of transport

●● Camels
●● Donkey carts
●● Hot air balloons
●● Bicycles.

3.6 Mode of transport to suit the purpose of a trip

The selection of transport depends on:
●● Transport available
●● Cost
●● Safety
●● Reliability
●● Flexibility of the schedule

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 Term 1

●● Number of people
●● Distance and time
●● Personal preferences
●● Accessibility
●● Level of comfort required.

3.7 Advantages and disadvantages of different modes

of transport
Each mode of transport has advantages and disadvantages.

Mode Advantages Disadvantages

Convenient, quick, and comfortable; Long journeys can be tiring and can
cost effective for more than two passen- lead to driver fatigue and accidents; low
gers; flexible as the driver can decide on carrying capacity; toll fees on national
arrival and departure times, and stops roads increase the cost; road works
Road: Car along the way; you can get to your exact and congestion can cause delays and
destination; use of the vehicle at the increase the travel time; high cost of car
destination cuts further transport costs. maintenance.

Relatively cheap; high carrying capacity; Operate according to fixed schedules

relaxing as passengers do not have to and routes and thus are not flexible;
drive; adjustable seats and air-condi- passengers have to make their own way
Road: Bus or coach
tioning add to comfort; all major towns to and from the departure and arrival
and cities are accessible. points; congestion and road works could
cause delays.
Cater for commuters and long distance Drivers wait until the vehicle is full be-
(inter-city) travellers; relatively inexpen- fore departing, causing delays; drivers
sive; passengers can be dropped off at tend to overload, causing discomfort
their destination; routes include areas to passengers and often resulting in
Road: Minibus taxi not covered by other public transport accidents; potential poor maintenance
routes and are fairly regulated but not increases the possibility of accidents;
scheduled, so there is some flexibility. regular strike action disrupts the ser-
vice.
Fastest mode; safe; reliable; high carry- Not flexible as routes and timetables are
ing capacity; cabin crew look after pas- scheduled; restrictions on number and
sengers and serve refreshments; there weight of luggage items; airports are
are flights between all the main centres usually situated outside city limits so ad-
Air: Aeroplane and several smaller towns. ditional transport mode to/from airport
is needed; restricted seating space may
cause discomfort; international passen-
gers crossing time zones may experience
jet lag.
Relatively inexpensive and fast; stations Scheduled routes and timetables means
are usually situated in town and city that travel by rail is relatively inflexible;
Rail: Train centres; energy efficient; relaxing. commuter trains are often overcrowded
in peak periods which may cause dis-
comfort.
Reliable; relaxing; energy efficient; saf- Time consuming and so only suited to
est mode of transport; generous luggage passengers who have time to spend
allowance; relatively high fare includes travelling; passengers may experience
Water: Cruise liner accommodation, meals, use of all facili- sea-sickness; to the fare must be added
ties and entertainment. the cost of a second mode of transport
to/from point of embarkation and disem-
barkation.

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 Term 1

4 The hospitality sector

Private and public hospitality sectors offer accommodation and meals for tourists.
●● Private sectors include:
●● B & Bs

●● Guest houses

●● Hotels

●● Backpackers

●● Restaurants.

●● Public sectors include establishments run by National Parks.

4.1 Different types of accommodation establishments

The type of establishment chosen is influenced by:
●● Type of accommodation required
●● Quality of accommodation required
●● Location desired
●● Availability of accommodation
●● Tourist budget.

4.1.1 Formal service accommodation

Required: Manager, receptionist, all meals and beverages, room service, valet service,
laundry service, shuttle service, wake-up calls, 24 hour security, private en suite rooms,
telephone, Internet, TV, tea and coffee making facilities, gym, swimming pool, gift and
speciality gift shops, conference room, parking.

4.1.2 Guest accommodation

Owner run, family atmosphere. Required: servicing of rooms, host or receptionist,
meals by arrangement, wake-up calls, laundry service, 24 hour security, private room,
telephone, TV, tea and coffee making facilities, linen, towels, parking.

4.1.3 Self catering accommodation

Costs less. Required: At least one bedroom, living and dining area, bathroom, cooking
or kitchen area, management available, cleaning service, linen, towels, cooking
equipment, TV, braai area.

4.1.4 Caravan and camping establishments

Inexpensive. Required: Caretaker must be available, electrical power, bathrooms, braai
areas, refuse removal, laundry room, shop, access to a telephone, running water for
sites, dishwashing facilities, wash lines, recreational facilities such as swimming pool.

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 Term 1

4.1.5 Back-packers and hostels

For travellers with limited budget. Required: Single or dormitory rooms, linen, shared
living areas, tourist information brochures, reception area, public telephone, communal
bathrooms and relaxation area.

4.1.6 Game lodges

Privately owned, high standard of accommodation, situated in or close to game
reserves; services and facilities similar to small luxury hotel.

5 The South African grading system

The Tourist Grading Council of South Africa (TGCSA) is responsible for the grading and
quality assurance of accommodation establishments.

5.1 The Star Grading System

It evaluates or grades establishments and awards stars.

5.2 The role of the TGCSA

The council trains assessors, approves or rejects assessors’ findings, grades
establishments, supplies grading plaques, manages a customer feedback system to
maintain standards, does regular checks on establishments.

5.3 Benefits of the grading system

5.3.1 For tourists
They know what to expect and can make an informed selection of establishments. They
can use the customer feedback system.

5.3.2 For establishments

They are listed on the TGCSA website. They can advertise in the SAT booklet, grading is
good for business. They can use the grading stars in advertising.

5.4 Procedure to follow to be graded

The owner must:
●● Read and understand requirements
●● Choose an assessor from a list
●● Apply for grading
●● Make an appointment with assessor.

The assessor must:

●● Visit the establishment
●● Discuss assessment with owner
●● Give recommendations with photos to the TGCSA.

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 Term 1

The TGCSA approves or rejects assessment. Owners can appeal if necessary. Grading is
valid for one year. The owner may buy a plaque to display star grading.

Owners of establishments must also:

●● Register with their province as a business
●● Obtain tax clearance
●● Have ID or work permit if not South African
●● Have public liability insurance
●● Have a liquor license if necessary
●● Have BEE compliance or an exemption certificate.

5.5 Logos that may be displayed upon grading

The grading plaque indicates the type of accommodation and its stars. It has a number
on it and a statement that gives the council the right to remove it if the establishment
does not maintain the grading requirements.

6 Accommodation establishment terminology

and concepts
This is a room suitable or spacious enough for two peo-
double room ple. It contains one double (or larger) bed, or two twin
beds, or two double (or larger) beds.
This is a room with two beds that accommodates two
twin room
people, either in two single beds or in two double beds.
This is a room with one double bed or two single beds for
family room
parents, and one or more beds for children.
Types of rooms
This may consist of two separate rooms, or one room
suites that has been divided into a separate living and sleeping
area.
This describes a bedroom with a private bathroom
en suite
attached to it.
This is a luxurious apartment found on the top floor of a
penthouse
hotel or block of flats.
per person Rate charged per person.
per person sharing Rate charged per person sharing.
The price covers accommodation, meals and any activi-
fully inclusive
ties on offer.
This is an additional charge for single occupancy of a
Pricing single supplement
double room.
pp per person
pps per person sharing
pppn per person per night
pppd per person per day

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 Term 1

This light breakfast consists of bread rolls or sliced

Continental breakfast
bread/toast, with coffee or tea and often also fruit juice.
This full breakfast usually includes cereal, fruit, bever-
English breakfast ages, bacon and eggs, and often sausage, tomato and
mushrooms as well.
This is an informal way of serving a meal. The courses are
Types of meals buffet attractively displayed (usually on long tables) and guests
serve themselves. Waiters clear the used plates.
This is a meal where items are listed and priced on a
a la carte
menu, and ordered separately.
A service where a guest may order food and beverages to
room service
be delivered to the room.

7 In-room technology
Leisure guests expect to be entertained and business guests expect to conduct business
from their rooms.

7.1 Technology for information

Interactive TV allows guests to:

●● Access information about facilities and services

●● View menus
●● Access interactive maps
●● Check news, weather and investments
●● Access email
●● Programme a wake-up call
●● Request housekeeping, laundry service, maintenance.

7.2 Technology for comfort

●● Good lighting
●● Comfortable temperature
●● Soundproofing
●● Electronic toilets
●● Heated towel rails
●● Bathroom extractor fans
●● Sensor controlled taps and hand drying machines
●● Remote controlled TV, air conditioner, curtains
●● Mini-bar.

7.3 Technology for entertainment

An interactive TV allows:
●● TV programme guide and information
●● Satellite and international channels

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 Term 1

●● Games, music, movies

●● Internet.

7.4 Technology for safety

●● Programmable electronic safe
●● Electronic door lock
●● Electronic door key
●● A sensor system that records the time people enter and leave the room.

7.5 Technology for environmental responsibility

●● An electronic key card to save electricity
●● Digitally controlled showers to ensure water temperature remains constant
●● Shower heads that use less water
●● Energy saving lights
●● Occupancy sensor lights.

7.6 Technology for work

●● Hot-spot Internet access
●● Wi-Fi networks
●● Interactive TV
●● International multi-power point/plug, leads and charger for electronic equipment
●● High speed Internet access (broadband)
●● Cordless or long cord telephone.

8 Food and beverage establishments

8.1 Types of establishments
8.1.1 Full service restaurants
●● Fine dining: formal menu, wide variety of food, more expensive
●● Family: informal, less expensive. Examples: Spur, Ocean Basket.

8.1.2 Coffee shops

●● Offer coffee, cakes
●● Can offer breakfast, lunch, other beverages (some offer wine and beer)
●● Inside and outside areas
●● Popular meeting places
●● Found in shopping malls, hotels, airports, tourist attraction sites.

8.1.3 Pubs/bars
●● Informal meal service with limited menu
●● Alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks
●● Sometimes live entertainment

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 Term 1

●● TV for sport viewing.

8.1.4 Ice cream stores

●● Speciality outlets
●● Sell soft serve, sorbet, frozen yogurt, ice cream
●● Located in malls, beachfronts and near entertainment areas
●● For leisure and family tourists.

8.1.5 Fast food and quick service

●● Food is prepared and served quickly
●● Examples: Nando’s, Wimpy, Kentucky Fried Chicken
●● Take-away food
●● Some have area to sit and eat
●● Appeal to limited budget.

8.1.6 Taverns and shebeens

●● In townships
●● Traditional African food
●● Alcoholic and non- alcoholic beverages (home brewed beer)
●● Meeting places
●● Gaining popularity with ‘adventurous’ tourists
●● Can experience local culture
●● Music or live entertainment.

8.1.7 Street stalls, kiosks and markets

●● Specific types of food
●● Can reflect cultural traditions
●● Stalls may be moved (not permanent) and be outdoors
●● Found at festivals and special events
●● Food can be prepared on site.

9 The attraction sector

9.1 What are attractions?
●● A place of interest
●● Visited for amusement, education, entertainment
●● Natural or constructed beauty
●● Cultural or historical significance
●● Main reason for tourism
●● Should be accessible.

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 Term 1

9.2 Attraction sub-sectors

There are five sub-sectors.

9.2.1 Gaming and lotteries

Casinos offer games of chance (slot machines, card games), entertainment, restaurants,
hotels, children’s play areas, sporting activities.

9.2.2 Leisure
Resorts, sightseeing, walking, hiking, shopping, movies, beach activities, Theme parks
(Ratanga Junction, Marine world), whale watching, game viewing.

9.2.3 Conservation
Conserving and protecting our heritage and environment, wild life photography, plant
study, picnicking, archaeology.

9.2.4 Sport and recreation

Watching or participating in sport, sport photography, exercising. Examples: Comrades
Marathon, Billabong Pro-surfing, motor racing, mountain climbing.

9.2.5 Events and conferences

Meetings, incentives, conferences, exhibitions (MICE). Special events boost the
economy. Example: Grahamstown National Arts Festival.

9.3 Types of tourist attractions

9.3.1 Natural attractions
Geographical features (mountains), climatic conditions (snow), animals and plants,
scenic beauty sites. Example: Table Mountain.

9.3.2 Constructed attractions

Constructed or created, ancient or modern. Examples: religious buildings like churches,
museums and monuments, parks, historic city centres, zoos, aquariums, stadiums.

9.4 Primary and secondary tourist attractions

The interests and needs of a tourist determine whether an attraction is primary or
secondary.

9.4.1 Primary
This is the main reason for visiting a destination. It gives character and develops the
image of the destination.

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 Term 1

9.4.2 Secondary
These are the attractions that tourists visit on the way to or from the primary attraction.
They improve overall attractiveness, increase amount of money spent and lengthen
visiting time.

9.5 Attractions and their appeal for particular types of tourists

Types of tourist
Attraction Appeal
attracted
scenic beauty, beaches,
Cape Town and the Cape leisure, adventure, SIT,
whale watching, Table
Peninsula backpacking
Mountain
award winning wines,
leisure, cultural, education,
The Winelands scenic beauty, and historic
SIT
towns
scenic beauty, flora, and
adventure opportunities like leisure, adventure, ecotour-
The Garden Route
bungee jumping and river ist, SIT
rafting
shopping, entertainment, business, shopping, cul-
Johannesburg
and township tours tural, SIT

the Big Five, 4x4 game adventure, ecotourist, cul-

Kruger National Park
drives, and walking safaris tural, SIT

beaches, the sea, surfing, leisure, adventure, sport,

Durban
and uShaka Marine World recreation

scenic beauty, and political ecotourist, cultural, educa-

Robben Island
history tion, SIT
township and cultural tours,
Soweto and historic sites and build- cultural, SIT, backpacking
ings
Blyde River Canyon and scenic beauty, and nature ecotourist, sport and recrea-
Nature Reserve hikes tional, health

beautiful beaches, scenic leisure, cultural, ecotourist,

The Wild Coast
beauty, Xhosa heritage adventure

9.6 Activities offered at tourist attractions

Attraction Activities
places of scenic hiking trails, camping, wildlife viewing, photography, rock climb-
beauty ing, abseiling, river rafting, bird watching
swimming, surfing, wind surfing, fishing, scuba diving, kite flying,
beaches
shell collecting, whale watching
shopping, sightseeing, photography, wine tasting on wine routes,
tourist routes
historical tours on historical routes
guided tours, viewing exhibitions, watching cultural activities like
cultural villages
clay pot making or woodcarving, participating in music and dance
theme parks rollercoaster rides, games, outdoor picnics

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 Term 1

10 Structure of the South African tourism industry:

the public sector
●● NDT: National Department of Tourism
●● Provincial departments and authorities
●● Regional destination marketing organisations
●● DMO: District or Municipal Organisations
●● LTO: Local Tourism Organisations.

10.1 National Department of Tourism (NDT)

●● Vision: for the country to be recognised as a world leader in tourism excellence.
●● Mission: to promote responsible and sustainable tourism for the benefit of all South
Africans.
●● Develops performance plans and strategies.

10.1.1 Provincial tourism departments

●● In each province
●● Can be combined with other departments like conservation or economic
●● Promote tourism
●● Regulate tourist activities
Separate offices for each role.
10.1.2 Provincial tourism authorities
●● Include all the regulating offices run by tourism departments
●● Issue permits to tour operators and businesses: (hunting, whale watching permits,
etc.).

Provincial authorities and conservation permit offices

Gauteng Province:
Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs
[Link]
KwaZulu Natal Province:
Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs
[Link]
Limpopo Province:
Department of Economic Development, Environment & Tourism
[Link]
Mpumalanga Province:
Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment
Northern Cape Province:
Department of Agriculture, Land Reform, Conservation and Environment
[Link]
North West Province:
Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment
[Link]
Eastern Cape Province:
Department of Economic Development and Environmental Affairs, Eastern Cape
[Link]

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 Term 1

Western Cape Province:

Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning
[Link]

10.1.3 Regional destination marketing organisations

●● Regions are areas in a country that have a particular climate, landscape and types of
attractions. Example: West Coast and Namaqualand for wild flowers in Spring.
●● Public and private sectors can combine to market a region. Example: the Convention
Bureau which markets Cape Town and the Western Cape.
●● The 2010 FIFA World Cup was a major event for marketing and for tourism.

10.1.4 District or Municipal Organisations (DMO)

●● Smaller areas than regions
●● Organisation based in a central town
●● Area around town called the municipality
●● District offices in most of the province towns.

10.1.5 Local Tourism Organisations (LTO)

●● The smallest organisations
●● Focus on specific areas
●● Promote local attractions and businesses.

10.2 Other government departments

Interact and cooperate with the NDT.

10.2.1 Department of Home Affairs (DHA)

●● Issues passports
●● Controls immigration
●● Plays a role in national security
●● Promotes good international relations.

10.2.2 The Department of International Relations and Co-operation (DIRC)

●● Co-ordinates South Africa’s international relations and foreign policies
●● Issues visas
●● Currently developing a Univisa to enable people to visit all countries in SADC
(Southern African Development Community)
●● Has assisted with the development of Transfrontier Parks (game reserves that extend
across borders).

10.2 3 Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)

●● Guides the government in developing economic policies
●● Works with the Department of Tourism
●● Promotes development of products for export and tourism

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 Term 1

●● Assists South Africans to start or grow local business ventures

●● Supports establishment of small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs).

10.2.4 Statistics SA (StatsSA)

●● Conducts surveys
●● Publishes statistics and reports about South Africa
●● Statistics include arrivals and departures in South Africa, citizens travelling in South
Africa, forms of transport used, reasons for travelling, foreign visitors, destinations
and accommodation used.

10.2.5 Department of Sports and Recreation

●● Arranges international and local sporting events
●● Planning involves meetings by committees, like International Olympic Committee
(IOC).

10.2.6 Department of Transport

●● Develops objectives to benefit tourism
●● Objectives include competitive transport costs, improved access to transport,
improved safety and security
●● Runs the Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA).

10.3 State owned enterprises (parastatals)

●● Owned by government
●● Run like businesses or companies
●● Aim to make profits
●● Examples: South African Airways (SAA), Transnet, Eskom.

10.4 Partly state-owned agencies

●● Partly owned by government
●● Shared between government and private sector companies
●● Managed like private businesses
●● The Tourism Enterprise Partnership (TEP) helps to develop small businesses in the
tourism industry.
●● The NDT provides its funding.

10.5 Public entities

●● Small government departments
●● One specific function
●● Examples: SANParks, South African Tourism, NGB (National Gambling Board),
SAHRA (South African Heritage Resources Agency), ACSA (Airports Company of
South Africa, CATHSSETA (Culture, Arts, Tourism, Hospitality, Sport).

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 Term 1

11 Structure of the South African tourism industry:

the private sector
11.1 Product owners
A product owner is any business that makes a profit through tourism.
●● Tour operators
●● Travel agents
●● Conference organisers
●● Travel publications
●● Travel insurance companies
●● Souvenir shops
●● Restaurants.

11.2 Local communities

●● Businesses run by local communities
●● Some facilities, like campsites, are built by the community if they own the land
●● Businesses create jobs
●● Profits spent on improving facilities such as roads, schools and clinics.

11.3 NGOs, CBOs and professional associations

●● NGO - non-government organisations
●● CBO - community based organisations
●● They support tourism enterprises
●● Assist with training and funding
●● Link communities with tourism operators so communities can benefit
●● Professional associations help entrepreneurs get started
●● Help to regulate the tourism industry and how it is operated
●● Aim to improve service quality
●● Ensure that service excellence is maintained.

11.3.1 Tourism Associations

Association Logo Main function Service offered
The official control- Represents private
Tourism Business ling organisation for sector travel and tour-
Council of South Africa the travel and tour- ism in negotiations
(TBCSA) ism private sector in with the government
South Africa. and the public sector.
Ensures the quality Grades accommoda-
of accommodation tion establishments
Tourism Grading Council
and conference and conference venues
of South Africa (TGCSA)
TOURISM GRADING COUNCIL
OF SOUTH AFRICA
venues. by using a star grading
system.

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 Term 1

Promotion of fair Has made Fair Trade

and sustainable Travel packages to
tourism development South Africa available
in South Africa so in Switzerland and
Fair Trade in Tourism SA
that as much of the other parts of Europe.
(FTTSA)
money generated by
tourism as possible
remains in the local
economy.
Checks on the stand- Offers a guarantee of
South African Tourism ard of the products quality service from
Services Association and services offered its members to tour-
(SATSA) to tourists by its ists coming to South
members. Africa.
Promotes the devel- Negotiates with the
Federated Hospitality opment and growth government as the offi-
Association of South of a sustainable cial voice of the private
Africa South African hospi- sector in the Southern
(FEDHASA) tality industry. African hospitality
industry.
Regulates the opera- Offers a guarantee of
tion of member travel quality service from its
Association of South agencies in South members to travel-
African Travel Agents Africa and provides lers booking trips and
(ASATA) support for those tours in South Africa.
agencies who are
members.
Maintains high Members are assisted
standards of its with international
South African Associa-
members for the con- marketing through the
tion for the Conference
ference and events association’s website.
Industry (SAACI)
industry in Southern
Africa.
Represents most of Promotes the associa-
Southern Africa’s tion’s activities and
South African Vehicle
vehicle rental com- shares information
Renting and Leasing As-
panies in the tourism about vehicles with its
sociation (SAVRALA)
sector. members.

To market South Represents member

South African Youth Africa globally as a operators and deals
Travel Confederation preferred youth tour- with their concerns
(SAYTC) ism destination. and interests through-
out South Africa.

11.4 The international community

11.4.1 Southern African Developing Communities (SADC)
Promotes sustainable economic growth and socio-economic development through:
●● Co-operation between member countries
●● Maintaining peace and security in the region
●● Helps the region by being competitive in world economy, a safer place to visit,
helping tourism industry to grow.

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 Term 1

11.4.2 United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)

●● Based in Madrid, Spain
●● Deals with tourism matters worldwide
●● Compiles rankings and publishes statistics on tourism
●● Represents public sector tourism bodies from most countries
●● Data published compares flow and growth of world tourism
●● Promotes responsible tourism
●● Aims to reduce poverty through sustainable tourism development.

11.4.3 World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)

●● Members are tourism business leaders all over the world
●● Works to increase awareness of travel and tourism as one of the world’s largest
industries.

11.4.4 World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF)

●● Established in 1961
●● Is one of the largest environmental organisations in the world
●● There are more than 1300 WWF conservation projects in the world.
●● Mission: to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a
future in which humans live in harmony with nature by:
●● Conserving biological diversity

●● Ensuring sustainable use of renewable natural resources

●● Promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption.

12 Payment methods in South Africa

●● Different ways in which tourists pay
●● Depends on the situation
●● Number of methods used depends on: facilities available, amount to be paid,
payment requirements of service provider, convenience and safety of method.

12.1 Internet payments

●● Can book and pay in advance
●● Both users (person paying and person receiving) must have Internet banking
accounts
●● Accounts can be opened online
●● Require security - PIN numbers and passwords
●● Advantages: Payer can make bookings and pay before departing; booking is assured;
can budget; spread payment over time.
●● Disadvantages: Payer must have access to Internet; banks can take two days to
transfer money if payer’s and receiver’s banks are different.

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 Term 1

12.2 Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) payments

●● ATMs can be found outside banks, inside shops, in banking halls, shopping malls,
hotels and in most tourism areas
●● Does the work of a bank teller
●● Customers can withdraw, deposit, transfer money between accounts
●● Are relatively safe
●● Use a confidential PIN code
●● Machine keeps the card if the PIN is incorrectly typed in three times in a row
●● If card is kept by machine or stolen, bank must be notified immediately
●● Can do banking at all hours - open 24 hours.

12.3 Speed point machines

●● Used by most retailers
●● Client’s card is swiped through machine to register payment
●● Client keys in PIN
●● Client signs slip to agree to payment
●● Most machines are connected to till by cable
●● Can be portable
●● Portable machines enable client to keep card in sight so it is not copied or used for
fraud.

12.4 Credit cards

●● Most popular form of payment
●● Used to withdraw money
●● Used for direct payment
●● Used to hold a reservation
●● Used to guarantee payment
●● Advantages: Reasonably safe and convenient; have an electronic chip for security;
credit limit with required monthly payments
●● Disadvantages: Smaller businesses do not have credit card facilities; banks charge
service providers commission on transactions
●● Examples: Visa, MasterCard, Diner’s Club, American Express.

12.5 Debit cards

●● Can be used at speed points
●● Can be used at ATMs
●● No delay in drawing the money from payer’s account
●● If there are not enough funds the payment will not be allowed by bank (registers on
the speed point machine)
●● Very secure form of payment
●● Money is immediately taken out of account electronically (EFT).

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 Term 1

12.6 Cell phone payments

●● Made in same way as Internet payment
●● Can be made from anywhere with cell phone reception.

12.7 Cheques
12.7.1 Personal cheques
●● Clients with cheque accounts are issued cheque books by bank
●● Used to make payments
●● Cheques must be signed by account holder to be valid
●● Used instead of cash
●● Some businesses do not accept cheques in case there is not enough money in the
client’s account and the cheque bounces.

12.7.2 Bank-guaranteed cheques

●● Payment of cheque is guaranteed by bank
●● Bank charges a fee
●● A bank-guaranteed cheque is more secure
●● The person who wants the cheque pays the bank the amount required on the
cheque, either in cash or deducted from their bank account. The cheque is then
issued.

Questions

Question 1: Multiple choice

Choose the correct answer. Only write the letter of the answer you select.

1.1 Inbound tourism is:

A tourists travel into a country from another country
B tourists travel out of their home country to visit another country
C people travel within their own country
D an excursion. (2)
1.2 Which category does NOT describe a type of tourist?
A leisure and holiday
B business
C adventure
D bicycles. (2)
1.3 Shosholoza Meyl is a mode of:
A rail transport
B air transport
C water transport

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 Term 1

D road transport. (2)

1.4 Caravan and camping establishments require:
A room service
B braai areas
C shuttle service
D private en suite rooms. (2)
1.5 The type of establishment chosen by a tourist is influenced by:
A budget
B colour of the walls
C how efficient the transport is
D dishwashing facilities in a luxury lodge. (2)
1.6 Robben Island appeals to tourists interested in:
A culture and education
B games
C leisure
D sport. (2)
1.7 Provincial tourism authorities:
A issue permits to tour operators
B publish statistics
C issue passports and visas
D are run like a private sector business. (2)
1.8 If you pay using the Internet:
A you can book and pay in advance
B you can use an ATM
C you can use a cheque
D you can use a speed point. (2)

(16)

Question 2: True/False
Indicate whether the following statements are True or False. If the statement is False,
write down the correct statement.

2.1 When people travel within their own country it is called domestic tourism. (2)
2.2 When people travel in a specific geographical area it is called international
tourism. (2)
2.3 A tourist profile contains facts about a tourist. (2)
2.4 Accommodation is part of a tourist profile. (2)
2.5 A hot air balloon is an extraordinary mode of transport. (2)
2.6 Tourists can travel from Cape Town to Pretoria on a luxury cruise liner. (2)
2.7 A tourist with a very limited budget, like a backpacker, will charter a helicopter. (2)

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 Term 1

2.8 A tourist who likes to travel comfortably will travel on a camel. (2)
2.9 Travelling by car is a flexible mode of transport. (2)
2.10 Self catering accommodation offers cooking facilities. (2)
2.11 Guest accommodation establishments offer linen and towels. (2)
2.12 Backpackers have shared living areas. (2)
2.13 The TGCSA is responsible for the grading and quality assurance of establish-
ments. (2)
2.14 The grading plaque indicates the type of accommodation and its stars. (2)
2.15 An en suite room does not have a bathroom. (2)
2.16 Guests can serve themselves at a buffet. (2)
2.17 Attractions are places of interest. (2)
2.18 You can watch cultural activities at a theme park. (2)
2.19 Parastatals are owned by the government. (2)
2.20 Parastatals are managed like private businesses. (2)
2.21 SANParks is an example of a public entity. (2)
2.22 DMOs and LTOs are part of the NDT. (2)
2.23 Local Tourism Organisations are not part of the public sector. (2)
2.24 A souvenir shop is a product owner. (2)
2.25 UNWTO deals with tourism matters worldwide. (2)
2.26 The WWF is the smallest environmental organisation in the world. (2)
2.27 Internet payments require PIN numbers and passwords. (2)
2.28 Cards are swiped in speed point machines. (2)
2.29 American Express is a type of credit card. (2)
2.30 Cheques are a form of cash. (2)

(60)

Question 3: Short answers

3.1 Name THREE disadvantages of bus or coach transport. (3)
3.2 Name FOUR advantages of travelling by rail. (4)
3.3. Name FOUR types of in-room technology. (4)
3.4 Name THREE types of food and beverage establishments. (3)
3.5 What is the difference between a primary and secondary tourist attraction? (2)
3.6 List THREE functions of the DTI. (3)
3.7 Which THREE objectives of the Department of Transport benefit tourism? (3)
3.8 Name TWO examples of product owners. (2)
3.9 How do communities benefit from NGOs and CBOs? (4)
3.10 What is the mission of the WWF? (2)
3.11 What are the disadvantages of a credit card? (2)
3.12 Where can a debit card be used? (2)
(34)
[110]

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 Term 1

Answers

Question 1: Multiple choice

1.1 A ✓✓
1.2 D ✓✓
1.3 A ✓✓
1.4 B ✓✓
1.5 A ✓✓
1.6 A ✓✓
1.7 A ✓✓
1.8 A ✓✓

Question 2: True/False
2.1 True ✓✓
2.2 False. It is regional tourism. ✓✓
2.3 True ✓✓
2.4 True ✓✓
2.5 True ✓✓
2.6 False. Tourists can travel by road or rail. ✓✓
2.7 False. A backpacker with a limited budget cannot afford a helicopter. ✓✓
2.8 False. Camels are not comfortable to travel on. ✓✓
2.9 True ✓✓
2.10 True ✓✓
2.11 True ✓✓
2.12 True ✓✓
2.13 True ✓✓
2.14 True ✓✓
2.15 False. An en suite room does have a bathroom. ✓✓
2.16 True ✓✓
2.17 True ✓✓
2.18 False. You can watch cultural activities at a cultural village. ✓✓
2.19 True ✓✓
2.20 False. Partly state-owned agencies are managed like private businesses. ✓✓
2.21 True ✓✓
2.22 True ✓✓
2.23 False. LTOs are part of the public sector. ✓✓
2.24 True ✓✓
2.25 True ✓✓

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 Term 1

2.26 False. The WWF is the largest environmental organisation in the world. ✓✓
2.27 True ✓✓
2.28 True ✓✓
2.29 True ✓✓
2.30 True ✓✓

Question 3: Short answers

3.1 Disadvantages of bus:
●● Their schedules and routes are not flexible. ✓
●● Passengers have to make their own way to and from departure and arrival
points. ✓
●● Congestion and road works can cause delays. ✓
3.2 Advantages of rail: (any four)
●● Inexpensive ✓
●● Fast ✓
●● Stations centrally situated ✓
●● Energy efficient ✓
●● Relaxing. ✓
3.3 In-room technology: (any four)
●● Information ✓
●● Comfort ✓
●● Safety ✓
●● Entertainment ✓
●● Environmental responsibility ✓
●● Work. ✓
3.4 Food establishments: (any three)
●● Full Service restaurants ✓
●● Coffee shops ✓
●● Pubs/bars ✓
●● Ice-cream stores ✓
●● Fast food and quick service ✓
●● Taverns and shebeens ✓
●● Street stalls, kiosks and markets. ✓
3.5 Primary and secondary attractions:
●● Primary attractions are the main reason for visiting the destination. ✓
●● Secondary attractions are those that tourists visit on their way to and from
the primary attraction. ✓
3.6 Functions of DTI: (any three)
●● Guides the government in developing economic policies ✓
●● Works with the Department of Tourism ✓
●● Promotes development of products ✓
●● Assists South Africans to start or grow local business ventures ✓

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 Term 1

●● Supports establishment of small, medium and micro enterprises. ✓

3.7 Objectives of DoT:
●● Competitive transport costs ✓
●● Improved access to transport ✓
●● Improved safety and security. ✓
3.8 Product owners: (any two)
●● Tour operators ✓
●● Travel agents ✓
●● Conference organisers ✓
●● Travel publications ✓
●● Travel insurance companies ✓
●● Souvenir shops ✓
●● Restaurants. ✓
3.9 NGOs and CBOs:
●● Link communities with tourism operators ✓
●● Support tourism enterprises ✓
●● Assist with training ✓
●● Assist with funding. ✓
3.10 The mission of the WWF is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural envi-
ronment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature. ✓✓
3.11 Disadvantages of credit cards:
●● Smaller businesses do not have credit card facilities. ✓
●● Banks charge service providers commission on transactions. ✓
3.12 Debit cards:
●● Speed points ✓
●● ATMs. ✓

©Via Afrika » Tourism 26