INDIAN SCHOOL, AL GHUBRA
PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT
2025-2026
Submitted by : Azra Pary
Class & Section : XII A
CBSE Roll No. :
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that__________________________________,
student of class_________, Indian School Al Ghubra, has
completed Physics project work as per the syllabus prescribed
by the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi, for
the academic year 2025-2026.
School seal
Internal examiner External examiner
Date: Date:
Principal
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Acknowledgement
2. Part 1: To Compare the EMF of two cells
3. Part 2: To find the internal resistance of a cell
4. Conclusion, Precautions, Sources of Error and
result
5. Bibliography
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to my
physics teacher Mrs. Resmi S R, for their constant guidance,
encouragement, and support through the development of this
project. Their expertise and insightful feedback have helped me
understand the concepts of the subject and carry out this project
successfully. I would also like to thank Mr. Ansar, our Lab
Assistant for his invaluable support. I am thankful to my
school, Indian School Al Ghubra, for providing a conducive
learning environment and the necessary resources to
successfully complete this project. Lastly, I extend my
gratitude to my family and friends for the motivation and moral
support they provided during the course of this project.
Part 1: To Compare the EMF of two cells
Aim: To compare the EMFs of two primary cells using a
Potentiometer
Apparatus: Potentiometer, Power Supply/ Battery, a key, a
two-way key, rheostat, Daniel cell, Leclanché Cell,
Galvanometer, Jockey, a high resistance and connecting
wires.
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
2. With the help of sandpaper, remove the insulation
from the ends of connecting copper wire.
3. Measure the EMF (E) of the battery and the EMFs (E 1
and E2) of the cell and see if E1 > E and E2 > E.
4. Connect the positive pole of the battery to the zero ends
(P) of the potentiometer and the negative pole through
the one-way key, low resistance rheostat, and the
ammeter to the other end of the potentiometer (Q).
5. Connect the positive poles of the cells to the terminal
at the zero ends (P) and the negative poles to the
terminals a and b of the two-way key.
6. Connect the common terminal c of the two-way key
through a galvanometer (G) and a resistance box to the
jockey J. Take maximum current from the battery by
making the rheostat resistance zero.
7. Insert the plugin, the one-way key through the
resistance box and the galvanometer to the jockey.
8. Take out the 2000 Ω plug from the resistance box.
Note down the direction of the deflection in the
galvanometer by pressing the jockey at zero ends.
9. Now, press the jockey at the other end of the
potentiometer wire. If the deflection is in the opposite
direction to that in the first case, the connections are
correct.
10. Push the jockey smoothly over the potentiometer up to
a point where the galvanometer shows no deflection.
11. Put the 2000 Ω plug back into the resistance box and
obtain the null point position accurately with the help
of the set square.
12. Note the length l1 of the wire for the cell E1.
13. Note the current as indicated by the ammeter.
14. Disconnect the cell E1 from the plug
15. Connect E2 by inserting the plug into the gap of the
two- way key.
16. Take out 2000 ohms plug from the resistance box and
slide the jockey along the potentiometer wire and
obtain no deflection position.
17. Put 2000 ohms plug back in the RB and obtain null for
E 2.
18. Note the length L2 of wire in this position for the cell
E 2.
19. By increasing the current and adjusting the rheostat,
we get three sets of observations.
Preliminary Observations:
Least count of the scale in potentiometer: 0.1cm
Observations:
S. No Balancing length with Balancing Length E
Leclanché Cell with Daniel Cell
[L1] (cm) [L2] (cm) E
1. 219. 165.5 1.32
0
2. 209. 157.5 1.33
0
3. 204. 153.0 1.34
5
4. 198. 148.5 1.33
0
5. 203. 143.0 1.41
0
6. 181. 133.0 1.36
0
Mean= 1.348
Part 2: To find the internal
resistance of a cell
Aim: To find the internal resistance of a cell using a
potentiometer.
Apparatus: Potentiometer, Power Supply/ Battery, a key, a
two-way key, rheostat, Daniel cell, Leclanché Cell,
Galvanometer, Jockey, a high resistance and connecting
wires.
Theory: The potentiometer is a device used to measure the
internal resistance of a cell and is used to compare the EMF of
two cells and the potential difference across a resistor. The
relation between potential difference, emf, and internal resistance
of a cell is given by
Procedure:
1. The connections should be according to the diagram
shown above.
2. Using sandpaper clean the ends of the connecting wires
and make sure that the connections are tight.
3. The plugs in the resistance box should be tight.
4. The EMF of the cell and battery is more than that of the
cell. If it is not, then the null point won’t be obtained.
5. Rheostat resistance can be made minimum by taking
maximum current from the battery.
6. To check if the circuit connections are correct, the
galvanometer deflections should be in the opposite direction.
This is done by inserting the key K 1 and making note of
ammeter reading.
7. To obtain the null point on the fourth wire, the rheostat
should be adjusted without inserting the key K2.
8. Take the small resistance between 1-5 ohm from resistance
box R connected in parallel with the cell.
9. Slide the jockey and obtain the null point Record your
observation
Observations:
Length l’ 𝑹(𝒍 − 𝒍 )
!
= Ω
S. Resistance Length l
No in Ohms in cm in cm 𝒍!
1 5 230.5 96.8 6
2 7 220.5 140.0 4
3 11 226.0 129.0 8
4 15 222.0 146.7 7
5 17 221.5 160.0 6
6 19 222.0 182.5 4
Mean = 6.28Ω
Conclusion
Potentiometer is electronic circuit. This is a very basic
instrument used for comparing EMF two cells and for
calibrating ammeter, voltmeter and watt-meter. It has
various application and its uses. Potentiometer provides
fixed value of resistance that block or resists the flow of
electrical current around a circuit.
Sources of Error:
1. There may be some loose connections
2. The value of EMF in the primary circuit
maybe less than that in the secondary circuit.
3. Parallax error may creep in.
Precautions:
1. All connections should be tight, and readings
should be without parallax error.
2. The circuit should be switched off between the
readings to maintain the constant room temperature of
the potentiometer wire.
3. Primary Circuit Cell [Battery] should have higher
value EMF than the secondary circuit cells.
4. The jockey should not be pressed and dragged
along the potentiometer wire which would deform the
wire.
Result:
[Link] ratio of EMF of the two given cells was found to
be: 1.348
[Link] internal resistance of the cell was found to be:
6.28 ohms
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. [Link] bank-
solutions/onwhat-factors- does-the-internal-resistance-
of-a- celldepend-current- electricity_139466
2. [Link]
[Link]%20of%20Potentiometer%20for%20Comp
aring%20EMF%20of%20Two%[Link]
3. [Link]
