PRO BABIL ITY

SECTION-A [FUNDAMENTAL]
Q.1 Six coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting
(i) 3 heads (ii) no heads (iii) at least one head

Q.2 Find the probability of at most two tails or at least two heads in a toss of three coins.

Q.3 A and B throw a pair of dice turn by turn. The first to throw 9 is awarded a prize. If A starts the game,
9
show that the probability of A getting the prize is .
17

Q.4 A die is thrown again and again until three sixes are obtained. Find the probability of obtaining the third
six in the sixth throw of the die.

Q.5 Three bags contain balls as shown in the table below :

Bag Number of white balls Number of Black balls Number of Re d balls

I 1 2 3
II 2 1 1
III 4 3 2
A bag is chosen at random and two balls are drawn from it. They happen to be white and red. What is
the probability that they come from the III bag ?

Q.6 Coloured balls are distributed in three bags as shown in the following table :

Colour of the Ball

Bag
Black White Red
I 1 2 3

II 2 4 1

III 4 5 3

A bag is selected at random and then two balls are randomly drawn from the selected bag. They happen
to be black and red. What is the probability that they came from bag I ?

Q.7 A family has 2 children. Find the probability that both are boys, if it is known that
(i) at least one of the children is a boy.
(ii) the elder child is a boy

61
PRO BABIL ITY

Q.8 An experiment succeeds thrice as often as it fails. Find the probability that in the next five trials, there will
be at least 3 successes.

Q.9 Write the probability of an even prime number on each die, when a pair of dice is rolled.

Q.10 A fair coin and unbiased die are tossed. Let A be the event 'head appears on the coin' and B be the event
'3 on the die'. Check whether A and B are independent events or not.

Q.11 The probability distribution of X is

X 0 1 2 3
P ( X ) 0. 2 K K 2 K
Write the value of K

Q.12 A four digit number is formed using the digits 1, 2, 3, 5 with no repetitions. Find the probability that the
number is divisible by 5.

Q.13 Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl. If a family has two children, what is the
conditional probability that both are girls given that (i) the youngest is a girl, (ii) at least one is a girl ?

1 1 1
Q.14 A problem in mathematics is given to 3 students whose chances of solving it are , , . What is the
2 3 4
probability that the (i) problem is solved (ii) exactly one of them will solve it ?

Q.15 Two cards are drawn without replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability
that one is a spade and other is a queen of red colour.

Q.16 A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards are drawn at
random and are found to both clubs. Find the probability of the lost card being the clubs.

62
 PRO BABIL ITY

SECTION – B
[JEE (MAIN)]
Q.1 6 married couples are standing in a room. If 4 people are chosen at random, then the chance that exactly
one married couple is among the 4 is : [3012512259]
16 8 17 24
(A) (B) (C) (D)
33 33 33 33

Q.2 There are 20 businessmen sitting around a circular table holding a meeting. Three of the men are chosen
to bring snacks. Let P denotes the probability that no two of the three men that were chosen, sat next to
each other then P lies in the interval [3012512310]

1 1  1 1 1 1 2 3
(A)  ,  (B)  ,  (C)  ,  (D)  , 
5 4  4 3 6 5 3 4

Q.3 A fair die is tossed. If the number is odd, then the probability that it is prime is p1 and again three fair
coins are tossed. If both heads and tails appear, then the probability that exactly one head appears is p2,
then which of the following is correct? [3012512361]
(A) p1 < p2 (B) p1 = p2 (C) p1 + p2 > 1 (D) p1 + p2 < 1

Q.4 Mr. A lives at origin on the cartesian plane and has his office at (4, 5). His friend lives at (2, 3) on the
same plane. Mr. A can go to his office travelling one block at a time either in the + y or + x direction. If
all possible paths are equally likely then the probability that Mr. A passed his friends house is
[3012512412]
(A) 1/2 (B) 10/21 (C) 1/4 (D) 11/21

Q.5 There are ten prizes, five A's, three B's and two C's, placed in identical sealed envelopes for the top ten
contestants in a mathematics contest. The prizes are awarded by allowing winners to select an envelope
at random from those remaining. When the 8th contestant goes to select the prize, the probability that the
remaining three prizes are one A, one B and one C, is [3012512115]
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/3 (C) 1/12 (D) 1/10

Q.6 Of all the function that can be defined from the set A : {1, 2, 3, 4}  B(5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, a mapping is
randomly selected. The chance that the selected mapping is strictly monotonic, is [3012512166]
1 2 5 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
125 125 4096 2048

63
PRO BABIL ITY

Q.7 A jar contains 2 yellow candies, 4 red candies, and 6 blue candies. Candies are randomly drawn out of
the jar one-by-one and eaten. The probability that the 2 yellow candies will be eaten before any of the
red candies are eaten, is [3012512217]
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
18 15 24 36

Q.8 Let a red die, a blue die, a green die and a white die are rolled once, the dice being fair. The outcomes
on the red, blue, green and white die denote the numbers a, b, c and d respectively. Let E denotes the
event that absolute value of (a – 1)(b – 2)(c – 3)(d – 6) = 1, then P(E) is [3012512268]
1 1 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
324 648 324 162

Q.9 A card is drawn & replaced in an ordinary pack of 52 playing cards. Minimum number of times must a
card be drawn so that there is atleast an even chance of drawing a heart, is [3012512319]
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) more than four

Q.10 Two cubes have their faces painted either red or blue. The first cube has five red faces and one blue face.
When the two cubes are rolled simultaneously, the probability that the two top faces show the same
colour is 1/2. Number of red faces on the second cube, is [3012512123]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Q.11 A committee of three persons is to be randomly selected from a group of three men and two women and
the chair person will be randomly selected from the committee. The probability that the committee will
have exactly two women and one man, and that the chair person will be a woman, is/are
[3012512174]
(A) 1/5 (B) 8/15 (C) 2/3 (D) 3/10

Q.12 The probability that an automobile will be stolen and found within one week is 0.0006. The probability that an
automobile will be stolen is 0.0015. The probability that a stolen automobile will be found in one week is
[3012512225]
(A) 0.3 (B) 0.4 (C) 0.5 (D) 0.6

Q.13 One bag contains 3 white & 2 black balls, and another contains 2 white & 3 black balls. A ball is drawn
from the second bag & placed in the first, then a ball is drawn from the first bag & placed in the second.
When the pair of the operations is repeated, the probability that the first bag will contain 5 white balls is:
[3012512405]
(A) 1/25 (B) 1/125 (C) 1/225 (D) 2/15

64
 PRO BABIL ITY

Q.14 A child throws 2 fair dice. If the numbers showing are unequal, he adds them together to get his final
score. On the other hand, if the numbers showing are equal, he throws 2 more dice & adds all 4 numbers
showing to get his final score. The probability that his final score is 6 is: [3012512354]
145 146 147 148
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1296 1296 1296 1296

Q.15 When a missile is fired from a ship, the probability that it is intercepted is 1/3. The probability that the
missile hits the target, given that it is not intercepted is 3/4. If three missiles are fired independently from
the ship, the probability that all three hits the target, is [3012512252]
(A) 1/12 (B) 1/8 (C) 3/8 (D) 3/4

Q.16 A butterfly randomly lands on one of the six squares of the T-shaped
figure shown and then randomly moves to an adjacent square. The
probability that the butterfly ends up on the R square is [3012512303]
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/3 (C) 1/5 (D) 2/5

Q.17 Let A, B, C be three events in a probability space. Suppose that P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.3, P(C) = 0.2,
P(A  B) = 0.15, P(A  C) = 0.1 and P(B  C) = 0.06.
The smallest possible value of P(Ac  Bc  Cc) is [3012512370]
c
[Note: A denotes compliment of event A]
(A) 0.31 (B) 0.25 (C) 0 (D) 0.26

Q.18 Lot A consists of 3G and 2D articles. Lot B consists of 4G and 1D article. A new lot C is formed by
taking 3 articles from A and 2 from B. The probability that an article chosen at random from C is
defective, is [3012512421]
(A) 1/3 (B) 2/5 (C) 8/25 (D) none

Q.19 On a Saturday night 20% of all drivers in U.S.A. are under the influence of alcohol. The probability that
a driver under the influence of alcohol will have an accident is 0.001. The probability that a sober driver
will have an accident is 0.0001. If a car on a saturday night smashed into a tree, the probability that the
driver was under the influence of alcohol, is [3012512201]
(A) 3/7 (B) 4/7 (C) 5/7 (D) 6/7

Q.20 Miss C has either Tea or Coffee at morning break. If she has tea one morning, the probability she has tea
the next morning is 0.4. If she has coffee one morning, the probability she has coffee next morning is 0.3.
Suppose she has coffee on a Monday morning. The probability that she has tea on the following Wednesday
morning is [3012512378]
(A) 0.46 (B) 0.49 (C) 0.51 (D) 0.61

65
PRO BABIL ITY

Q.21 Suppose A and B are two events with P(A) = 0.5 and P(A  B) = 0.8. Let P(B) = p if A and B are
mutually exclusive and P(B) = q if A and B are independent then
(A) p = q (B) p = 2q (C) 2p = q (D) p + q = 1

Q.22 A firing squad is composed of three policemen A, B and C who have probabilities 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8
respectively of hitting the victim. Only one of the three bullets is live and is allocated at random.
If the victim was found to be hit by live bullet, the probability that it was C who had the live round, is
1 8 6 9
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 21 21 21

Q.23 If a  [–5, 30] , then the probability that the graph of the function y = x2 + 2(a + 4) x – 5a + 64 is strictly
above the x- axis is
27 8 8 17
(A) (B) (C) (D)
35 25 35 25

Q.24 A taxi was involved in a hit and run accident at night. There are two taxi companies in the city, namely
Black Taxis and White Taxis. It is known that 85% of the taxis in the city are Black and 15% are White.
There was a witness to the accident and, according to the witness , the taxi involved in the accident was
White. Further investigation of the reliability of the witness showed that, the witness was able to identify
correctly the colour of a taxi, 80% of the time. The probability that the taxi involved was Black, is
17 15 12 14
(A) (B) (C) (D)
29 29 29 29

Q.25 One percent of the population suffers from a certain disease. There is a blood test for this disease, and
it is 99% accurate, in other words, the probability that it gives the correct answer is 0.99, regardles of
whether the person is sick or healthy. A person takes the blood test, and the result says that he has the
disease. The probability that he actually has the disease, is
(A) 0.99% (B) 25% (C) 50% (D) 75%

66
 PRO BABIL ITY

[JEE ADVANCED]

[ SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE T Y PE]

Q.1 Three balls marked 1, 2 and 3 are placed in an urn. One ball is drawn, its number is recorded, then the
ball is returned to the urn. This process is repeated and then repeated once more, and each ball is equally
likely to be drawn on each occasion. If the sum of the numbers recorded is 6, the probability that the ball
numbered 2 was drawn at all the three occassions, is
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
27 7 6 3

Q.2 Two number are randomly selected from the set of first 9 natural numbers. If 'p' be the probability that
their sum is odd given one of the selected digit is 2 and 'q' be the probability that 2 is one of the selected
digit given their sum is odd then
(A) 2p = 5q (B) 3q = 2p (C) p = 4q (D) 3p = 2q

Q.3 Let m be an integer such that 1  m  1000. The probability of selecting at random an integer m such
that the quadratic equation
6x2 – 5mx + m2 = 0
has at least one integral solutions, is
333 500 833 667
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1000 1000 1000 1000

Q.4 Two positive numbers x and y each of which does not exceed two, are taken at random. The probability
that x y < 1 and y/x < 2 is
3 3ln 2  1 3ln 2  1
(A) ln 2 (B) (C) (D) none
2 4 8

Q.5 Two coins look similar, but have different probabilities of falling "head". One is a fair coin, with
P (H) = 1/2, but the other is weighed so that P (H) = 4/5. One of the coin is chosen at random and is
tossed 10 times, let X denotes the number of heads that of appear, and F is the event that the fair coin
was drawn. If X = 7 is observed, the probability that the coin was fair, is

510 58 510 510

(A) 8 10 (B) 10 10 (C) 10 7 (D) 10 8
5 8 5 4 5 8 5 8

Q.6 Two integers x and y are chosen (with replacement) from the set {0, 1, 2, 3,...., 20}. Then the probability
that | x – y | > 8 is
52 400 361 78
(A) (B) (C) (D)
147 441 441 441

67
PRO BABIL ITY

Q.7 A book contains 1000 pages. A page is chosen at random. The probability that the sum of the digits of
the marked number on the page is equal to 9 is
(A) 23/500 (B) 11/200 (C) 7/100 (D) none

Q.8 2n boys are randomly divided into two groups of equal numbers. The probability that the two shortest
boys belong to the two different groups is
n 1 2n  1 n n 1
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D)
2n  1 4n 2n  1 4n 2

Q.9 A fair coin is tossed repeatedly until two consecutive heads is obtained. The probability that
two consecutive heads occur on the seventh and eights flips is equal to
11 15 13 17
(A) (B) (C) (D)
256 256 256 256

Q.10 The contents of three Urns w.r.t. the Red, White and Green balls is as shown in the table given.

Urn R W G
I 2 3 1
II 3 2 1
III 3 1 2
A coin when tossed is twice as likely to come heads as compared to tails. Such a coin is tossed two
times. If both heads and tails are present then 3 balls are drawn simultaneously from the Urn-I, if head
appears on both the occassions then 3 balls are drawn in a similar manner from Urn-II and if no head
appears in both the tosses then 3 balls from the Urn-III are drawn in the same manner.
The probability that 3 drawn balls are 1 each of different colours, is
(A) 10% (B) 15% (C) 30% (D) 90%

Q.11 Let p be the probability that a man aged x years will die in a year time. The probability that out of 'n' men
A1, A2, A3,...... , An each aged 'x' years, A1 will die & will be the first to die is :
1 pn p p (1 p) n  1 1 (1 p) n
(A) (B) (C) (D)
n n n n

Q.12 Three teams participate in a tournament in which each team plays both of the other two teams exactly
once. The teams are evenly matched so that in each game, each team has a 50% chance of winning the
game. No game can end in a tie. At the end of the tournament, if one team has more wins than both of the
other two teams, that team is declared the unique winner of the tournament. Otherwise, the tournament
ends in a tie. The probability that the tournament ends in a tie, is
(A) 1/8 (B) 1/4 (C) 3/8 (D) 1/2

68
 PRO BABIL ITY

Q.13 An experiment resulting in sample space as S = {a, b, c, d, e, f}

1 1 2 3 4 5
with P(a) = , P(b) = , P(c) = , P(d) = , P(e) = and P(f) = .
16 16 16 16 16 16
Let three events A, B and C are defined as A = {a, c, e,}, B = {c, d, e, f} and C = {b, c, f}.
If P(A/B) = p1, P(B/C) = p2, P(C/Ac) = p3 and P(Ac/C) = p4, then the correct order sequance is
(A) p1< p3 < p2 < p4 (B) p1< p4 < p3 < p2 (C) p1< p3 < p4 < p2 (D) p3< p1 < p4 < p2

Q.14 Kalu has 4 red marbles and 8 blue marbles. He randomly arranges these twelve marbles in a ring.
The probability that no two red marbles are adjacent is
1 1 1 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 4 3 33

Q.15 Hat W contains two white balls and one black ball. Hat B contains two black balls and one white ball.
At random, one of the following strategies is selected :
Two different balls are drawn from hat W.
Two different balls are drawn from hat B.
One ball is drawn from each hat.
The probability of getting at least one white ball, is
1 1 22 21
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 27 27

[ PARAGRAPH T Y PE]

Paragraph for question nos. 16 to 18

A box contains b red balls, '2b' white balls and '3b' blue balls where b is a positive integer. 3 balls are
selected at random from the box. [3012512327]

Q.16 If balls are drawn without replacement and 'A' denotes the event that "No two of the selected balls have
the same colour" then
(A) there is no value of b for which P(A) = 0.3
(B) There is exactly one value of b for which P(A) = 0.3 and this value is less than 5.
(C) There is exactly one value of b for which P(A) = 0.3 and this value is greater than 5.
(D) There are two values of b for which P(A) = 0.3

Q.17 If balls are drawn without replacement and 'B' denotes the event that "No two of the 3 drawn balls are
blue" then
1 2
(A) P(B) = if b = 1 (B) P(B) = if b = 2
3 3
1 1
(C) P(B) = if b = 4 (D) P(B)= for all value of b.
4 2

69
PRO BABIL ITY

Q.18 If P(A) = 0.3, then the value of P(A/B) equals

(A) 3/5 (B) 3/10 (C) 1/2 (D) 2/3

Paragraph for question nos. 19 to 21

2n (n  N, n  2) players of equal strength are playing a knock out tournament. They are paired
randomly in all the rounds, and the winner reaches the next round. [3012512276]

Q.19 The probability Pn that exactly one of the two specified players P1 and P2 reaches the semifinals is given
by

 
8 2n  4  
6 2n  4 
4 2n  4  
8 2n  4 
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2  1
n n
2 2  1
n n
2 n

 2 2n 1  2 n

 2 2n 1 
Q.20 If there are 16 players including P1 and P2 then the chance that exactly one of either P1 or P2 reaches
the semifinals, is
8 3 2 16
(A) (B) (C) (D)
35 10 5 25

Q.21 As n tends to infinity then the value of Pn

1
(A) approaches .
2
(B) decreases and tends to approches zero.
(C) equals zero.
(D) first increases upto 0.5 and then decreases to zero value.

Paragraph for question nos. 22 to 23

Cards are drawn one by one from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards without replacement until the
queen of hearts appears. Let the chance that 8th card drawn is the queen of hearts is r s where r and s
are relatively prime. A circle of radius r obtained as above is tangent to two congruent circles which are
tangent to each other. All the three circles are disjoint and these three circles have common tangent line.
Let x be the radii of the two congruent circles. Suppose three numbers a2, b2 and c2 form an arithmetical
ca
progression. If (a + b) = – 12 and (c – b) = x and has the value equal to q.
ba
I f now the roots of the equation x 2 + Bx + D = 0 are r1 and r2 where r1 + r2 = 2 and r12  r22 = q then

Q.22 The value of 'x' is equal to

(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8

Q.23 The value of 'D' is equal to

1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 6 8

70
 PRO BABIL ITY

Paragraph for question nos. 24 to 26

Consider a general deck of cards which is specified by a number of suits, a sequence of denominations
and a number of Jokers. The deck will consist of exactly one card of each denomination from each suit,
plus the Jokers which are "wild" and can be counted as any possible card of any suit. A 3 card hand
dealt will be a 'straight' if it consists of 3 cards in sequence eg. 1, 2, 3 or 4, 5, 6 but not of 6, 7, 1. Also
3 cards dealt are said to constitute a flush, if all the 3 cards are of the same suit.

Q.24 For a deck with 3 suits, 7 denominations (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 7) and no Joker, the chance that a three card
hand will be a straight, is
27 27 1 27
(A) (B) (C) (D)
38 256 256 266

Q.25 For a deck with 3 suits, 7 denominations and no Joker, the chance that a 3 card hand will be a flush is
3 6 3 6
(A) (B) (C) (D)
38 55 52 38

Q.26 For a deck with 3 suits, 7 denominations and one Joker the probability that a three card hand will be a
straight flush, is
1 3 12 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
280 616 385 40

Pagragraph for question nos. 27 to 29

Urn-I contains 5 Red balls and 1 Blue ball,
Urn-II contains 2 Red balls and 4 Blue balls.
A fair die is tossed. If it results in an even number, balls are repeatedly withdrawn one at a time with
replacement from urn-I. If it is an odd number, balls are repeatedly withdrawn one at a time with
replacement from urn-II. Given that the first two draws both have resulted in a blue ball.

Q.27 Conditional probability that the first two draws have resulted in blue balls given urn-II is used is
(A) 1/2 (B) 4/9 (C) 1/3 (D) None

Q.28 If the probability that the urn-I is being used is p, and q is the corresponding figure for urn-II then
(A) q = 16p (B) q = 4p (C) q = 2p (D) q = 3p

Q.29 The probability of getting a red ball in the third draw, is

(A) 1/3 (B) 1/2 (C) 37/102 (D) 41/102

71
PRO BABIL ITY

[ REASONING T Y PE]
Q.30 Four children A, B, C and D have 1, 3, 5 and 7 identical unbiased dice respectively and roll them with
the condition that one who obtains an even score, wins. They keep playing till some one or the other
wins. [3012512284]
Statement-1: All the four children are equally likely to win provided they roll their dice simultaneously.
Statement-2: The child A is most probable to win the game if they roll their dice in order of A, B, C
and D respectively.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

Q.31 In one day test match between India and Australia the umpire continues tossing a fair coin until the two
consecutive throws either H T or T T are obtained for the first time. If it is H T, India wins and if it is T T,
Australia wins. [3012512233]
Statement-1: Both India and Australia have equal probability of winning the toss.
Statement-2: If a coin is tossed twice then the events HT or TT are equiprobable.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

Q.32 A fair coin is tossed 3 times consider the events

A : first toss is head
B : second toss is head
C : exactly two consecutive heads or exactly two consecutive tails. [3012512131]
Statement-1: A, B, C are independent events.
Statement-2: A, B, C are pairwise independent.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

[ M ULT IPL E CORRECT CHOICE T YPE]

Q.33 A manufacturer of airplane parts makes a certain engine that has a probability p of failing on any given
flight. There are two planes fitted with this type of engine. One plane has 3 such engines and other plane
has 5. A plane crashes if more than half the engines fitted in it fail. If the two plane models have the same
probability of crashing then the value of p can be [3012512182]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1/2 (D) 3/5

72
 PRO BABIL ITY

Q.34 Two fair dice are thrown simultaneously. 3 events A, B & C are defined as follows :
A: odd face on first dice ;
B: odd face with second dice
C : sum of the points on two dice is odd. [3012512241]
Then :
(A) the events A, B & C are mutually exclusive
(B) the events A, B & C are mutually independent
(C) the events A, B & C are pairwise independent
(D) P(A  B) = P(B  C) = P(C  A).

Q.35 The probability that a student passes in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry are m, p and c respectively.
Of these subjects, the student has a 75% chance of passing in atleast one, a 50% chance of passing in
atleast two, and a 40% chance of passing in exactly two, which of the following relations are true?
[3012512190]
19 27 1 1
(A) p + m + c = (B) p + m + c = (C) pmc = (D) pmc =
20 20 10 4

Q.36 E and F are independent events such that 0 < P(E), P(F) < 1, then [3012512386]
(A) E and F are mutually exclusive (B) E and F are mutually independent

E E
(C) E and F are mutually independent (D) P   + P   = 1
F F

Q.37 A and B are two among 10 students from which 3 students are to be selected at random to form a
committee. Then, [3012512335]
3
(A) Probability that A belongs to the committee is
10
1
(B) Probability that A and B belongs to the committee is
15
8
(C) Probability that either A and B belong to the committee is
15
7
(D) Probability that exactly one of A and B belongs to the committee is
15

73
PRO BABIL ITY

Q.38 A and B are two random events such that 0 < P(A) < 1 and 0 < P(B) < 1. Then which of the following
are true? [3012512343]
A  B
(A) P   > P(A)  P   > P(B)
 B A

 B B
(B) P   + P   = 1
A A

A A
(C) P   = P   only when A  B = 
 B B

 B B
(D) P   = P   only when A and B are independent
A A

Q.39 Each of 2010 boxes in a line contains one red marble, and for 1  k  2010, the box in the kth position
also contains k white marbles. A child begins at the first box and successively draws a single marble at
random from each box in order. He stops when he first draws a red marble. Let P(n) be the probability
1
that he stops after drawing exactly n marbles. The possible value(s) of n for which P(n) < , is
2010
(A) 44 (B) 45 (C) 46 (D) 47

Q.40 In an experimental performance of a single throw of a pair of unbiased normal dice,

let three events E1, E2 and E3 are defined as follows:
E1 : getting prime numbered face on each dice.
E2 : getting the same number on each dice.
E3 : getting total on two dice equal to 4.
Which of the following is/are TRUE?
(A) The probabilities P(E1), P(E2), P(E3) are in A.P.
(B) The events E1 and E2 are independent.
2
(C) P(E3 / E1) = .
9
17
(D) P(E1 + E2) + P(E2 – E3) = .
36

Q.41 If P(A/B) + PA B  = 1 and 0 < P(A) < 1; and 0 < P(B) < 1 the which of the following does not hold
good?
(A) A and B are equiprobable (B) A and B are disjoint
(C) A and B are independent (D) A and B are neither disjoint nor independent

74
 PRO BABIL ITY

Q.42 A pair of fair dice having six faces numbered from 1 to 6 are thrown once, suppose two events E and F
are defined as
E: Product of the two numbers appearing is divisible by 5.
F: At least one of the dice shows up the face one.
Then the vents E and F are
(A) mutually exclusive (B) independent
(C) neither independent nor mutually exclusive (D) are equiprobable

Q.43 Which of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT?

(A) An event A is known to be independent of the events B, B  C and B  C, then
A is also independent of C.
(B) Let AC denote the complement of an event A. If A and B are two events, then the probability that
atmost one of A, B occurs is P(AC) + P(BC) – P(AC  BC).
(C) After a typist has written ten letters and had addressed the ten corresponding envelopes,
a careless mailing clerk inserted the letters in the envelopes at random, one letter per envelope.
1
The probability that exactly nine letters were inserted in the proper envelopes is .
10!
(D) An aircraft is equipped with three engines that operate independently. The probability of
an engine failure is 0.01. If only one engine is needed for the successful operation of the aircraft, the
probability of a successful flight, is 0.999999.

Q.44 A coin is tossed three times. Consider the following events.

E1 : Heads on the first toss.
E2 : Tails on the second toss.
E3 : Heads on the third toss.
E4 :All three outcomes are same.
E5 : Exactly one head turns up.
Which of the following pairs/ triples of events are independent?
(A) E1 and E4 (B) E1 and E5 (C) E1, E2 and E3 (D) E1, E2 and E4

Q.45 A number is chosen at random from the set {1, 2, 3, 4 ,..., n} . Let E1 be the event that the number drawn
is divisible by 2 and E2 be the event that the number drawn is divisible by 3, then
(A) E1 and E2 are always independent
(B) E1 and E2 are independent if n = 6k (k N)
(C) E1 and E2 are independent if n = 6k + 2 (k N)
(D) E1 and E2 are dependent if n = 10

75
PRO BABIL ITY

1 1 1
Q.46 Let A and B be two events such that P A  B =   6
, P(A  B) = and P A = ,
4 4
 
 
where A stands for complement of event A , then which of the following statement(s) is (are)
incorrect?
(A) Events A and B are equally likely and mutually exclusive.
(B) Events A and B are equally likely but not independent.
(C) Events A and B are independent but not equally likely.
(D) Events A and B are mutually exclusive and independent.

[ MAT RIX T YPE]

[3012512292]
Q.47 Column I Column II
1
(A) Six different ball's are kept into 3 different boxes randomly so that (P)
2
no box being empty. The chance that the balls are evenly distributed in the box, is

1
(B) Two number x and y are chosen at random without replacement from the set (Q)
3
of first 15 natural numbers. The probability that (x3 + y3) is divisible by 3, is

4
(C) You have 5 blue cards and 5 red cards. Every morning you choose a card at (R)
9
random and throw it down a well. The probability that the first card you
throw and the 3rd card you throw is one of the same colour, is

1
(D) There are 10 boxes and each box can hold any number of balls. (S)
6
A man having 5 balls randomly puts one ball in each of the arbitrary
chosen five boxes. Then another man having five balls, again puts one ball
1
in each of the arbitrary chosen five boxes. The probability that there are (T)
4
ball(s) in atleast 8 boxes, is

76
 PRO BABIL ITY

Q.48 Column I Column II

(A) Let X be the set of all 13 digit integers where each digit can take (P) 3
values from [0, 9]. An integer is chosen at random from X. The
1
probability that it is a palindrome, is . The value of n is (Q) 4
10 n

(B) The inhabitants of an island tell truth one third of the time. They lie
with the probability of 2/3. On an occasion, after one of them made
a statement, another fellow stepped forward and declared the (R) 5
p
statement true. If the probability that it was indeed true is
q
where p and q are relatively prime then the value of (q – p) equals (S) 6

1 1
(C) Two people A and B independently hit a target with probabilities and
4 3
respectively. If A can fire only twice, then the minimum number of times B (T) 7
must fire so that there is atleast a 90% probability that the target will be hit, is

Q.49 Column I Column II

3
(A) Poonam flipped a fair coin five times. In the first three flips, the coins (P)
4
came up heads exactly twice and in the last three flips, the coin also
came up heads exactly twice. The probability that the third flip was heads, is
2
(B) A box contains 10 transistors of which 2 are defective. Transistors are (Q)
5
drawn one by one without replacement unless a non-defective one is chosen.
The probability that atmost 3 transistors are drawn, is
4
(C) A box contains 1 black and 1 white ball. A ball is drawn randomly (R)
5
and replaced in the box with an additional ball of the same colour,
then a second ball is drawn randomly from the box containing 3 balls.
2
The probability that the first drawn ball was white given that at least one (S)
3
of the two balls drawn was white, is

¶(D) Let P(A) = 0.7 and P(B) = 0.3. Let Bc denotes the complement (T) None
of the event B. Then the smallest value of P(A  Bc) is

77
PRO BABIL ITY

[ INT EGER T YPE]

Q.50 A covered basket of flowers has some lilies and roses. In search of rose, Sweety and Shweta alternately
pick up a flower from the basket but puts it back if it is not a rose. Sweety is 3 times more likelyto be the
first one to pick a rose. If sweety begin this 'rose hunt' and if there are 60 lilies in the basket, find the
number of roses in the basket. [3012511859]

Q.51 There are 4 urns. The first urn contains 1 white & 1 black ball, the second urn contains 2 white & 3 black
balls, the third urn contains 3 white & 5 black balls & the fourth urn contains 4 white & 7 black balls. The
i2  1
selection of each urn is not equally likely. The probability of selecting ith urn is
34
(i = 1, 2, 3, 4). If we randomly select one of the urns & draw a ball, then the probability of ball being
white is p q where p and q  N are in their lowest form. Find (p + q). [3012511910]
a
Q.52 Let an ordinary fair dice is thrown for five times. If P = expressed in lowest form be the probability
b
that the outcome of the fifth throw was already thrown, then find the value of (a + b).
[3012511885]

1
Q.53 Consider 4 independent trials in which an event A occurs with probability . The event B will occur
3
with probability 1 if the event A occurs atleast twice, it can not occur if the event A does not occur and
1
it occurs with a probability if the event A occurs once. If the probability P of the occurrence of
2
m
event B can be expressed as , find the least value of (m + n), where m, n  N. [3012511764]
n

Q.54 Integers a, b, c and d not necessarily distinct, are chosen independently and at random from the set
p
S = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...... 2006, 2007}. If the probability that | ad – bc | is even, is where p and q are
q
relatively prime the find the value of (p + q). [3012512089]

Q.55 A hotel packed breakfast for each of the three guests. Each breakfast should have consisted of three
types of rolls, one each of nut, cheese and fruit rolls. The preparer wrapped each of the nine rolls and
once warpped, the rolls were indistinguishable from one another. She then randomly put three rolls in a
bag for each of the guests. If the probability that each guset got one roll of each type is m n where m
and n are relatively prime integers, find the value of (m + n). [3012511866]

Q.56 A match between two players A and B is won by the player who first wins two games. A's chance of
winning, drawing or losing any particular games are 1/2, 1/6 or 1/3 respectively. If the probability of A's
winning the match can be expressed in the form p/q, find (p + q). [3012511815]

78
 PRO BABIL ITY

Q.57 A bag contains 3 biased coins B1, B2 and B3 whose probabilities of falling head wise are 1/3,
2/3 and 3/4 respectively. A coin is drawn randomly and tossed, fell head wise. If the probability that the
m
same coin when tossed again will fall head wise is , then find the value of (n – m).
n

Q.58 A set of 3 numbers is chosen from the set of number S = {1, 2, 3, ....... (2n + 1)}. If the probability that
4
the number chosen are in A.P. is , then find the value of n.
21

Q.59 For any events A and B. Given P (A  B) = 0.6, P(A) = P(B), P(B/A) = 0.8.
m
If the value of P  (A  B)  (A  B)  can be expressed as where m and n are relatively prime then
n
find the value of (m + n).

Q.60 Let two events A & B are such that P(A c) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.4 & P(AB c ) = 0.5.
p
If P[ B/(A U Bc)] is expressed as in lowest rational. Find (p + q).
q

Q.61 A telegraphic communication system transmits the signals dot and dash. Assuming that on an average,
2 1
of the dots and of dashes are changed in dashes and dots respectively. Also suppose that the ratio
5 3
between the transmitted dots and the transmitted dashes is 5 : 3. Let the probabilty that a transmitted
signal will be the same as the received signal if the received signal is a dot, be p1 and the received
signals is a dash, be p2. Find the value of (2p1 + 5p2).

[ SUBJECT IVE T YPE]

Q.62 In a box , there are 8 alphabets cards with the letters: S, S, A, A,A, H, H, H. Find the probability that
the word ‘ASH’ will form if: [3012511757]
(i) the three cards are drawn one by one & placed on the table in the same order that they are drawn.
(ii) the three cards are drawn simultaneously .

Q.63 There are 2 groups of subjects one of which consists of 5 science subjects & 3 engg. subjects & other
consists of 3 science & 5 engg. subjects . An unbiased die is cast . If the number 3 or 5 turns up a subject
is selected at random from first group, otherwise the subject is selected from 2nd group . Find the
probability that an engg. subject is selected. [3012511808]

Q.64 A bomber wants to destroy a bridge. Two bombs are sufficient to destroy it.
If four bombs are dropped, what is the probability that it is destroyed, if the chance of a bomb hitting the
target is 0.4. [3012511961]

79
PRO BABIL ITY

Q.65 A box contains 5 radio tubes of which 2 are defective . The tubes are tested one after the other until the
2 defective tubes are discovered . Find the probability that the process stopped on the
(i) Second test; (ii) Third test. If the process stopped on the third test , find the probability that the first
tube is non defective. [3012512012]

Q.66 In a batch of 10 articles, 4 articles are defective. 6 articles are taken from the batch for inspection.
If more than 2 articles in this batch are defective , the whole batch is rejected Find the probability that
the batch will be rejected. [3012512063]

Q.67 An author writes a good book with a probability of 1/2. If it is good it is published with a probability of
2/3. If it is not, it is published with a probability of 1/4. Find the probability that he will get atleast one
book published if he writes two. [3012511783]

Q.68 Consider the following events for a family with children [3012511997]
A = {of both the genders} ; B = {at most one boy}
In which of the following (are/is) the events A and B are independent.
(a) if a family has 3 children (b) if a family has 2 children
Assume that the birth of a boy or a girl is equally likely mutually exclusive and exhaustive.

Q.69 Let A & B be two events defined on a sample space . Given P(A) = 0.4 ; P(B) = 0.80 and
P A/B  = 0.10. Then find ; (i) P AB  & P AB AB  . [3012511946]

Q.70 Two numbers x  R and y  R are selected such that x  [0, 4] and y  [0, 4]. Find the probability
that the selected numbers satisfy y2  x. [3012511895]

Q.71 Three shots are fired independently at a target in succession. The probabilities that the target is hit in the
first shot is 1/2 , in the second 2/3 and in the third shot is 3/4. In case of exactly one hit , the probability
of destroying the target is 1/3 and in the case of exactly two hits, 7/11 and in the case of three hits is
1.0. Find the probability of destroying the target in three shots. [3012511846]

Q.72 The ratio of the number of trucks along a highway, on which a petrol pump is located, to the number of
cars running along the same highway is 3 : 2. It is known that an average of one truck in thirty trucks and
two cars in fifty cars stop at the petrol pump to be filled up with the fuel. If a vehicle stops at the petrol
pump to be filled up with the fuel, find the probability that it is a car. [3012511795]

Q.73 A box contains three coins two of them are fair and one two  headed. A coin is selected at random and
tossed. If the head appears the coin is tossed again, if a tail appears, then another coin is selected from
the remaining coins and tossed. [3012512038]
(i) Find the probability that head appears twice.
(ii) If the same coin is tossed twice, find the probability that it is two headed coin.
(iii) Find the probability that tail appears twice.

Q.74 A coin is tossed m + n times (m > n). Show that the probability that at least m consecutive heads come
n2
up is . [3012511844]
2m 2

80
 PRO BABIL ITY

[JEE(MAIN) PREVIOUS YEAR]

Q.1 A die is thrown. Let A be the event that the number obtained is greater than 3. Let B be the event that the
number obtained is less than 5. Then P(A  B) is [3012512593]
2 3
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) (D) [AIEEE 2008]
5 5
1 1 2
Q.2 It is given that the events A and B are such that P(A) = , P(A|B) = and P(B|A) = . Then P(B) is
4 2 3
[3012512491]
1 2 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) [AIEEE 2008]
3 3 2 6

1
Q.3 In a binomial distribution B  n , p   , if the probability of at least one success is greater than or equal
 4
9
to , then n is greater than [3012512494] [AIEEE 2009]
10
1 9 4 1
(A) 4 3 (B) 4 3 (C) 4 3 (D)
log10  log10 log10  log10 log10  log10 log10  log103
4

Q.4 One ticket is selected at random from 50 tickets numbered 00, 01, 02, ......., 49. Then the probability
that the sum of the digits on the selected ticket is 8, given that the product of these digits is zero, equals:
[3012512545]
1 5 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) [AIEEE 2009]
7 14 50 14

Q.5 An urn contains nine balls of which three are red, four are blue and two are green. Three balls are drawn
at random without replacement from the urn. The probability that the three balls have different colours, is
1 2 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) [3012512596]
3 7 21 23
[AIEEE 2010]
Q.6 Four numbers are chosen at random (without replacement) from the set {1, 2, 3,...., 20}.
1
Statement-1:The probability that the chosen numbers when arranged in some order will form an AP, is .
85
Statement-2 : If the four chosen numbers from an AP, then the set of all possible values of common
difference is {± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 5}.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false. [3012512647]
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true. [AIEEE 2010]
Q.7 Consider 5 independent Bernoulli's trials each with probability of success p. If the probability of at least
31
one failure is greater than or equal to , then p lies in the interval [3012512698]
32
 1 3  3 11   1  11 
(A)  ,  (B)  ,  (C) 0, (D)  , 1 [AIEEE 2011]
 2 4  4 12   2   12 

81
PRO BABIL ITY

Q.8 If C and D are two events such that C  D and P(D)  0, then the correct statement among the following is
(A) P(C | D) = P(C) (B) P(C | D)  P(C) [3012512749]
P(D)
(C) P(C | D) < P(C) (D) P(C | D) = [AIEEE 2011]
P(C)
Q.9 Three numbers are chosen at random without replacement from {1, 2, 3, ........, 8}. The probability that
their minimum is 3, given that their maximum is 6, is [3012512495]
1 2 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) [AIEEE 2012]
4 5 8 5
Q.10 A multiple choice examination has 5 questions. Each question has three alternative answers of which
exactly one is correct. The probability that a student will get 4 or more correct answers just by guessing
is [3012512546]
13 11 10 17
(A) 5 (B) 5 (C) 5 (D) 5 [JEE Main 2013]
3 3 3 3
1 1 1
 
Q.11 Let A and B be two events such that P A  B  , PA  B  and P( A )  , where A stands
6 4 4
for the complement of the event A. Then the events A and B are [JEE Main 2014]
(A) independent and equally likely (B) mutually exclusive and independent
(C) equally likely but not independent (D) independent but not equally likely
Q.12 If 12 identical balls are to be placed in 3 identical boxes, then the probability that one of the boxes
contains exactly 3 balls is [JEE Main 2015]
12 11 11 10
1 1 55  2  2
(A) 220  (B) 22  (C)   (D) 55 
 3 3 3 3 3
Q.13 Let two fair six-faced dice A and B be thrown simultaneously. If E1 is the event that die A shows up four,
E2 is the event that die B shows up two and E3 is the event that the sum of numbers on both dice is odd,
then which of the following statements is NOT true?
(A) E1, E2 and E3 are independent. (B) E1 and E2 are independent.
(C) E2 and E3 are independent. (D) E1 and E3 are independent. [JEE Main 2016]
Q.14 For three events A, B and C,
P (Exactly one of A or B occurs) = P (Exactly one of B or C occurs)
1 1
= P(Exactly one of C or A occurs) = and P (All the three events occur simultaneously) = .
4 16
Then the probability that at least one of the events occurs, is
7 7 7 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) [JEE Main 2017]
32 16 64 16
Q.15 If two different numbers are taken from the set {0, 1, 2, 3, ……, 10}; then the probability that their sum
as well as absolute difference are both multiple of 4, is
6 12 14 7
(A) (B) (C) (D) [JEE Main 2017]
55 55 45 55
Q.16 A box contains 15 green and 10 yellow balls. If 10 balls are randomly drawn, one-by-one, with
replacement, then the variance of the number of green balls drawn is
12 6
(A) (B) 6 (C) 4 (D) [JEE Main 2017]
5 25

82
 PRO BABIL ITY

[JEE(ADVANCED) PREVIOUS YEAR]

Q.1(a) A person takes three tests in succession. The probability of his passing the first test is p, that of his
passing each successive test is p or p/2 according as he passes or fails in the preceding one. He gets
selected provided he passes at least two tests. Determine the probability that the person is selected.
(b) In a combat, A targets B, and both B and C target A. The probabilities of A, B, C hitting their targets are
2/3 , 1/2 and 1/3 respectively. They shoot simultaneously and A is hit. Find the probability that B hits his
target whereas C does not. [3012512019] [JEE' 2003, Mains-2 + 2 out of 60]

Q.2(a) Three distinct numbers are selected from first 100 natural numbers. The probability that all the three
numbers are divisible by 2 and 3 is [3012512070]
4 4 4 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
25 35 55 1155
(b) If A and B are independent events, prove that P (A  B) · P (A'  B')  P (C), where C is an event
defined that exactly one of A or B occurs.
(c) A bag contains 12 red balls and 6 white balls. Six balls are drawn one by one without replacement of
which atleast 4 balls are white. Find the probability that in the next two draws exactly one white ball is
drawn (leave the answer in terms of nCr). [JEE 2004, 3 + 2 + 4]

Q.3(a) A six faced fair dice is thrown until 1 comes, then the probability that 1 comes in even number of trials is
(A) 5/11 (B) 5/6 (C) 6/11 (D) 1/6 [3012511853]
[JEE 2005 (Scr)]
(b) A person goes to office either by car, scooter, bus or train the probability of which being
1 3 2 1
, , and respectively. Probability that he reaches office late, if he takes car, scooter, bus or
7 7 7 7
2 1 4 1
train is , , and respectively. Given that he reached office in time, then what is the probability
9 9 9 9
that he travelled by a car. [JEE 2005 (Mains), 2]

Q.4(a) If P(ui)  i where i = 1, 2, 3,....., n then Lim P( w ) is equal to

n 
(A) 1 (B) 2/3 (C) 3/4 (D) 1/4

(b) If P(ui) = c, where c is a constant then P(un/w) is equal to

2 1 n 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
n 1 n 1 n 1 2
1
(c) If n is even and E denotes the event of choosing even numbered urn ( P(u i )  ), then the value of
n
Pw E  , is
n2 n2 n 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2n  1 2n  1 n 1 n 1
[JEE 2006, 5 marks each]

83
PRO BABIL ITY

Q.5(a) One Indian and four American men and their wives are to be seated randomly around a circular table.
Then the conditional probability that the Indian man is seated adjacent to his wife given that eachAmeri-
can man is seated adjacent to his wife is [3012512006]
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/3 (C) 2/5 (D) 1/5
(b) Let Ec denote the complement of an event E. Let E, F, G be pairwise independent events with P(G) > 0
and P(E  F  G) = 0. Then P(Ec  Fc | G) equals
(A) P(Ec) + P(Fc) (B) P(Ec) – P(Fc) (C) P(Ec) – P(F) (D) P(E) – P(Fc)

(c) Let H1, H2, ....... , Hn be mutually exclusive and exhaustive events with P(Hi) > 0, i = 1, 2, ...., n. Let E
be any other event with 0 < P(E) < 1.
Statement-1: P(Hi / E) > P(E / Hi) · P(Hi) for i = 1, 2, ....., n.
because
n
Statement-2:  P(H i ) = 1
i 1
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true. [JEE 2007, 3+3+3]

Q.6(a) An experiment has 10 equally likely outcomes. Let A and B be two non-empty events of the experiment.
If A consists of 4 outcomes, the number of outcomes that B must have so that A and B are independent,
is [3012511955]
(A) 2, 4 or 8 (B) 3, 6, or 9 (C) 4 or 8 (D) 5 or 10
(b) Consider the system of equations
ax + by = 0, cx + dy = 0, where a, b, c, d  {0, 1}.
3
STATEMENT-1 : The probability that the system of equations has a unique solution is .
8
and
STATEMENT-2 : The probability that the system of equations has a solution is 1.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True [JEE 2008, 3+3]

Q.7 A fair dice is tossed repeatedly until a six is obtained. Let X denote the number of tosses required.
(a) The probability that X = 3 equals
25 25 5 125
(A) (B) (C) (D)
216 36 36 216
(b) The probability that X  3 equals
125 25 5 25
(A) (B) (C) (D)
216 36 36 216
(c) The conditional probability that X  6 given X > 3 equals
125 25 5 25
(A) (B) (C) (D)
216 216 36 36
[JEE 2009, 4+4+4]
84
 PRO BABIL ITY

Q.8(a) Let  be a complex cube root of unity with   1. A fair dice is thrown three times. If r1, r2 and r3 are the
numbers obtained on the dice, then the probability that r1  r2  r3  0 is [3012511902]
1 1 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
18 9 9 36
4 1
(b) A signal which can be green or red with probability and respectively, is received by station A and
5 5
3
then transmitted to station B. The probability of each station receiving the signal correctly is . If the
4
signal received at station B is green, then the probability that the original signal was green is
3 6 20 9
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 7 23 20
[JEE 2010, 3 + 5]

Paragraph for Question Nos. 9 and 10

Let U1 and U2 be two urns such that U1 contains 3 white and 2 red balls, and U2 contains only 1 white
ball. A fair coin is tossed. If head appears then 1 ball is drawn at random from U1 and put into U2.
However, if tail appears then 2 balls are drawn at random from U1 and put into U2. Now 1 ball is drawn
at random from U2. [3012512005]

Q.9 The probability of the drawn ball from U2 being white is

13 23 19 11
(A) (B) (C) (D)
30 30 30 30
Q.10 Given that the drawn ball from U2 is white, the probability that head appeared on the coin is
17 11 15 12
(A) (B) (C) (D)
23 23 23 23
[JEE 2011, 3+3]
1
Q.11 Let E and F be two independent events. The probability that exactly one of them occurs is and the
25
2
probability of none of them occurring is . If P(T) denotes the probability of occurrence of the event
25
T, then [3012512106]
 3  2
(A) P(E) = , P(F) = (B) P(E) = , P(F) = [JEE 2011, 4]
5 5 5 5
2 1 3 4
(C) P(E) = , P(F) = (D) P(E) = , P(F) =
5 5 5 5

Q.12 Four fair dice D1, D2, D3, and D4 each having six faces numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are rolled
simultaneously. The probability that D4 shows a number appearing on one of D1, D2 and D3 is
[3012512157]
91 108 125 127
(A) (B) (C) (D)
216 216 216 216
[JEE 2012, 3]

85
PRO BABIL ITY

Q.13 A ship is fitted with three engines E1, E2 and E3. The engines function independently of each other with
1 1 1
respective probabilities , and . For the ship to be operational at least two of its engines must
2 4 4
function. Let X denotes the event that the ship is operational and let X1, X2 and X3 denotes respectively
the events that the engines E1, E2 and E3 are functioning. Which of the following is(are) true?
[3012512208]
7
 
(A) P X1c | X  3
16
(B) P [Exactly two engines of the ship are functioning | X] =
8
5 7
(C) P [X | X2] = (D) P [X | X1] = [JEE 2012, 4]
16 16

1 3 1 1
Q.14 Four persons independently solve a certain problem correctly with probabilities , , , . Then the
2 4 4 8
probability that the problem is solved correctly by atleast one of them is [3012512496]
235 21 3 253
(A) (B) (C) (D)
256 256 256 256

Q.15 Of the three independent events E1, E2 and E3, the probability that only E1 occurs is , only E2 occurs
is  and only E3 occurs is . Let the probability p that none of events E1, E2 or E3 occurs satisfy the
equations ( –2) p =  and ( – 3) p = 2 .
All the given probabilities are assumed to lie in the interval (0, 1). [3011712651]
Probabilit y of occurence of E1
Then Probabilit y of occurence of E 
3

Paragraph for Questions 16 and 17

A box B1 contains 1 white ball, 3 red balls and 2 black balls. Another box B2 contains 2 white balls,
3 red balls and 4 black balls. A third box B3 contains 3 white balls, 4 red balls and 5 black balls.
Q.16 If 2 balls are drawn (without replacement) from a randomly selected box and one of the balls is white
and the other ball is red, the probability that these 2 balls are drawn from box B2 is
116 126 65 55
(A) (B) (C) (D)
181 181 181 181

Q.17 If 1 ball is drawn from each of the boxes B1, B2 and B3, the probability that all 3 drawn balls are of the
same colour is
82 90 558 566
(A) (B) (C) (D) [3011712652]
648 648 648 648
[JEE Advance 2013, 3+3]
Q.18 Three boys and two girls stand in a queue. The probability, that the number of boys ahead of every girl
is at least one more than the number of girls ahead of her, is
1 1 2 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 3 4
[JEE Adv. 2014, 3]

86
 PRO BABIL ITY

Paragraph for Questions 19 and 20

Box 1 contains three cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3; box 2 contains five cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3,
4, 5; and box 3 contains seven cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. A card is drawn from each of
the boxes. Let xi be the number on the card drawn from the ith box, i = 1, 2, 3.
[JEE Adv. 2014, 3]
Q.19 The probability that x1 + x2 + x3 is odd, is
29 53 57 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
105 105 105 2

Q.20 The probability that x1, x2, x3 are in an arithmetic progression, is

9 10 11 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
105 105 105 105

Q.21 The minimum number of times a fair coin needs to be tossed, so that the probability of getting at least two
heads is at least 0.96 is [JEE Adv. 2015, 4]

Paragraph for Questions 22 and 23

Let n1 and n2 be the number of red and black balls, respectively, in box I. Let n3 and n4 be the number
of red and black balls, respectively, in box II.

Q.22 One of the two boxes, box I and box II, was selected at random and a ball was drawn randomly out of
1
this box. the ball was found to be red. If the probability that this red ball was drawn from box II is ,
3
then the correct option(s) with the possible values of n1, n2, n3 and n4 is(are)
(A) n1 = 3, n2 = 3, n3 = 5, n4 = 15 (B) n1 = 3, n2 = 6, n3 = 10, n4 = 50
(C) n1 = 8, n2 = 6, n3 = 5, n4 = 20 (D) n1 = 6, n2 = 12, n3 = 5, n4 = 20

Q.23 A ball is drawn at random from box I and transferred to box II. If the probability of drawing a red ball
1
from box I, after this transfer, is , then the correct option(s) with the possible values of n1 and n2
3
is(are)
(A) n1 = 4 and n2 = 6 (B) n1 = 2 and n2 = 3
(C) n1 = 10 and n2 = 20 (D) n1 = 3 and n2 = 6 [JEE Adv.2015, 4 + 4]

Q.24 A computer producing factory has only two plants T1 and T2. Plant T1 produces 20% and plant T2
produces 80% of the total computers produced. 7% of computers produced in the factory turn out to be
defective. It is known that
P (computer turns out to be defective given that it is produced in plant T1)
= 10 P (computer turns out to be defective given that it is produced in plant T2),
where P(E) denotes the probability of an event E. A computer produced in the factory is randomly
selected and it does not turn out to be defective. Then the probability that it is produced in plant T2 is
36 47 78 75
(A) (B) (C) (D)
73 79 93 83
[JEE (Advanced) 2016, 3]

87
PRO BABIL ITY

Paragraph for question nos. 25 & 26

Football teams T1 and T2 have to play two games against each other. It is assumed that the outcomes of
the two games are independent. The probabilities of T1 winning, drawing and losing a game against T2
1 1 1
are , and , respectively. Each team gets 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 point for a
2 6 3
loss in a game. Let X and Y denote the total points scored by teams T1 and T2 respectively, after two
games.

Q.25 P(X > Y) is

1 5 1 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 12 2 12

Q.26 P(X = Y) is
11 1 13 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) .
36 3 36 2
[JEE (Advanced) 2016, 3+3]

1 1 2
Q.27 Let X and Y be two events such that P(X) = , P(X|Y) = and P(Y|X) = . Then
3 2 5
1 4 1 2
(A) P(X  Y) = (B) P(Y) = (C) P(X'|Y) = (D) P (X  Y) =
5 15 2 5
[JEE Adv. 2017, 4]

Q.28 Three randomly chosen non-negative integers x, y and z are found to satisfy the equation x + y + z = 10.
Then the probability that z is even, is
5 1 6 36
(A) (B) (C) (D)
11 2 11 55
[JEE Adv. 2017, 3]

88
 PRO BABIL ITY

[RANK BOOSTER]
[ SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE T Y PE]
Q.1 Sixteen players s1 , s2 ,..... , s16 play in a tournament. They are divided into eight pairs at random. From
each pair a winner is decided on the basis of a game played between the two players of the pair. Assume
that all the players are of equal strength. The probability that "exactly one of the two players s1 & s2 is
among the eight winners" is
4 7 8 9
(A) (B) (C) (D)
15 15 15 15

Q.2 A fair die is thrown 3 times. The chance that sum of three numbers appearing on the die is less than 11,
is equal to
1 2 1 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 6 8

Q.3 A plane is landing. If the weather is favourable, the pilot landing the plane can see the runway. In this case
the probability of a safe landing is p1. If there is a low cloud ceiling, the pilot has to make a blind landing
by instruments. The reliability (the probability of failure free functioning) of the instruments needed for a
blind landing is P. If the blind landing instruments function normally, the plane makes a safe landing with
the same probability p1 as in the case of a visual landing. If the blind landing instruments fail, then the pilot
may make a safe landing with probability p2 < p1. If it is known that in K percent of the cases there is a
low cloud ceiling, then the probability of a safe landing is given by
K K  k   k 
(A) (1  )p1 [ Pp (1  P)p 2 ] (B)  p1  1   Pp1  (1  p)p 2 
100 100 1  100   100 
k  k k

(C) 1   p1  Pp 2  (1  P) · p1  (D) pp 2   1  k  p1
 100  100 100  100 

Q.4 Two urns contain, respectively m1 and m2 white balls and n1 and n2 black balls. One ball is drawn
at random from each urn and then from the two drawn balls one is taken at random. The probability that
this ball will be white is

1  m1n1 m2 n 2  1  m1 m2 
(A) 2  m  n  m  n  (B) 2  m  n  m  n 
 1 1 2 2  1 1 2 2

1  m1n 2 m 2n1  1  n1 n2 
(C) 2  m  n  m  n  (D) 2  m  n  m  n 
 1 1 2 2  1 1 2 2

Q.5 A box contains 100 balls. All number of white or non white balls in the box are equally probable.
A white ball is dropped into the box and the box is shaken. Now a ball is drawn from the box.
The probability that the drawn ball is white, is
51 50 51 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
101 101 100 51

89
PRO BABIL ITY

Q.6 There are 18 hunters which are divided into four groups as,
G1 : Consisting of 5 hunters each of whom can hit a target with the probability 0.8.
G2 : Consisting of 7 each hitting a target with probability 0.7.
G3 : Consisting of 4 each hitting a target with probability 0.6, and
G4 : Consisting of 2 each hitting a target with probability 0.5.
A randomly selected hunter fires a shot and failed to hit the target. Most probable group of the hunter is
(A) G1 (B) G2 (C) G3 (D) G4

Q.7 A small scale industry produces 1000 light bulbs per day and maximum of 5 bulbs can be defective in a
day. If all the bulbs of a randomly chosen sample of 100 bulbs on a particular day turned out to be good
then the chance that all 1000 bulbs produced on that day are non-defective is given by
(Assume that any number of defective light bulbs from 0 to 5 on that day in the lot of 1000 is equally
probable)
1000 1 100 1000
C100
(A) 5
(B) 1000 (C) 5 (D) 5
C100
 1000k C100  1000k C100  1000k C100
k 0 k 0 k 0

Q.8 Consider all functions that can be defined from the set A = {1, 2, 3} to the set B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. A
function f(x) is selected at random from these functions. The probability that selected function satisfies
f (i)  f (j) for i < j, is equal to
6 7 2 12
(A) (B) (C) (D)
25 25 5 25

Q.9 If a number is selected at random from the set of all five digit numbers in which sum of the digits is equal
to 43, then the probability that this number is divisible by 11, is
3 2 1 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
15 15 15 15

[ PARAGRAPH T Y PE]
Paragraph for question nos. 10 to 13
A standard deck of playing cards has 52 cards. There are four suit (clubs, diamonds, hearts and spades),
each of which has thirteen numbered cards (2, ....., 9, 10, Jack, Queen, King, Ace)
In a game of card, each card is worth an amount of points. Each numbered card is worth its number
(e.g. a 5 is worth 5 points) ; the Jack, Queen and King are each worth 10 points ; and the Ace is worth your
choice of "either 1 point or 11 points". The object of the game is to have more points in your set of cards
than your opponent without going over 21. Any set of cards with sum greater than 21 automatically loses.
Here's how the game is played. You and your opponent are each dealt two cards. Usually the first card
for each player is dealt face down, and the second card for each player is dealt face up. After the initial
cards are dealt, the first player has the option of asking for another card or not taking any cards. The first
player can keep asking for more cards until either he or she goes over 21, in which case the player loses,
or stops at some number less than or equal to 21. When the first player stops at some number less than
or equal to 21, the second player then can take more cards until matching or exceeding the first player's
number without going over 21, in which case the second player wins, or until going over 21, in which
case the first player wins.
We are going to simplify the game a little and assume that all cards are dealt face up, so that all cards are
visible. Assume your opponent is dealt cards and plays first.
90
 PRO BABIL ITY

Q.10 The chance that the second card will be a heart and a Jack, is
4 13 17 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
52 52 52 52
Q.11 The chance that the first card will be a heart or a Jack, is
13 16 17
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
52 52 52
Q.12 Given that the first card is a Jack, the chance that it will be the heart, is
1 4 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
13 13 4 3
Q.13 Suppose your opponent is dealt a King and a 10, and you are dealt a Queen and a 9. Being smart, your
opponent does not take any more cards and stays at 20. The chance that you will win if you are allowed
to take as many cards as you need, is
97 25 15 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
564 282 188 6

Q.14 Given that he works in the maths library, the probability that he finishes his both problem set, is
57 19 31 21
(A) (B) (C) (D)
80 26 77 25
Q.15 Given that he works in the chemistry library, the probability that he finishes his both problem set, is
77 18 31 17
(A) (B) (C) (D)
180 25 80 23
Q.16 Given that he finishes his both problem set, the probability that he works in the maths library, is
23 77 95 95
(A) (B) (C) (D)
200 159 159 191

[ M ULT IPL E CORRECT CHOICE T YPE]

Q.17 Two whole numbers are randomly selected and multiplied. Consider two events E1 and E2 defined as
E1 : Their product is divisible by 5
E2: Unit's place in their product is 5.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? [3012512139]
(A) E1 is twice as likely to occur as E2. (B) E1 and E2 are equiprobable.
(C) P(E2/E1) = 1/4 (D) P(E1/E2) = 1

Q.18 There are three coins C1, C2 and C3, C1 is a fair coin painted blue on the head side and white on the tail
side. C2 and C3 are biased coins so that the probability of a head is p. They are painted blue on the tail
side and red on the head side. Two of the three coins are selected at random and tossed. If the probability
29
that both the coins land up with sides of the same colour is then the possible value(s) of p can be
96
[3012512437]
1 3 5 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 8 8 8

91
PRO BABIL ITY

2 1
Q.19 A coin is so weighted such that the probability of it showing H (Head) is and that of T(Tail) is when
3 3
it is tossed. If head appears, then a number from the first 9 naturals is selected at random, otherwise a
number from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 will be selected. Let E be the event of getting an even number. Then,
[3012512394]
E 4 E 2 58  H  20
(A) P   (B) P   (C) P(E) = (D) P  
H 9 T 5 135  E  29

3 1
Q.20 For the 3 events A, B and C, P (atleast one occurring) = , P (atleast two occurring) =
4 2
2
and P (exactly two occurring) = . Which of the following relations is / are CORRECT?
5
1 7
(A) P(ABC) = (B) P(AB) + P(BC) + P(CA) =
10 10
27 1
(C) P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = (D) P(A B C )  P(A B C)  P( A B C ) =
20 4

Q.21 A box contains 100 balls of which r are red. Suppose that they are drawn one at a time without
replacement. Identity the correct statement(s)?
r
(A) Probability that the first ball is red equals .
100
1
(B) For r = 1, the probability that the 50th ball is red is .
100
100  r ! · 50! r
(C) Probability that the first red ball is drawn at the 50th draw, is .
51  r ! 100 !
r! 100  r !
(D) Probability that all the non-red balls are drawn before the first red appears is .
100!

Q.22 Contents of the two urns is as given in this table. A fair die is tossed. If the face 1, 2, 4 or 5 comes, a
marble is drawn from the urn A otherwise a marble is chosen from the urn B.

Urn Red Marbles White marbles Blue marbles

A 5 3 8
B 3 5 0
Let E1 : Denote the event that a red marble is chosen.
E2 : Denote the event that a white marble is chosen.
E3 : Denote the event that a blue is chosen.
then
(A) The event E1, E2 and E3 are equiprobable.
(B) P(E1), P(E2), P(E3) are in A.P. 1
(C) If the marble drawn is red, the probability that it came from the urn A is .
2
3
(D) If the marble drawn is white, the probability that the face 5 appeared on the die is .
32

92
 PRO BABIL ITY

Q.23 Let all the letters of the word 'MATHEMATICS' are arranged in all possible order.
Three events A, B and C are defined as
A : Both M are together.
B : Both T are together.
C : Both A are together.
Which of the following hold(s) good?
2 2
(A) P(A) = P(B) = . (B) P(A  B) = P(B  C) = P(C  A) =
11 55
4 58
(C) P(A  B  C) = (D) P(A  B) C  =
495 405

[ MAT RIX T YPE]

Q.24 Column-I Column-II

(A) A dinner party of 2n persons has the same number of males and females. (P) 11
If the chance that two persons of the same gender will not be seated next
to each other is 1 126 then the number of males, is
(B) An urn contains 12 balls of which 5 are white and 7 are black. A person (Q) 9
draws 5 times, two balls at a time, without returning them to the urn.
If the chance of drawing the pair of balls of different colours, is 4 k 
then k is divisible by
(C) An urn contains 10 balls numbered from 1 to 10. The balls are drawn (R) 5
one at a time without being replaced in the urn. If the probability that in
the first 7 draws the numbers on the balls will coincide with the numbers
of the draws is 6 m! then m is divisible by
(D) Newton and Leibnitz are playing a game with a coin that comes up heads (S) 4
with probability p. They take turns flipping the coin until one of them wins,
with Newton going first. Newton wins if he flips a heads and Leibnitz wins
if he flips a tails. Given that Newton and Leibnitz each wins the game half
of the times, then the value of p is k sin218°. The value of k is (T) 2

[ INT EGER T YPE]

Q.25 A bag contains N balls, some of which are white, the others are black, white being more in number than
black. Two balls are drawn at random from the bag, without replacement. It is found that the probability
that the two balls are of the same colour is the same as the probability that they are of different colour.
It is given that 180 < N < 220. If K denotes the number of white balls, find the exact value of (K + N).
[3012511936]

Q.26 During a power blackout, 100 persons are arrested on suspect of looting. Each is given a polygraph
test. From past experience it is known that the polygraph is 90% reliable when administered to a guilty
person and 98% reliable when given to some one who is innocent. Suppose that of the 100 persons
taken into custody, only 12 were actually involved in any wrong doing. If the probability that a given
suspect is innocent given that the polygraph says he is guilty is a b where a and b are relatively prime,
find the value of (a + b). [3012511987]

93
PRO BABIL ITY

Q.27 A box contains 10 coins, 4 of which are fair and the rest are biased. The probability of getting a head
when a fair coin is tossed is 1/2, while it is 2/3 when a biased coin is tossed. A coin is drawn from the box
at random and is tossed twice. The first time it shows head and the second time it shows tail. If the
a
probability that the coin drawn is fair can be expressed as rational , where a and b are relatively prime,
b
then find the value of (a + b).
Q.28 Shots are being fired independently from a gun at a target with a maximum score of 10 points per shot.
1
Given that the probability of scoring 30 points in 3 shots is , probability of scoring eight points in one
64
1 2
shot is and less than eight points in one shot is . If the probability of scoring at least 28 points in
5 5
p
3 shots is , then find the value of p.
1600
Q.29 The contents of 3 bags w.r.t green and red marbles is as given in the table shown. Bag G R
A child randomly selects one of the bags, and draws a marble from it and retains it. A 3 1
If the marble is green, the child draws the second marbles randomly from one of the B 2 2
two remaining bags. If the first marble drawn is red the child draws one more marble C 1 3
from the same bag. The probability that the second drawn marble is green is expressed
m
as (where m and n are coprime). Find the value of (m + n).
n
Q.30 A drawer contains a mixture of red socks and blue socks, at most 1991 in all. It so happens that when
two socks are selected randomly without replacement, there is a probability of exactly 1 2 that both are
red or both are blue. Find the largest possible number of red socks in the drawer that is consistent with
this data.
Q.31 Two integers n1 and n2 are drawn at random out of the set [ 1 , 2 , 3 ,...... , 9 ] with replacement and the
equation , x2 + 2 n1  n2 x + n1 = 0 is formed. If the probability that the equation has real roots is
p
where p and q are co-prime, then find the value of (p + q).
q
Q.32 A bag contains 10 coins of which 5 are normal coins, 2 of them doubly headed coins and 3 of them are
weighted coins with head occurring 3 times as probable as tail. A coin is randomly taken out from the bag
x
and is tossed for three times fell head wise on all the three occasions. If P = is the probability that
996
the same coin if tossed again shows up tail, find the value of x.

[ SUBJECT IVE T YPE]

Q.33 Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that one of them
is a red card & the other is a queen. [3012511834]
Q.34 16 players take part in a tennis tournament. The order of the matches is chosen at random. There is
always a player better than another one, the better wins. Find [3012511968]
(a) The probability that all the 4 best players reach the semifinals.
(b) The probability that the sixth best reaches the semifinals.
a2
Q.35 A hunter’s chance of shooting an animal at a distance 'r' is (r > a). He fires when r = 2a and
r2
if he misses he reloads & fires when r = 3a, 4a, ..... If he misses at a distance ‘na’, the animal escapes.
Find the odds against the hunter. [3012511917]

94
 PRO BABIL ITY

ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE-1
SECTION-A
625
Q.1 (i) 5/16 (ii) 1/64 (iii) 63/64 Q.2 7/8 Q.3 9/17 Q.4
3  65
459
Q.5 5/17 Q.6 231/551 Q.7 (i) 1/3 (ii) 1/2 Q.8
512
1 1 1
Q.9   Q.10 A and B are independent events Q.11 k = 0.2
6 6 36
Q.12 1/4 Q.13 1/3 Q.14 11/24 Q.15 1/51 Q.16 11/50

SECTION-B
Q.1 A Q.2 D Q.3 C Q.4 B Q.5 A
Q.6 B Q.7 B Q.8 A Q.9 B Q.10 C
Q.11 A Q.12 B Q.13 C Q.14 D Q.15 B
Q.16 A Q.17 B Q.18 C Q.19 C Q.20 B
Q.21 C Q.22 B Q.23 C Q.24 A Q.25 C

EXERCISE-2
Q.1 B Q.2 A Q.3 D Q.4 C Q.5 D
Q.6 A Q.7 B Q.8 C Q.9 C Q.10 C
Q.11 D Q.12 B Q.13 C Q.14 D Q.15 C
Q.16 B Q.17 D Q.18 A Q.19 A Q.20 C
Q.21 B Q.22 B Q.23 A Q.24 D Q.25 A
Q.26 C Q.27 B Q.28 A Q.29 C Q.30 B
Q.31 D Q.32 B Q.33 ABC Q.34 ACD Q.35 BC
Q.36 BCD Q.37 ABCD Q.38 AD Q.39 BCD Q.40 AD
Q.41 ABD Q.42 CD Q.43 ABCD Q.44 AC Q.45 BCD
Q.46 ABD Q.47 (A) S, (B) Q, (C) R; (D) P Q.48 (A) S; (B) Q; (C) R
Q.49 (A) R, (B) T, (C) P, (D) Q Q.50 120 Q.51 2065 Q.52 1967
Q.53 130 Q.54 13 Q.55 79 Q.56 206 Q.57 0013
Q.58 0004 Q.59 2 Q.60 5 Q.61 4
328
Q.62 (i) 3/56 (ii) 9/28 Q.63 13/24 Q.64
625
Q.65 (i) 1/10, (ii) 3/10, (iii) 2/3 Q.66 19/42 Q.67 407/576
Q.68 Independent in (a) and not independent in (b) Q.69 (i) 0.82, (ii) 0.76
Q.70 1/3 Q.71 5/8 Q.72 4/9 Q.73 1/2, 1/2, 1/12

95
PRO BABIL ITY

EXERCISE-3

Q.1 B Q.2 A Q.3 D Q.4 D Q.5 B

Q.6 C Q.7 C Q.8 B Q.9 D Q.10 B
Q.11 D Q.12 C Q.13 A Q.14 B Q.15 A
Q.16 A

EXERCISE-4
12
C26C410C12C1 12 C16C511C11C1
Q.1 (a) p2 (2 – p); (b) 1/2 Q.2 (a) D, (c)
12
C2 
12
C26C4 12 C16C5 12 C06C6 
Q.3 (a) A, (b) 1/7 Q.4 (a) B, (b) A, (c) B
Q.5 (a) C; (b) C; (c) D Q.6 (a) D, (b) B
Q.7 (a) A, (b) B, (c) D Q.8 (a) C; (b) C Q.9 B
Q.10 D Q.11 AD Q.12 A Q.13 BD Q.14 A
Q.15 6 Q.16 D Q.17 A Q.18 A Q.19 B
Q.20 C Q.21 8 Q.22 AB Q.23 CD Q.24 C
Q.25 B Q.26 C Q.27 BC Q.28 C

EXERCISE-5

Q.1 C Q.2 A Q.3 A Q.4 B Q.5 A

Q.6 B Q.7 A Q.8 B Q.9 A Q.10 D
Q.11 B Q.12 C Q.13 D Q.14 A Q.15 B
Q.16 C Q.17 CD Q.18 CD Q.19 ABCD Q.20 ABCD
Q.21 ABCD Q.22 ABD Q.23 ABCD
Q.24 (A) R ; (B) P, Q ; (C) T, R ; (D) S Q.25 301 Q.26 179 Q.27 0010
Q.28 157 Q.29 217 Q.30 990 Q.31 0013 Q.32 161

64 24
Q.33 101/1326 Q.34 (a) ; (b) Q.35 n + 1 : n – 1
455 91

96