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Key Chemistry Reactions for Grade 12

The document outlines various named reactions and mechanisms relevant to Grade 12 chemistry, including Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation, Clemmensen and Wolff-Kishner reductions, and Aldol condensation. It details the reagents, mechanisms, and key intermediates for each reaction, providing a concise reference for students. Additionally, it includes rules such as Markovnikov’s and Anti-Markovnikov effects, along with a quick comparison table of reactions.

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18 views3 pages

Key Chemistry Reactions for Grade 12

The document outlines various named reactions and mechanisms relevant to Grade 12 chemistry, including Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation, Clemmensen and Wolff-Kishner reductions, and Aldol condensation. It details the reagents, mechanisms, and key intermediates for each reaction, providing a concise reference for students. Additionally, it includes rules such as Markovnikov’s and Anti-Markovnikov effects, along with a quick comparison table of reactions.

Uploaded by

marsat318
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Named Reactions & Mechanisms (Chemistry Grade 12)

1.
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
Reagents: R–X + AlCl₃ (Lewis acid)
Mechanism: Formation of carbocation → electrophilic attack on benzene → deprotonation.
2.
Friedel-Crafts Acylation
Reagents: RCOCl + AlCl₃
Advantage: No rearrangement; single acyl group introduced.
3.
Clemmensen Reduction
Reagents: Zn(Hg) + conc. HCl
Function: C=O → CH₂ (ketone/aldehyde to alkane).
4.
Wolff-Kishner Reduction
Reagents: NH₂NH₂ / KOH / high-boil solvent (ethylene glycol, 180 °C)
Same net result as Clemmensen (C=O → CH₂) but basic medium.
5.
Aldol Condensation
Conditions: dil. NaOH; α-H containing aldehyde/ketone.
Steps: enolate formation → nucleophilic addition → β-hydroxy carbonyl → dehydration →
α,β-unsaturated product.
6.
Cannizzaro Reaction
Aldehydes lacking α-H (e.g. HCHO, PhCHO).
One molecule oxidised to acid, other reduced to alcohol; conc. NaOH.
7.
HVZ Reaction (Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky)
Reagents: X₂ + P/X₃; converts RCH₂COOH → RCH(X)COOH.
8.
Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis
Prepare primary amines; uses phthalimide anion → N-alkylation → hydrazinolysis.
9.
Sandmeyer Reaction
Diazonium salt + CuX (X=Cl, Br, CN) → replaces N₂⁺ by X.
10.
Gattermann Reaction
Variation of Sandmeyer using Cu powder/HX.

…PAGE-BREAK…
11.
Coupling Reactions
Diazonium + activated arene (phenol/aniline) → coloured azo compound; pH 4-5 optimum.
12.
Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation
RCONH₂ + Br₂ + 4 NaOH → RNH₂ + Na₂CO₃ + 2 NaBr + 2 H₂O
One carbon shorter amine.
13.
Carbylamine Reaction
1° amine + CHCl₃ + alc. KOH → isocyanide (foul smell; test for 1° amine).
14.
Diels-Alder Reaction
Diene + dienophile → cyclohexene derivative; stereospecific syn-addition.
15.
Reimer-Tiemann Reaction
Phenol + CHCl₃ + aq. NaOH → o/p-hydroxybenzaldehyde; carbene intermediate.
16.
Williamson Ether Synthesis
R–ONa + R'–X → R–O–R' + NaX; SN2 pathway.
17.
Wurtz Reaction
2 R–X + 2 Na → R–R + 2 NaX; produces symmetrical alkane.
18.
Kolbe Electrolysis
Aqueous Na salt of carboxylic acid → electrolysis → R–R (hydrocarbon).
19.
Markovnikov’s Rule
HX adds to unsymmetrical alkene → H attaches to carbon having more H.
20.
Anti-Markovnikov (Peroxide Effect)
HBr + alkene + peroxide → Br attaches to less-substituted carbon (free-radical).
Quick Comparison Table
Reaction | Reagent(s) | Key intermediate
Friedel-Crafts | R–X / RCOCl + AlCl₃ | Carbocation / Acylium
Clemmensen | Zn(Hg), HCl | No isolated int.
Wolff-Kishner | NH₂NH₂, KOH, ∆ | Hydrazone
Aldol | dil. NaOH | Enolate
Sandmeyer | CuCl/HBr/CuCN | Aryl cation (Cu assisted)

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