THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.

1. BACKGROUND.

History of the seat.

The seat is called the place where the driver or passengers rest.
a car.

In the early days of automobile racing, the type and arrangement of the seats
they did not differ much from those used in horse-drawn carriages. Until such
this was happening, that at the beginning of this century in coupes it was reached to the
distinction between the external positioning of the conductor in relation to the passengers. Without

embargo, soon functional considerations prevailed, as a result

of the benefits that the automobile could provide surpassing those of the carriage
horses. It can be said that the arrangement and configuration of the seats have
I am adapting to the evolution of the shape of the body, to the whims of the
fashion and to the taste of the boldest bodybuilders.

For example, the "vis à vis" layout of the early automobiles can be mentioned,
the longitudinal orientation of the first racing cars, that of 4 seats
longitudinal of the "tonneaux", etc. Another characteristic type of seat was the one that
it was placed on the rear of the carsspiderThe backrest would open like the
cover of atrunkand then it was left exposed.
Also regarding its shape, the seat is in continuous evolution: from the
typical bench turned into the form of an individual armchair, of optimal containment
lateral, to recover in the fifties a new form of bench, for 3
plazas (in front or behind). Recently, there has been a certain return to
front simple seat, not only for comfort reasons, but also for reasons
of safety and functionality.

However, in few applications have the functions been taken into account that
the seat must be developed, especially the driver's seat. In the project of a
seating should respect the principles of ergonomics and the biomechanics,
Given that driving a car constitutes a real job.

In general, this aspect of the project is given little attention, not only by the

aesthetic and dimensional conditioning, but also by the fact that

it is extremely difficult to analyze the sensations of man derived from
the shape of the seat and its position in relation to the driving organs. A
the seat must be *anatomical and be in a position that guarantees a
goodvisibilityand a correct physiological attitude, especially for the driver.

The drawing indicates the main dimensions that must be observed in the
implementation of thedriving positionfrom a sedan.

In addition to the anatomical shape, the production of the seats must be taken care of, with

the filler or cushioning material, the furniture system, and the upholstery.
The stuffing, once made of wool and animal hair, is made up of
modern cars coconut fibers mixed with rubber latex, or
foam rubber o expanded polyurethane products, obtained by
special procedures in molds that reproduce the shape of the
backrest and seat area. More complex procedures can be
obtain integral seats, bringing together in a single set the structure of
support, the filling and the coating.

This last one, formerly made with good natural fabrics and leather, is
is usually done nowadays with imitation leather products and with fabrics
washable artificial fibers. The comfort of these solutions may not be the best.
suitable, although manufacturers often try to obtain coatings that
allow a certain degree of perspiration.

Among the manufacturers that stand out for the construction of their seats, we can mention
to Swedish companiesVolvoySaabthis last one has even made an entry
with electric heating, for better comfort in cold seasons.

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The history of the car seat

By:Will Smith

The first recorded report of a child who was accommodated in a car.

It was in 1898. The device was little more than a loop bag that would unite
to the real car seat. It was designed solely to prevent the
little children fall from their seats when the car was in the
movement.

So move back, with very few cars on the road and with
the limited high-speed vehicles, the safety of the accommodation of
child was not a big priority. The cars of the late century
nineteenth and twentieth century were early especially for the
reconstruction of the rich. They were extremely expensive and very unreliable.

The beginning of the twentieth century brought the creation of assembly line factories.
Ford's assembly of the Henrio that could build hundreds of
cars each month. This brought the price of the car down to a lower level
reasonable, and people everywhere could suddenly produce
drive. At the same time, the number of car accidents increased,
with the fatalities also rising.
Not until the 1930s did manufacturers design
automobiles a model of a child's car seat. The
the seat was designed similarly to the previous models that were
meanings to keep only children from the move around him
car. They did little to provide protection during an accident
by car. Unfortunately, it would take another 30 years before
Anything serious would be done about him.

In the 1960s, Swedish car manufacturers began to address the

application the safety of the child in cars. They developed the first
child car seat of the rear coverings designed for
prevent injury during a car accident.

So in the 1970s, faced with little demand for the

car seats, a huge push of advertising was put into
execution to educate the public on the importance of using seats
child safety. Community members, from the groups of
consumer, from the manufacturers of the car seat, and from the
medical insurance companies among others gathered and demonstrated to
general public that child safety seats were a
Essential device to keep your children alive in case of a
collision.

Before 1984, half of the children aged 0-4 rode almost on a

certain form of child safety seat. Those numbers continue
coming this day, where they are all in one when almost all the children that
They require a safety seat to get in anywhere in a vehicle.

Today, child seats and car seats for children are everywhere.
vehicles designed to carry passengers. There is a huge need
of them in today's society of referred parents security, for such
 Car seat manufacturers have been quick to fill that need.
Now there are hundreds of different models of car seats that are
sold today for babies of all shapes and sizes. Look as if
The child safety seats are getting rooted and are here.
to remain.

The history of the car seat

SEATS

The demand for seats in the current era is immense, you just have to see the
number of vehicles that circulate on the roads. Important parts are the
ergonomics, high damping coefficients and of course high performance of
the features in addition to criteria such as comfort and passive safety
they are also very important. This demand is perfectly met by the
seats of foam flexible of polyurethane molded.
This molded flexible polyurethane foam has the properties:

it is perfect for supporting heavy loads and has great elasticity against
the temperature.

it can be formed in pieces or in molds (shapes).

it can be produced in large quantities without problem (it could be manufactured

some part on site).

it has great chemical stability.

Depending on the production method, foam can be differentiated.

cured in hot molds and foams cured in cold molds.
 A company has developed a polyurethane foam technology.
molded without fabric, which can be used in various seating applications.
Using polymers, manufacturers can produce seats and others
components for the interior of automobiles, that offer the look and feel that
they would have if they were covered in leather.

The new technology uses an elastomeric layer over molded foam.

elastomer replaces conventional materials such as fabric, leather or
upholstery leather, while the foam performs its traditional function of
internal padding to provide comfort and durability. This technology of
a single step can be used in the production of car seats,
office furniture and, even, seating for stadiums.
Some company has designed and manufactured folding seats for installation in
passenger vehicles. Constructed in sandwich with polyurethane core and
glass-polyester exterior combines its mechanical strength with good
fire behavior. They have been selected for enduring demanding
duration tests under continuous use conditions, reducing the
maintenance.

An attempt has been made to create a spacious and ample cabin, an environment in which
living well and comfortably throughout the time spent aboard the car. In addition to
to be a cozy and protective place thanks to the wide ring that delimits the whole
interior space.

The decoration consists of front seats of minimal thickness, but the

comfort is better than that obtained from traditional padding. In fact,
they are made of a layer of soft polyurethane that is completed with a
more rigid polyurethane structure, thereby creating a more perception
elastic and comfortable capable of absorbing all loads and, above all, not detracting
volume and space.

In addition to what was said above, it should be noted that normally the seats
They are going to have several layers in their training, but almost everything that will be used will

there are different possible forms of polyurethanes. Some typical seats will have
three layers normally:

Initial that improves adhesion and masks imperfections.

Base fabric that provides the color and effects. It will be appropriate to have the
color and to contain the compounds that absorb impacts. They are going to
be made of polyurethane.
 Medium fabric that protects against solvents, scratches, etc.

Top fabric that provides the finish.

The fabrics most commonly used for the seats we have already mentioned will be
of polyurethane. Polyurethane fabrics exceed standards in terms of
quality and economy. These fabrics do not show that they do not change their shine and their color

for a long time and provide magnificent protection against the

humidity and chemicals. An appropriate combination of components
(isocyanates and polyols) can be used to provide an immense range to the being
united to the properties of polyurethane.
In addition, a multitude of suitable colorants are known for the large quantity.
demanded by consumers.
There are many companies that provide all kinds of fabrics and dyes for
These are used in automobiles. These fabrics meet both aesthetic requirements.
as technicians.

It has already been said that flexible polyurethane foams are used to make fabrics.
of seats. This is done with what is called the 'flame lamination process'. In
in this process the foam is directly injected as a kind of
Glue to bond the lower layer with the final layer that gives structure to the seat.
This reduces the cost of sewing the fabrics of the seats.
These layers are also meant to be great insulators.

Something more innovative is that in Germany a sensor has been designed using
ceramic fiber reinforced piezoelectric plastics for weight recognition
in a seat in three directions of the axes. The basic principle is not new
but now fibers have been obtained that have a diameter of a fraction of
millimeter. This allows fiber-shaped sensors to be incorporated into
objects formed with other polymers. It is believed that these new sensors will be
it supports very high loads.

These sensors introduced inside the car seats could

send signals to the car's airbag constantly telling it the weight that
supports that seat. That information would allow the airbag to inflate in a
range given according to needs producing magnificent results differentiating,
for example, whether the one sitting in the seat is a child or an adult.

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What is the difference between car seats?
sports and the captain's ones?
Written by g.d. palmer | Translated by Walter f. stocco

Sports seats replaced bench seats in many

automobiles at the end of the 20th century.

The seats of sports cars, the captain type, are two seats.
very similar to those found in cars, trucks, vans and
others. Both types of seats are often considered as alternatives
more comfortable compared to the bench style seats in vehicles. While
Traditionally, there is a distinction between sports seats and captain's seats today.
some days the two are often almost indistinguishable, which differ in
only a few forms, such as the type of vehicle they are installed in.

The bench-type seats

The bench-type seats are the oldest type of car seat. These
relatively flat seats widen the interior width of a vehicle and therefore
In general, there are no divisions between the passenger seating areas, although the
seatbelt placement tends to indicate where each will sit
a person, and some have a foldable armrest in the middle that serves to
separate the seats. Cars in the first part of the 20th century had the
tendency to have seats in the front and rear, while the
automóviles contemporáneos tenían asientos delanteros tipo butaca y traseros.
Some sportier ones had seats in the back.

The sports seats

A lounge seat is one that is rounded or contoured to fit a

single person. These first seats had quite high sides and were called
thus due to their resemblance to cubes. The modern ones have lower sides but still
They are contoured to fit a driver or passenger comfortably. The
older ones often had a medium height back, but most of
the armchairs since the fourth quarter of the 20th century have had high backs, with
headrests. Some are reinforced, which means there is padding
additional on the sides where the outer thighs and the sides of the back
from the seat come together to comfortably support a person in their place in the
energetic driving.

Captain's chair type seats

The captain's style chair is similar to the sports seat, as it is made for
to adapt to a single person and can have a high backrest. Just like chairs
made of wood from which they get their names, the captain's seats
they usually have adjustable armrests that can be rotated from the side of the
Passenger. A captain's chair generally has some contours and has a
seat in the shape of a chair. However, some car manufacturers
they promote their seats as captain's seats. In some cases, a
manufacturer can label all seats that are not bench type in a
truck, sport utility vehicle or pickup truck with captain's chairs,
except for the terminology "sport seat" for sedans and coupes.

Consideraciones

Sports seats are usually placed at the front of a vehicle.

The rear seat often has the shape of a bench. In vehicles with three rows.
of seats, however, like minivans, vans, and utility vehicles
custom sports seats, the central row of seats can use seats from
captain instead of bench or sports seats. Some middle row captain seats.
rotating seats. In the motorhomes, the driver's and passenger's seats
forwards are often seats that rotate to look at the back when
the vehicle is parked. Some vans and SUVs offer to the
buyers an option of seats, armchairs or bench type seats.

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captain-info_229878/
How do climate-controlled seats work?
Written by Isaías David | Translated by Laura de alba

Heated seats are often an accessory of automobiles.

high range.

What are climate-controlled seats?

Climate-controlled seats are often considered as an item of

luxury and are included in the finishes of high-end cars. The current
technology behind heated seats, however, is no different than the
that is used in electric blankets, dryers, water heaters and
any other thing that uses electricity to produce heat. These seats
they take the energy from a heating element as a long strip of material that
it works as a resistor. This resists the flow of electricity. When a
electric current passes through it, the energy is converted into heat, which
flows through the seat, warming the driver.

Turning on the heat

Just like the lights in the car, the heated seats are controlled by
a type of switch called a relay. A relay allows a small
electric current controls a much larger one. When you move the switch
Upon ignition, a small current flows through a coil in the relay.
Near this coil, there is an open switch. When current flows through
from the coil, creates a magnetic field that pushes the closed switch. This
complete the circuit, sending electricity from the battery to the heating element of the
seat cushion. The audible click that you can hear in some cars
When you turn on the heated seat, it is the relay closing.

Other features

The longer the seat cushion stays on, the hotter it gets.
comes back. If it were to be on for too long, maybe it would become it.
hot enough to be uncomfortable or even dangerous
sit on it. It could even start a fire on the cushion. To prevent
This, most high seat heaters have a thermostat. A
thermostat measures the temperature in the cushion. When it reaches a certain temperature,

send a signal, automatically turning off the relay until the seat is
cool down a bit. At that point, the thermostat turns the relay back on.
Many seat cushions even have 'high' and 'low' adjustments that allow
that the driver controls the temperature.

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2. OBJECTIVE.
Create an automotive seat that meets aesthetic needs and
provides comfort and convenience to the driver. Taking into account the problems
from the current seats.

Solutions:
Create a device for the driver of a car that provides them with the
necessary comfort.
Design and implement a device that is comfortable for the driver
taking into account your environment and containing each of the factors
necessary for your comfort.
Create a device for the driver that adjusts to their needs.
needs and those of the environment, so that it provides travels
pleasant and enjoyable.
3. JUSTIFICATION.

The research carried out to make improvements to the seats.

Automotive has many benefits.
As a first point, society will be greatly supported, as a
sensor that will detect if the driver is driving under the influence conditions

optimal since in case I go with sleepiness, an alarm will be activated, which

will prevent the driver from falling asleep and causing an accident
while driving in that state.
In addition, in the automotive industry there are many benefits;
considering that car manufacturing companies are in
constant competition and modernization, we hope that you choose to use
this type of seat and the cars of the future will have more comfortable cars
and beneficial for the user.
As I mentioned earlier, this project is being carried out with the intention of

improvements mainly for the users, for their greater comfort and how
health consequence for them, avoiding lumbar problems.
The seat will be equipped with the necessary devices so that
the driver supports long trips and avoids some accidents.
Personally, as I am developing in the field of the industry
The automotive industry, this project will help me learn more about this work environment.

I can encourage the use of this type of seat in the new ones.
industries and it will be very useful for me to conduct better research and
improvements in the future.

4. IDEATION.
The seat will not allow the driver to fall asleep since,
it will have a sensor that identifies the state in which it is located
driver. If the sensor identifies that the driver does not blink in
 very long lapses will know that they are getting sleepy and will activate
an alarm will sound and the seat will start to vibrate so that the
driver wake up, this will stop until the driver does it
deactivated.

The seat will include a massage center for long trips and
that the driver needs a short break before continuing the
trip. The seat will provide a massage that will make the driver feel
feel relaxed in a matter of minutes and be able to continue your journey.

The seat will be made from material different from the ones used.
currently. This seat will have some pores which
they will be filled with air to provide air, in turn, that does not compress and
not quite comfortable in the seat.

The seat will have a temperature control to prevent it from

the conductor suffers cooling or heating in the back, it can be
regular according to the driver's needs.

5. FIELD RESEARCH.

I asked a question to various students of the UPA to ask what services

the comfort of its automotive seat and they were thrown out
results.

Automobile Services Material

Jetta 1999 Reclining, adjustable in Canvas
distance.
I made an industrial visit to the company INSA of the Tachi-s group.
Japanese company dedicated to the manufacture of premium seats for companies such as
Nissan and Honda mainly. I was able to be in touch with the process of
manufacturing of the seats.

There are 6 areas for the manufacturing of the seats:

Foaming is where the foam molds are filled, which is the material.
used for the interior of the seat.
Seam where the covering is provided to the seat.
Metal structures where the structures that will support the seat are placed.
shape and will allow them to maintain this shape.
Assembly is the stage in which the components of the seat are joined.
Bonding call, this is called the stage where the seat is sealed so that no one enters.
substances from the outside.
PIP called the stage in which all the functions of the seat are tested.
before being transferred to their destination, this being the final stage.