SECTION 3.

7| Rational functions289

3.7 EXERCISES
1. If the rational function yϭ r1x2 has the vertical asymptote
CONCEPTS 17-20 From the graph, determine the intersection points.
the vertical and horizontal asymptotes.
17. y 18. y
2. If
xϭthe rational
2, so when xfunction ϭ r1x2 has a horizontal asymptote
is 2ϩI understand.
4 2
yϭ 2, then when. 1
0 x
3-6 The following questions
r1x2 are about the rational function 0 4 x
1x121x22
1x22 1x32
3. The function has intersection points x___ and ___. 19. y 20. y
4. The function has an intersection point and ____. 2
5. The function has vertical asymptotes xϭ _____ and 2
−4 0 4 x
xϭ _____. −3 0 1 3 x
6. The function has a horizontal asymptote.ϭ _____.
−6

ABILITIES 21-32 Find all horizontal and vertical asymptotes (if

7-10 They give us a rational function. (a) Complete each table for 2. 1r1xexist).
they 2 2. 2r1x2
the function.(b) Describe the behavior of the function near 5 2x 3
its vertical asymptote, based on Tables 1 and 2. (c) Determine the x 2 x2 1
2. 3r1x2 2. 4r1x2
horizontal asymptote, based on Tables 3 and 4.
6x 2x 4
TABLE 1 r 1 x 2 TABLE 2 r 1 x 2 x2 2 x2 x 1
2. 5s1x2 2. 6s1x2
x x 6x2 1 8times2 1
2. 7s1x2 2x2 x 1 2. 8s1x2 4x22x 6
1.5 2.5
1.9 2.1 15x121x12 12x12 1x32
1.99 2.01 2. 9r1x2 13x121x22 3. 0r1x2 13 times 12, 1 times 42
1.999 2.001
6x3 2 5x3
3. 1t1x2 2x 5x2 6x
3
3. 2r1x2
3
x 2x 5x 2

TABLE 3 r 1 x 2 TABLE 4 r 1 x 2
x2
2 x 33x2
x x x 1 x2 4
1
10 10 33-40 Use graph transformations of y x to graph
50 50 the
3. 3r1rational
x2 function, as in Example
3. 42.
r1x2
100 100 1 1
1000 1000
3. 5s1x2 x 1 3. 6s1x2 x 4
.7r1x2 .8r1x2
x 4x 1 3 2
.9r1x2 x 2 1. 0r1x2 x 2 3. 7t1x2 x 1 3. 8t1x2 x 2
2
3x10 3x 1 2x 3 3x 3
2
1x22 1x22 2 3. 9r1x2 x 2 4. 0r1x2 x 2
11-16 Find the intersection points of the function. x 2 2x 9
1rational.
.1r1x2 1. 2s1x2 x 3 x 4
x 1 3x 41-64 Find the points of intersection and asymptotes and,
1. 3t1x2 x 4 1. 4r1x2 x 5 Next, plot a graph of the rational function and express the do-
x2 x 2 2 minimum and range. Use a graphic calculator to confirm your findings.
1. 5r1x2 x 6 1. 6r1x2 2
x 3x 4 4. 1r1x2
response. 4. 2r1x2
x 2
9 x3 8 4x 4 2x 6
x 2 6x 3
x2 x2 4
290CHAPTER3 | Polynomial and rational functions
4. 3s1x2 4. 4s1x2
4 3x 1 2x large enough view to check the comports
x 7 2x 3 The final treatments of the polynomial and the rational function are the same.
4. 5r1x2 4. 6r1x2
18 x 2 2x 25x
77.y
2 2x 3
4. 7s1x2 1x32 4. 8s1x2 1x12 2
x43x3x 23x 3
4x 8 x 2 78.y
x 23x
4. 9s1x2 1x421x12 5. 0s1x2 1x32 1x12 5
x x4
6 2x 4 7. 9y 8. 0y
8. 1r1x2 x3 1 8. 2r1x2 x2 2
5. 1t1x2 x 25x 6 5. 2t1x2 x2 x 2 x4 3x3 6 4 x 2x4
3x 6 x 2 x 3 x 2
1
2 2x1x22
5. 3r1x2 x 2x 8 5. 4r1x2 x 24x
1x121x22
1x121x32 1x12 1x42 APPLICATIONS
5. 5r1x2 5. 6r1x2
x 22x 1 4x2 [Link] growthSuppose that the population of
Mr. Jenkin's farm rabbitsp1t2
follow the formula
5. 7r1x2 x 22x 1 5. 8r1x2 x 2x2
3
2 2 3000t
2x 10x12 2x 2x 4
t 1
5. 9r1x2 x2 x 6 6. 0r1x2 x2 x
x 2
x 6 x 3x 2 stop≥ 0 is the time (in months) since the beginning of the year.
2 2 (a) Plot a graph of the rabbit population.
6. 1r1x2 x 3x 6. 2r1x2 x x 6
(b) What ultimately happens to the population of rabbits?
2 2
3x 6 5x 5
6. 3s1x2 x 22x 3 6. 4t1x2 x 24x 4
2 3 2
x 2x 1 x x
x 33x2 x 33x 2
65-72 Find the diagonal asymptote, the vertical asymptotes and
6. 5r1x2a graph of the function.
draw 6. 6r1x2
x2 x 22x
6. 7r1x2 x 2 6. 8r1x2 x 1
x 22x 8 3x x2
6 .9r1x2 x 7. 0r1x2 2x 2
[Link] concentrationAfter a certain
2
x 5x 4 x3 4 a drug is injected into a patient, the concentration is monitored
7. 1r1x2 x 3 7. 2r1x2 2x 2 x 1 the drug in the bloodstream. In time≥ 0 (in hours
x 3x 2 2x 32x since the drug was applied), the concentration (in mg/L) is
given by c1t2
x2 4 x2 1
30t
73-76 Graph the rational function f, and determine all the asymptotes. t 2
2
vertical totals from its graph. Next, graph fyg
in a rectangle of sufficiently large view to demo- Draw a graph of the medication concentration.
bring that have the same final
73.f1x2 behavior.
,g1x2 (b) What ultimately happens to the concentration of the medication?
2x 26x 6 in the bloodstream?
2x
74.f1x2 x 3 ,g1x2 [Link] concentrationA is administered
drug to a patient, and the concentration of the drug is monitored in
x 36x2 5
x 4 in the bloodstream. In the time≥ 0 (in hours since
75.f1x2 x 22x ,g1x2 the drug was applied), the
c 1 tconcentration
2 (in mg/L) is given by
x 32x 216
x2 5t
76.f1x2 x 2 ,g1x2 t2 1
x42x 32x 2
2
1 x Graph the function with a graphic calculator.
1x12
(a) What is the highest concentration of the drug that is reached?
77-82 Graph the rational function and find all the asymptotes. in the patient's bloodstream?
verticals, intersection points xy and local extrema, correct (b) What happens to the drug concentration after
to the nearest decimal. Then, use long division to an extended time?
to find a polynomial function that has the same end behavior. (c) How long does it take for the concentration to drop below 0.3
that the rational function, and graph both functions in a rectangle mg/L?
 SECTION 3.7| Rational functions291

[Link] flightSuppose that a rocket is launched

upward from the surface of the earth with an initial speed DISCOVERY DISCUSSION
WRITING
ciel√(measured in meters per second). Then the maximum height- [Link] of a rational function from
the (in meters) reached by the rocket is given by the function
h1√2 their asymptotesGive an example of a rational function that
R√2 it has a vertical asymptoteϭ 3. Next, give an example of
2gR √2 one that has a vertical asymptoteϭ 3y and horizontal asymptote
Italyϭ 2. Now give an example of a rational function with
whereRϭ 6.4ϫ 106m is the radius of the Earth ygϭ 9.8 m/s2is vertical asymptotesϭ 1 yxϭ 21, horizontal asymptoteϭ 0 y
the acceleration due to gravity. Use graphing calculator intersection point of 4.
to plot a graph of the function h. (Note that h y √ de-
90.A rational function without an asymptoteExplain how it
ben ser positivas ambas, de modo que no es necesario que el
one can say (without rgraphing
1 x 2 it) that the function
observation rectangle contains negative values.) What re-
What does the vertical asymptote look like physically? x 610
[Link] Doppler effectWhen a train approaches a watchman. x 8x215
4

of (see the image), the tone of its whistle sounds higher when it has no point of intersection xy it has no horizontal asymptote,
server of what it would sound like if the train were stationary, because vertical or diagonal. What is its final behavior?
the peaks of sound waves are compressed closer together
each other. This phenomenon is known as the Doppler effect. [Link] with holesIn this chapter we adopt the
The observed tone is a function of the speed of the train convention that, in rational functions, the numerator and
is given by P1√2 denominator do not share a common factor. In this exercise
we consider the graph of a rational function that does not satisfy
s0
P0a b this rule.
s0 √ (a) Demonstrate that the graph of
r1x2
whereP0it is the real step of the whistle in the fountain ys0ϭ 332 m/s
it is the speed of soundcalculator.
in the air. Assume 3x23x 6
P1√2 using a graphing How canthat it bea interpreted?
train has
a whistle with a tone in P0ϭ 440 Hz. Graph the functionϭ x 2
it is the straight lineϭ
3xϩ 3 with the point (2, 9) removed.
How to physically approach the vertical asymptote of this function? Suggestion: Factor. What is the domain of it?
(b) Graph the rational functions:
s1x2
x2 x 20
t1x2 x 5
2x 2 x 1
u1x2 x 1
x 2
[Link] distanceFor a camera with a lens x 22x
fixed focal length focused on an object located at a
distance x from the lens, the film must be placed at a d [Link] of y = 1/x2In Example 2 we saw
they are related by that some simple rational functions can be graphed
1 1 1 when moving, stretching, or reflecting the graph of yϭ 1/x. In this exercise-
x y F we consider rational functions that can be graphed
when transforming the graph deyϭ 1/x2shown on the page
(See the figure.) Assume the camera has a 55 mm lens. next.
(Fϭ 55). (a) Graph the function r1x2
(a) Express it as a function of x and graph the function.
1
What happens at the focal distance when the object is
lens alley? 1x22 2
What happens at the focus distance when the object is
when transforming the graph of yϭ 1/x2.
about the lens?
(b) Use long division and factorization to prove that the
function s1x2
2x 24x 5
x 22x 1

it can be writtens 1asx 2

3
2 2
1x12
x F
A continuación grafiquesal transformar la gráfica de
y yϭ 1/x2.
292CHAPTER3 | Polynomial and rational functions

(c) One of the following functions can be graphed at y

transform the graph of yϭ 1/x2the other cannot be gra-
Stay. Use transformations to graph what can be. 1
graph, and explain why this method does not work for y=
≈
the other.
p1x2 q1x2
2
2 3x 12x3x2
2
1
x 4x 4 x 24x 4
0 1 x

CHAPTER 3 | REST
VERIFICATION OF CONCEPTS

1. (a) Write the defining equation for a polynomial function. 11. (a) What is a complex number?
Plead to Grand. What are the real and imaginary parts of a number?
What does it mean to say that you are a root of P? complex?
[Link] graphs that show the possible behaviors finally. What is the complex conjugate of a complex number?
The zeros of an odd degree polynomial and an even degree polynomial. (d) How to add, subtract, multiply, and divide numbers
complexes?
3. What steps would you take to manually graph a
polynomial function? 12. (a) Express the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.
4. (a) What does a local maximum or a local minimum mean? Express the Complete Factorization Theorem.
local of a polynomial function? What does it mean to say that you are a zero of multiplicity k?
How many local extrema can a polynomial function have? a polynomial function P?
What is the grade mail? Express the Theorem of Zeros.
Express the Conjugate Zeros Theorem.
5. Express the Division Algorithm and identify the dividend, di-
divisor, quotient and remainder. 13. (a) What is a rational function?
yϭ f 1 x 2 ?
6. How does synthetic division work? (b) What does it mean to say quex?ϭ it is a vertical asymptote of

7. (a) Express the Remainder Theorem.

(c) How is a vertical asymptote located?
Express the Factor Theorem. yϭ f 1 x 2 ?
(d) What does it mean to say thatϭ is a horizontal asymptote of
8. (a) Express the Rational Root Theorem.
What steps would you take to find the rational zeros of (e) How is a horizontal asymptote located?
a polynomial function? (f) What steps are followed to manually plot the graph?
9. State Descartes' Rule of Signs. of a rational function?
(g) Under what circumstances will a function have an asymptote?
10. (a) What does it mean to say that a is a lower limit and b is a ...
Diagonal? If there is one, how is it found?
superior limit for the zeros of a polynomial function?
(h) How is the final behavior of a function determined?
(b) Express the Theorem of Upper and Lower Limits.
rational action?

EXERCISES

1-4 They give us a quadratic function. (a) Express the function in The utility P (in dollars) generated by selling x units of
.1f 1 xform.
2 P1x2
normal (b) Graph the function..2f 1 x 2 certain merchandise is given by the function
.3g1x2 x 24x 1 .4g1x2 2x212x12 1500 12x0.004x2
1 8xx2 6times3times2 What is the maximum utility and how many units should be sold?
steps to generate it?
5-6 Find the maximum or minimum value of the function
.5f 1 x 2
quadratic. .6g1x2 9-14 Graph the polynomial function by transforming a graph
2 2
appropriate
.9P1x2 in the wayϭ x [Link]
n
0P1x2 all the points
2x 4x 5 1 x x of intersectionxyy.
A stone is the
thrown 1. 1P1x2 21x12 1. 2P1x2 811x32
given by functionupwards
h1t2ϭ 216tfrom
2 the32.
ϩ 48tϩ top of ais the
What building.
height? x 364 2x 316
Her height (in feet) above the ground after seconds is 1. 3P1x2 321x12 4 32 1. 4P1x2 31x22 4

5 5
What is the maximum that the stone reaches? 96
 CHAPTER3 | Review293

15-16 They give us a polynomial function P. (a) Determine the multi- 31-32 Find the3 indicated value of the polynomial function
1.5P1x2 1.6P1x2 x1x12 1x12
The multiplicity of each zero of P. (b) Draw a graph of P. 31.P1x2 2
2x 9xTheorem.
7x13; find P152
using the Residue
x 3 1x22 2 3 2 32.Q1x2

17-20 Use a graphing calculator to graph the polynomial function x 44x37x210x15; find Q132
Nominal. Find the intersection points and the coordinates. 1it is a zero of the polynomial function.
P1x2
33. Demonstrate that 2
of all local extremes, correct to the nearest decimal.
1. 7P1x2 the final behavior of the 1.
Describe 8P1x2
polynomial. 2x 4x 35x210x 4
19.P1x2 x 34x 1 2x 36x2 2
34. Use the Factor Theorem to demonstrate that x.ϩ 4 is a fac-
20.P1x2 3x44x310x 1 tor of the polynomial function.
P1x2
x 5x 47x3x 26x 3
x 54x4 7x323x223x12
21. The resistance of a wooden beam of width and depth
daddy is given by the formula Sϭ 13.8xy2It has to be cut a 35.¿Cuál es el P1x2residuo cuando la función polinomial
beam of a trunk with a diameter of 10 inches, as shown
x 5006x201x 22x 4
in the figure.
(a) Express the resistance of this beam as a function of only x. is divided by x21?
What is the domain of the function S? 36. What is the remainder when x1012x4ϩ 2 is divided by xϩ 1?
(c) Draw a graph of S.
37-38 They give us a polynomial function P. (a) Make a list of
What width will make the beam stronger?
all possible rational zeros (without testing to see if they actually
(b) Determine the possible number of positive real zeros.
37.P1x2
you and negatives using Descartes' Rule of Signs.
38.P1x2 x 56x3x 22x18
10 inches
6x43x3x 2 3x 4

39-46 They give us a polynomial function P. (a) Find all the ce-
39.P1x2
Real roots of P express their multiplicities. (b) Plot the graph of P.
40.P1x2 x 316x
41.P1x2 x 33x24x
A small shed for delicate plants is to be built.
with thin plastic material. It will have square ends and 42.P1x2 x 4x 32x 2
rectangular upper and back, with background and front 43.P1x2
open, as seen in the figure. The total area of the four la- x 45x2 4
Plastic sheet must be 1200 inches. 2 44.P1x2 x 42x 37x28x12
Express the volume V of the shed as a function of the pro- 45.P1x2 x 42x 32x 28x 8
fundidadx.
(b) Draw a graph of V. 2x 4x 32x 23x 2
(c) What dimensions will maximize the volume of the shed? 46.P1 x 2 9x521x410x36x23x 1
4. 7123i2 4. 8136i2
y 47-56 Evaluate the expression and write it in the formϩ bi.
4. 912i2132i2 11 4i2 5. 04i1212 i 2 16 4i2

5. 6110140
x 4 2i 8 3i
5. 1 5. 2
54.11i2
2 i 4 3i
11211 112
x 5. 5125
53.i 1 3

23-30 Find the quotient and remainder. #

x 23x 5 x2 x 12
2. 3 2. 4 57. Find a polynomial function of degree 3 with coefficient
x 2 x 3
constant 12 and zeros122 and 3.
x 3x 211x 2 x 32x 210
2 .5 2. 6 58. Find a polynomial function of degree 4 that has coefficients
x 4 x 3
whole digits and zeros 3iy 4, with 4 a double zero.
x 48x22x 7 2x 43x312
2. 7 2. 8 59. Is there a polynomial function of degree 4 with coefficients in-
x 5 x 4 terose that has cerosi, 2i, 3iy and 4i? If so, find it; if not,
2x 3x 2120 x 42x 27x explain why.
2. 9 3. 0
x 22x 1 x2 x 3 60. Prove that the equation 3x4ϩ 5x2ϩ 2ϭ 0 has no real root.
294CHAPTER3 | Polynomial and rational functions

61-70 Find all the rational, irrational, and com- zeros. 75-76 They give us a polynomial function P. Find all the ce-
plexes (and express their multiplicities). Use Descartes' Rule of real roots of P completely factored into quadratic factors
the Signs, the Theorem of Upper and Lower Limits, the Formula 7. 5P1x2and irreducible with real coefficients.
linear 7. 6P1x2
Quadratic or other factoring techniques to always help. x 32x 4 x43x2 4
61.P1x2
that it may be possible.

62.P1x2 77-82 Graph the rational function. Clearly demonstrate all

x 33x213x15 the7r1intersection points xy asymptotes.
7. x2 7. 8r1x2
63.P1x2 2x 35x26x 9 3x12 1
64.P1x2 4 3 2
x 6x 17x 28x20 x 1 1x22 2
7. 9r1x2 8. 0r1x2
65.P1x2 x 47x39x217x20 x 2 2x 26x 7
66.P1x2 5 4 3
x 3x x 11x 12x 2
4 8 .1r1x2 x 2x2
8 8. 2r1x2 x 4
67.P1x2 4
x 81 x2 9 x 327
68.P1x2 2x 2 1 x 4
x 664
69.P1x2 83-86 Use a graphing calculator to analyze the graph of the
18x33x24x 1
rational function. Find all the intersection points.
70.P1x2 6x418x36x230x36 all vertical, horizontal, and diagonal asymptotes. If the function
it does not have a horizontal or diagonal asymptote, find a poly-
x 415x254
a polynomial that has the same final behavior as the function
71-74 Use a graphing calculator to find all the solutions. rational.
8. 3r1x2 8. 4r1x2
real solutions of the equation. x 3 2x 7
71.2x 25x 3 8. 5r1x2 2x 6 8. 6r1x2 x2 9
72.x 3x 214x24 0 x3 8 2x 3x 2
73.x 43x33x29x 2 0 x 2
x 2 x 1

74.x 5 x 3 [Link] las coordenadas de todos los puntos de intersección

from the graphics

y x 4x 224x y y 6x320