Good

(burn

Health

i
INTENDED LEARNING STEPPING STONES
OUTCOME
Name your favourite food. Write down the
• Classifyvarious types of ingredients that are used to make it.
nutrients—carbohydrates,
fats, proteins, vitamins, Favourite food
mineralsand roughage Ingredients
• Describethe importance
of a balanced diet and
exercise
How many times in a week do you eat it?
• List types of diseases, their
causes and prevention Do you think it is a healthy food item?

We eat food when we are hungry. We like to eat food that tastes delicious.
But sometimes the food that we love to eat is not good for our health. Food
helps us to grow and stay away from diseases.
Research has shown that children who do not eat well fall ill more often.
They feel lazy and tired most of the time. So, it is difficult for them to be
alert in the class or enjoy sports activities in school.
Therefore, it is very important to eat the right kind of food.
NUTRIENTS
The foodwe eat contains five main nutrients—carbohydrates, fats,
proteins,vitamins and minerals. These nutrients are present in different
Unit 3 The Human Body and Health 55
 food items. Each nutrient is necessary for us to live, grow and develop.0
body needs all the nutrients. Therefore, we should eat a variety of foodso
that our body gets each type of nutrient.
Water and roughage (fibre) are other essential components of the foodthat
we eat. Let us learn more about these essential components of food.

Carbohydrates and Fats

(Energy-GivingNutrients)
Carbohydrates and fats give
energy to our body. Rice, wheat, J
sweet potato, bread and bananas
rich sources of carbohydrates.
Fats are found in ghee, oil, cheese,
S butter and nuts. Fats give more
energy than carbohydrates. Fats Sources of carbohydrates and fats
also help keep our body warm.

Proteins (Body-BuildingNutrients)
C) Our bodyrequires proteins in large
quantities. They play a vital role in our
growth. They help in building bones,
muscles and other parts of the body.
They also help in repairing Injured,
tissues when we get hurt. Milk, eggs,
meat, curd, soya bean, fish and pulses
Sources of proteins
are rich in
Vitamins and Minerals
(Protective Nutrients)
—Vitaminskeep our body fit and
help it to resist diseases. Vitamins
A, B, C, D, E and K are some of the
vitamins our body needs. Fresh
fruits and vegetables, eggs and fish
are good sources of vitamins.
Sources of vitamins and minerals

56 Chapter 5 GoodHealth.
Minerals help our Kodyto grow well and develo properly. Iron, ioc11ne04Å
and alcium are some minerals required by our body. Bones are made
p of minerals such as calcium. These minerals help keep our bones and
teeth healthy. Milk, green leafy vegetables and fruits are rich sources of
[Link] need vitamins and minerals in small quantities.
Roughage 9) COMMUNICATION
Foodthat we get from plants contains
fibres or roughage. Our body does not Imagine you could only eat one
digest roughage. Ro hage helps in type of food for a week. How
do you think that would affect
t e digestion of food by helping it pass
your health, and what would
through the digestive system. Green
you choose to make sure you
leafy vegetables, carrot, cucumber and
stay healthy? Discuss with your
legumes all contain roughage.
partner.
BALANCEDDIET
The foodthat we eat constitutes our
diet. A diet that has all nutrients
in the right quantity is called a
balanced diet. It is important
have a healthy diet to stay healthy
and energetic.

Oil, fats, sugar

(occasionally) Balanced diet

Dairy products The best way to understand the

and proteins
(3—4servings) suitable amount of food items to
eat on a daily basis is by looking
Fruits and at the foodpyramid. Different
vegetables partitions represent different
(3—5servings) food groups.
Bread, rice,
All of us do not need the same
cereal, and amount of nutrients. The
pasta (6—11 amount of nutrient requirement
servings) of a person depends on age,
Food pyramid gender and the nature of work

_h_Unit3The Human Bodyand Health

the person does. A teenager
who does a lot of physical GET IT RIGHT
work and play needs more
energy. Thus, he needs more People often consider the terms
malnutrition and under nutrition as one
carbohydrates than an old which is not the case. A diet in which the
person who does not do much essential nutrients are either not enough
manual work. or too much can lead to malnutrition. It
basically means wrong nutrition. Whereas
Schoolgoing children are under nutrition is a severe deficiencyof
very active. They need a lot one or more nutrients in the diet.
of energy to perform various
activities such as playing,
studying and exercising. So, their nutritional requirements are higher.
Their diet should include:
• wheat, rice, maize and other grains
• milk or milk products such as cheese and curd
• all seasonal fruits and vegetables
• nuts, oil and butter
It is also very important to drink six to eight glasses of water every day.

EXERCISE AND REST

We do many activities during the day. The
body requires energy for all those activities.
By the end of the day, the body gets tired.
We need to take enough rest to feel energetic
and refreshed again. Therefore, in addition to
eating a balanced diet, it is also important to
exercise regularly and take enough rest.
Exercise increases the flow of blood to the
muscles. It strengthens the bones and Exerciseis good for health.
muscles. It keeps us fit and healthy.
Taking rest is also important as our body needs time to relax and gearup
to do more work. So, a balanced diet, regular exercise and enough rest are
key to good health. How many hours in a day do you take rest?

58 Chapter 5 Good Heglth

 RUN THROUGH

The food we eat contains five main nutrients—carbohydrates,

fats, proteins,
vitamins and minerals.
Water and roughage are also essential components of food.
• Carbohydrates and fats provide energy to the body.
• Proteinshelp in body building and repair of tissues.
Vitaminsand minerals help to strengthen bones and muscles and also to keep
diseases away.
• Exerciseand rest are necessary for a healthy body.

TRACK YOUR PROGRESS

1. Give one word for the following:

a. Whichmineral is present in our bone?
b. What type of food item our body does not digest?
c. Which nutrient helps us to resist diseases?
d. Who needs more carbohydrates —you or
your grandfather?

DISEASES
Disease is a condition when the body or its parts do not function normally:
A personsuffering from a disease becomes sick and weak. It can affect any
part of the body. Diseases can occur due to various reasons.
Diseasescan be classified into two main types—communicable diseases
and non-communicable diseases.

Communicableor Infectious Diseases

Diseasesthat spread from one person to another are known as
communicable diseases. These diseases are caused by very tiny
organismscalled germs. There are different kinds of germs.

Unit Health 59Eis

Bacteria: They cause diseases such as typhoid, plague, cholera and
tuberculosis.
Viruses: They cause diseases such as polio, chicken pox, measles, mumps
and common cold.
Protozoa: They cause diseases such as malaria and amoebic dysentery.

00
o

Bacterium Virus Protozoan

Communicable diseases can pass from one person to another in different
ways called modes of transmission. These are as follows.
Air: Coughing or sneezing by a person
releases germs into the air. When a healthy
person breathes this air, germs enter his/her
her body. These germs then cause various
diseases such as common cold, influenza,
diphtheria and whooping cough. Therefore,
we should always cover our nose and mouth
with a handkerchief while coughing or
sneezing.
We should always cover our
nose with a handkerchief
while sneezing.

Infected food and

water: Sometimes,
food and water
may be infected by
germs. When germ-
carrying flies sit on
We should not eat uncovered food from our food, they pass
any roadside vendor. the germs to our
food.

60 Chapter 5 GoodHealth
When we eat this infected food, we fall sick. Drinking impure water too can
make us fall sick. Cooking and eating food with dirty hands infects the food
and water.
Diseases such as cholera, typhoid, jaundice and diarrhoea are spread
by consuming infected food and water. What do you do to purify water at
home?
• Insect bites: Some insects suck blood. When a mosquito bites a person
sufferingfrom malaria, it sucks bloodthat contains malaria-causing
germs. When this mosquito bites a healthy person, the germs are passed
on and the infection spreads. Diseases such as
malaria, plague, yellow fever and dengue are
spread by the bites of insects such as rats, fleas,
bugs and sandflies.
• Direct contact: The clothing and other articles
used by a sick person carry germs. When a
healthy person comes in contact with these, the
germs may enter his or her body. These germs
then cause diseases. Chicken pox, measles,
ringworm, whooping cough and common cold are
spread by direct contact.
Prevention of communicable diseases:
Communicablediseases are contagious, but they
can be prevented if we follow some basic guidelines. Chickenpox can spread
through direct contact.
Keepyourself and your surroundings clean.
Alwayswash your hands before eating anything. Keep the garbage in
coveredbins. The practice of keeping yourself and your surroundings
clean is called hygiene. Use disinfectants in the house to kill germs.
Bathroomsmust be cleaned regularly with disinfectants and kept dry
because germs may breed in damp and dark places. The ki hen should
also be kept dry and clean.
Whichdisinfectant is used in your home as a floor cleaner?
Let sufficient air and sunlight enter your house. Sunlight is a natu al
disinfectant.

e ENUNCIATION
Contagious:kun-tey-jus
Hu pod Health;
 Keep all l)ed linen, mattresses and
upholstery clean to avoid the growth of
germs. 11
Store water in clean, covered
containers. Boil or purify
drinking water. A water purifier cleans
the water.
Keep the water coolersdry when not in Sufficient air and sunlight
use. Do not allow water to stagnate in should enter the house.
pots and drains. Use insect repellents
to keep mosquitoes away because
mosquitoes breed in stagnant water.
Use mosquito nets while sleeping to keep
the mosquitoes away.
Vaccination is an effective way of
preventing communicable diseases.
There are different vaccinesfor different
diseases. When the vaccine of a particular
disease enters our body, our body develops We should remove water from
capability of killing the germs of that oolers when they are not in use.
disease. So, we develop resistance to that
disease. Vaccines are available for many diseases such as polio, measles,
chicken pox and whooping cough.
Name a disease which can be prevented by vaccination.
Many years ago, diseases
such as smallpox would affect I KNOW YOUR SCIENTIST
hundreds of people at the
Louis Pasteur
same time. Such widespread
He was a French scientist who discovered
occurrence of infectious diseases
that microorganisms cause diseases and
at a particular time is called an also fermentation of food. He developed
epidemic. Vaccination against vaccines against rabies and anthrax. He also
this disease has eradicated developed the process of pasteurisation to
smallpox. kill the harmful bacteria present in the milk

e ENUNCIATION
Vaccine:vak-seen
62 Chapter 5 GoodHealth
Thegovernmentis currently running an immunisation campaign against the
diseases which affect young children. Name one such disease.
with a communicable disease CRITICAL THINKING
A person
shouldbe kept away from other healthy Think about how habits such
peopleso that infection does not spread. as healthy eating, engaging
Afterthe person recovers, all articles such in physical activity, and
as towels,personal clothes and bedsheets exercising can contribute to
shouldbe washed with a disinfectant to preventing non-communicable
kill the germs. He should not share his diseases. What role can you
personalbelongings with other people. and the school play in this?

REMEMBER
NON-COMMUNICABLEOR DEFICIENCY
DISEASES NBSGARO—N0 Body
Non-communicable diseases do not spread by Says Go And Run Out
the transfer of germs from one person to another. Remember the list of
Mostlythey are caused when there is a deficiency deficiency diseases with
a particular nutrient in our diet. That is why, the above mnemonic.
they are also called deficiency diseases. Åome N = night blindness
other conditions such as diabetes, cancer and blood B = beriberi
pressure are also known as non-communicable S = scurvy
G = goitre
diseases. Table 5.1 lists some of the deficiency
A = anaemia
diseases.
R = rickets
Table5.1 Non-communicable diseases O = osteoporosis

Disease Cause and Symptoms Preventive Measures

Night Ibis caused due to the deficiency of Take a diet rich in green leafy
blindness vitamin A. The affected person cannot see vegetables, mango, milk, sweet
properly in dim light. potato,-butter, fish and eggs
Beriberi Beriberiis of two types—wet beriberi and dry Have a diet rich in unpolished
beriberi. It is caused due to the deficiency of rice, fish, meat, peas and cereals
vitamin Bl. Wet beriberi affects the heart and
dry beriberi affectsthe nervous system.
Scurvy It is caused due to the deficiency of Eat lots of green vegetables,
vitamin C. The affected person suffers from tomatoes, sprouts, pulses and
bleeding of gums and swelling of the joints. citrus fruits such as oranges and
amla

e ENUNCIATION
Immunisation:im-yuh-ny-zay-shun
 Disease Cause and Symptoms Preventive Measures
(9) Rickets vitamin
It is caused due to the deficiency of
D. The affected person's bones
Include milk, fish, butter
eggs in the diet and
become soft and sometimes they bend.
Anaonia It is caused due to the deficiency of iron. The Take a diet rich in green
leafy
level of haemoglobin in the blood becomes vegetables such as spinach,
b
low. So, the blood does not carry enough and fruits such as apples,
oxygen. The affected person gets tired guavas, bananas and otherdatet
items
quickly. like jaggery and meat
Osteoporosis It is caused due to the deficiency of calcium. Have a diet rich in milk
andgreen
The affected person's bones become weak. leafy vegetables
(3) Goitre It is caused due to the deficiency of iodine. It Take a diet rich in seafood
and
results in swelling in the neck region. iodised salt

RUN THROUGH

Diseases

Communicable Non-
diseases communicable
diseases
Night
Typhoid
blindness

Cholera Beriberi

Common-cold Scurvy

Malaria Rickets

Anaemia

Osteoporosis

Goitre

e ENUNCIATION
64 Chapter 5 Good Health
Anaemia: uh-nee-mee-uh
 TRACK YOUR PROGRESS

one word for the following:

2. Give
a. Insect
that sucks blood and causes malaria.
b. Disease which has been totally eradicated
by vaccination.
c.
Disease which can be caused by direct contact.
d. Disease in which a person's bones get weak.

A-z GLOSSARY

Balanceddiet: a diet that contains all Mumps: an infectious viral disease

the nutrients in the correct quantities causing swelling of the salivary glands
Communicabledisease: disease that Non-communicable disease: disease
spreads from one person to another that does not spread from one person
Disease:a condition when our body to another
doesnot function normally Vaccination: the process of injecting
Hygiene: the practice of keeping self a substance into someone's body to
and surroundings clean in order to protect against a disease
prevent illness or spread of diseases Vaccines: substances injected or given
orally to protect us from diseases

EXERCISES
A. State TRUE or FALSE.
1. Night blindness is caused by a bacteria.
2. Disease can be caused by germs only.
3. Rest is as important as a balanced diet.
4. Exercise can cause tiredness.
5. Deficiency of vitamin C causes beriberi.
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. Water and are other essential components of the food.
2. Diseases caused by very tiny organisms are called

Unit 3 The Human Body and Health 65