GERMINATION TEST ON PEA SEED

I. INTRODUCTION
In order to minimize the risks involved in using seeds that do not have a proper
the ability to produce good harvests is of fundamental importance to carry out control
of quality and within this are involved the different useful and reliable methods for
determine the main characteristics of a high-quality seed, that is, when it is pure,
it has germination, high vigor, is free of diseases, and has good confirmation.
This practice is being used more and more frequently, as in general and for various reasons
reasons, in all crops where seeds are required, problems arise that affect
both to seed products and to techniques and farmers.
This aspect becomes even more relevant when considering that the marketing of
Seed in the country and abroad is becoming increasingly demanding in the quality required.

It is important to emphasize that timely quality control of the seed will have an impact
directly in production and it is known that the value of a seed analysis has
a very low incidence in direct costs compared to future results that are
will obtain.
This work presents the main seed analysis techniques as a useful tool.
tool in quality control for making immediate, medium-term, and long-term decisions
deadline.
II. OBJECTIVES:
- Determine the quality of pure seed
- Apply germination testing methods
- Diferenciar a través de la observación los diferentes aspectos de la germinación en semilla
of pea.
III. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
IMPORTANTASPECTSINGERMINATION
GerminationProcess
Itisasequenceofeventsthatresultsinthetransformationofa
embryoinaquiescentstateinaseedling.
The process of germination can be arbitrarily divided into several
eventos:(1)Embibión-elprocesofísicodeabsorcióndeagua.(2)-Activación-
thestartupofthesynthesisanddegradationmachinery.(3)Divisionand
cell elongation (4) Rupture of the seed coat by the embryo. (5)
[Link].
wewillimitourselvestoconsideringtherelationshipsofthegerminationprocesswiththe
Environmentalfactorsthatcontrolit.
REQUIREMENTSFORGERMINATIONTOOCCUR
Assumingtherearenolatencymechanismsthatimpedegermination,
Theconcurrenceofseveralfactorsisrequiredforthecontainedembryo.
intheseed,Irestarteditsdevelopment.
A. Water absorption
Embibition: It is a special case of a physical phenomenon called diffusion, and
As such, it is given if there is a diffusion gradient. It is characterized by a
increaseinvolumeofthesubstanceorbodythatabsorbsandisintimately
relatedtothepropertiesofcolloidalmaterials.
Permeability of the seed coat
The most obvious case is that of seeds whose coverings are completely
waterproof,[Link],cotton,[Link]
embargo,examplesarealsogivenwherewaterpenetrationisrestricted.
not prevented.
2. Water concentration
Ingeneral,imbibitionisfasterwhentheseedisincontactwith
[Link]
diffusion pressure of water. Hence, seeds absorb water more
slowlyindryorsalinesoils,notonlybecausethereislesswater,butthat
itisalsocausedbyalowerdiffusionpressureofwater.
3. Temperature
[Link].
with the seed, part of the supplied energy is invested in increasing the
waterdiffusion,therefore,increasestherateofwaterabsorption,within
certainlimits.Ithasbeenexperimentallyfoundthatanincreaseof10°C
at the temperature doubles the absorption rate at the beginning of the process of
imbibition.
4. Hydrostatic pressure
Aswaterpenetratestheseeds,itcausesanincreaseinvolume.
expression in cell membranes. Similarly, cell membranes
opposing resistance of equal magnitude, which results in an increase in the
internalwaterdiffusionpressure,increasingitsdiffusionoutwardand
thereforedecreasingtheabsorptionrateoftheseed.
5. Area of the seed in contact with water
Considering other factors constant, the water absorption rate is
[Link]
Some seed classes in certain regions are more permeable than others.
Example:thethreadinlegumeseeds.
6. Intermolecular forces
They are generally forces of electrical [Link] increase in these
forces decrease the diffusion pressure of water and therefore the rate of
[Link].
Low water content soils tenaciously hold moisture through
intermolecularforces.
7. Differences between species
[Link]:seed
Cottonabsorbswatermoreslowlythanbeanseeds.
8. Differential absorption by seed organs
[Link],
arbitrarilyinthefollowingcategories:
a) Seed coat (testa, pericarp, etc.)
b) Nutritional reserve tissues (cotyledons, endosperm, perisperm, etc.)
c) Embryonic axis (composed of radicle, plumule, and associated structures).
CHARACTERISTICSOFSEEDSAMPLING
[Link]
aspecificamountofseeds,physicallyidentifiable.
Itisnecessaryforthesamplesenttothelaboratorytoberepresentativeofthe
completebatch.
The correct sampling procedure is based on the extraction of samples.
elementary,thenumberofwhichwildependonthesizeandweightofthebatch(Table).The
elementary samples must be mixed to form a sample
global, of a minimum weight, which must be sent to the laboratory well
identified.
Thesizeoftheobtainedsamplemustbeatleast1,000g.
beans,soybeans,corn,andotherspecieswithsimilarlysizedseeds;500g.
thecaseofwheat,oatsandotherseedsofsimilarsizeandbetween150to250g.
forsmallerseeds.
Loadsmustbecarriedoutattheupper,middle,andlowerlevelsofthe
stowage,wagon,container,etc.
ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF
SEED
Seed analysis provides information and establishes a standard for
determinethequalitylevel.
Ahigh-qualitybatchdependsonthefollowingcharacteristicsthat
theyaremeasurementsinthelaboratoriesofdifferentcompanies:

1. Germination(viability)
2. Purity
[Link]
[Link]

Analysisofviability
* Standardgerminationtest
In a standard germination test, the seeds are placed in
ideal light and temperature conditions to induce germination. The
requiredconditionstomeetthelegalrequirementsarespecifiedinthe
standards for seed testing, which may include types of tests,
environmentalconditionsanddurationofthetests.
Purityanalysis
Physicalpurity,theobjectiveofthepurityanalysisistodetermine:

a. Theweightcompositionofthesamplebeinganalyzedandconsequentlythe
compositionoftheseedbatchand
[Link] identity of the different species of contaminating seeds and of the
particlesofinertmatterconstitutingthesample.

DefinitionoftheSampleComponents
Three components are considered: pure seeds, other seeds, and matter.
inert.
PureSeed
Thepureseedwillunderstandthoseindicatedbythesenderorfound.
aspredominantintheanalysis,includingallbotanicalvarieties
of that species. The normal or intact seeds are considered pure,
mature,thoseofsmallerthannormalsize,wrinkled,sick,orsprouted,
as long as they can be identified as belonging to the species
analyzed.
Pureseedisalsoconsideredtheresultingseedfragments.
of breaks, whose size is greater than half of its initial size. Not
however, the legume seeds with the seed coat or testa completely
detachedareconsidereddeadmatter.
OtherSeeds
Other seeds will include seeds and pseudoseeds of any
[Link]
crops in the purity analysis should be done when there is absolute
certaintyofyouridentification;intheoppositecase,itwil beleftinthefractionof
pureseed.
InertMatter
Inertmaterialwillincludematerialssuchas:stones,particlesof
soil,grainsofsand,stems,piecesofleaf,roots,glumes,glumellesandothers
fragmentsofwildorcultivatedplantstemsorseedsthatare
underthefollowingconditions:
[Link] of species or varieties considered as other plants,
brokenordamaged,whosefragmentsareequaltoorlessthanhalfofthe
originalseedsize.
[Link] that are completely devoid of their seed coat or
teguments.
[Link] seeds that have been transformed by the fungi into sclerotia,
sporemassesofdecayornematodegalls.
[Link]:

MATERIALS:
Bottle
Seeds
Kraft paper
Scissors
Rules
Water
Sprayer
Seed sampling table
METHODS:
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