Venezuela's Economic Independence Debate
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ScribdTranslationsVenezuela's Economic Independence Debate
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ScribdTranslationsVenezuela a dependent or independent country
The global economy and the different social situations have made Venezuela an independent country.
make certain political and economic agreements with the most important countries in the world
As is the case with China and Iran, this situation makes Venezuela considered a dependent country.
extremely dependent on world events, as was the case with the armed conflict in
Libya.
As we already know, the most important product in the Venezuelan economy is oil; this raw material.
Many times its value changes due to global problems and war conflicts.
especially in OPEC member countries, such as the case of Libya recently.
What is the independence that was signed on July 5, 1810.
The Act of the Declaration of Independence of Venezuela is a document in which representatives of
seven of the ten provinces belonging to the Captaincy General of Venezuela in South America gathered in the
Chapel Santa Rosa de Lima declared its independence from the Crown of Spain, establishing a new
nation based on republican and federal principles, permanently abolishing the Monarchy under the values
of the equality of individuals, the prohibition of censorship, and freedom of expression. It enshrines the principle
constitutional and radically opposes the political, cultural, and social practices that had existed
for three hundred years in Spanish America. The Declaration is notable for being the first instance of a
Spanish colony in America that declares its absolute independence.
Economy of the 20th century
Even though at the end of the 19th century, the Venezuelan government granted some oil concessions in the form
occasionally, it is from the year 1907 when international oil consortia begin their
activities in Venezuela.
It is in the early decades of the 20th century that oil companies expand globally,
coinciding with the rise of the capitalist economies of the United States, England, Germany, and France.
While the first concession to exploit asphalt was granted a few months after it was enacted.
the First Mining Code in the year 1854, it is eleven years later, in the year 1865, when the
First Oil Concession of Venezuela, which expired before completing a year. After being established the
first Venezuelan oil trading company named Petrolia del Táchira in the year 1878, it
they granted some oil concessions occasionally until the end of the 19th century.
According to this legal instrument approved by Cipriano Castro in August 1905, the Oil Companies
they received the concessions for fifty years with the commitment to begin exploiting them within the
four years following the granting of the title. The companies, for their part, had to pay the State a
annual tax of sixty cents per hectare granted in concession, plus a royalty of one dollar
with twenty cents per ton exploited. The first concessions according to this regime were
given to Venezuelans who then transferred them to international oil consortia, although the
The granting of concessions was temporarily suspended due to the conflicts of Cipriano's Government.
Castro with the European Powers and with the United States. However, with the arrival of Juan Vicente
With Gómez in power in 1908, the granting of concessions for the subsoil resumed at an accelerated pace.
Venezuelan to International Oil Monopolies.
The government of Juan Vicente Gómez greatly favored foreign investments in the country.
focusing most of them on the oil sector that was beginning to develop. In that sense,
During the Gómez regime, a legal framework was defined through which a large part of the territory was handed over.
national in concessions, according to the interests of international oil consortiums. The
foreign investments in the country that had begun during the time of Guzmán Blanco, and which had
Stumbles during the government of Cipriano Castro were generously favored by the regime.
Gomecist.
Current economy
Currently, the economic structure of Venezuela is not well defined, due to the fact that it has not been achieved.
to reach a point where a single mode of production characterizes it, for this reason, its structure is
composed of the precapitalist and capitalist systems.
When talking about a pre-capitalist system, it refers to all those economic models that existed prior to
current capitalist system, in which primitive communism-based systems can be mentioned where
societies are egalitarian and there are no subjugated or subjugators. Slavery is also present.
ancient and feudal, in which workers employed slow production methods and
rudimentary tools that conceive a low level of productivity, scarce market development
internal, a low monetary income for the population and a low level of quality of life.
Social structure in terms of extreme poverty index
According to the figures collected by the National Institute of Statistics (INE), through its Survey of
Households by Sampling, during the first half of 2011, in Venezuela continues a clear trend towards the
decrease in poverty.
In fact, our research is analyzed and endorsed by major international organizations.
experts in the field. So there is no possibility of accusing us of biasing the
investigaciones”.
The first method is the income level or Poverty Line. It is a method of situational analysis, as it
it measures according to family income compared to the regulatory food basket. According to this
The method of poverty has decreased from 49% in the first half of 1998 to 27.4% of households.
Venezuelans in 2011. The percentage of households in extreme poverty by this method has also
reduced from 21 to 7.3% between the first semesters of 1998 and 2011.
The second method is known as the Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN). This is considered a
structural analysis form, as it is measured through five indicators whose lack qualifies the household as
poor: the high economic dependency, the number of children aged 7 to 12 who do not attend school, the
access to basic services (water and waste disposal), critical overcrowding, and the type of housing.
Variation in this case goes from 28.9% in the first half of 1998 to 21.2% in the same period of 2011.
The percentage of households in extreme poverty by this method has also seen a significant reduction:
from 10.8 to 6.8% during the first semesters of 1998 and 2011, respectively.
And the third method, called Integrated, which integrates the data from the first two methods to calculate the
called chronic poverty, also indicates to us that poverty has decreased: "When the series is analyzed
statistics of chronic poverty, we can observe that during the first semesters of the period 2002-
2011 this has decreased from 20.2% to 11.1%.
Political structure of Venezuela in the 20th century
From a political-administrative point of view, the territory of Venezuela in the 16th to 18th centuries depends on
legally of two viceroyalties: the Eastern region depended on the Viceroyalty of Santo Domingo and the region
Central – Western part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada (Audiencia of Santa Fe de Bogotá) and from 1777,
the country politically and administratively became a General Captaincy, however judicially they continued
depending on the viceroyalties.
Thirty-four years later, Venezuela achieves its independence, which generates debts for the new
rulers: Páez, Los Monagas, Guzmán Blanco among others, who in order to solve them granted lands to
the military as payment for their participation in the independence process, as military pay. On the other
The country did not have capital to invest and develop the national economy, they implemented policies.
of leasing, to promote foreign immigration and develop communication routes, as well as
the economy. But these policies, implemented through a series of mechanisms, among them, the cadastre and the
usufruct of national lands, were not very productive due to the dubious information that these
contributed and above all made way for the emergence of the latifundium, due to the allocation of lands to the
military, yes, small revenues were obtained, which then allowed for a limited investment in
the country, as well as the reduction of the indigenous people, who, like the peasants, were left
marginalized from their lands and were incorporated into the estates, to continue being exploited by the
landowners with little or no hope of improving their social status.
The large peasant mass deprived of land, forced to pay high rents for leases in
species or to work as laborers for very low wages, suffered miserable living conditions.
Plaza; 1974, 23).
Current political structure
The political situation in Venezuela currently seems quite uncertain. The discontent of the population,
especially due to the economic crisis that the country has faced in recent months, often leads to
autonomous demonstration, especially in Caracas.
Organization of the natural support of Venezuela, vegetation as an expression of the climate
ORGANIZATION OF VENEZUELAN NATURAL SUPPORT
The territory is divided into 9 geographical regions:
Central Cordillera
Eastern Cordillera
Corian System
Lake Maracaibo
The Andes
The Plains
Deltaic System
South of the Orinoco: The Guayana
The Islands: Nueva Esparta and Federal Dependencies
VEGETATION AS AN EXPRESSION OF CLIMATE
The energy of the sun directs the global patterns of air circulation in the atmosphere and of the waters of the
oceans. The warming and cooling of moving air and water masses explain the
majority of the Earth's climate patterns. Climates, in turn, exert a great influence on the
distribution, abundance, and evolution of species.
The most important climatic factors are temperature or thermal factor and precipitation or water factor.
that vary throughout the year the temperature decreases from the Equator towards the poles and the oscillations
annual amounts are increasing, in the tropical region, the precipitation is zenithal rain,
they are produced in the time of year when the sun is at its zenith at noon; on the contrary, in the areas
In temperate regions, we find cyclonic rains, meaning they are linked to the presence of low-pressure areas that
they move from West to East and in the Northern Hemisphere they start from Iceland or the Aleutian Islands.
The climate is an important factor for plant growth, it determines the extent of their area of
distribution and set the limits for its survival, the regional or macro-climate is the area where it
finds a weather station, while the local weather or microclimate is the habitat in which it grows
a plant community. The exposure is important, for example: at northern latitudes, the orientation towards the South
it is hotter, towards the North it gets colder and in the Southern Hemisphere the opposite occurs. At the Equator, the
the East orientation is exposed to the sun during the morning, while the orientation towards
the West all afternoon; the orientations towards the North and South hardly differ in terms of exposure. The
deep valleys have a humid climate, with a shallow water table and abundant precipitation;
however, in areas with low rainfall, the water table is deeper, with the predominance of a
xerophytic vegetation.
The energy from the sun drives the global circulation patterns of air and ocean waters.
heating and cooling of air and water masses in motion explains most of the
climatic patterns of the Earth. Climates have a great influence on the abundance and distribution of
the species.
The vegetation of Venezuela shows great biodiversity determined by factors such as
topography, sun exposure, temperature, annual precipitation, soils, the speed and direction of the winds
atmospheric humidity, soil drainage, and the geological history of the area.
