High Voltage Transmission Line Components
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Unit III: Transmission Lines and Their Accessories.
3.1 Transmission Lines.
Transmission Lines are those used to transport electrical energy.
over long distances, at voltage levels exceeding 34,500V. These constitute the
link between generating plants and distribution networks. For the
The construction of these lines uses almost exclusively bare metal conductors,
which are obtained by wiring metal threads (wires) around a central wire
subject to a metallic structure, by means of some insulating chains.
Illustration 1: Transmission Line Tower.
High voltage transmission lines carry energy over much longer distances.
more efficient than low voltage distribution lines for two main reasons. First,
Location, the high voltage transmission lines take advantage of the Power equation, it is
to say, Power is equal to Voltage multiplied by Current. Therefore, at a high voltage it allows
decrease the current to transmit the same amount of power. Secondly, already
that transportation losses (TL) are a function of the square of the current flowing in
The conductors, the increase in voltage will drastically reduce transmission losses.
In addition, the reduction of the current allows the use of smaller gauge conductors.
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P=VxI
I2x R
The increase in tension to reduce losses
The cost due to losses decreases dramatically when the current is reduced.
Energy losses in conductors are calculated using the formula I.2. R. If the current (I) is
duplicates, the power losses quadruple for the same type of conductor with a
resistance (R). Again, it is much more cost-effective for transporting large quantities
of electricity over long distances using high voltage transmission lines because
the current is lower and the losses are much smaller.
3.2. Components of an Overhead Transmission Line.
The aerial lines are composed of both the conductor element, usually a cable.
aluminum, as well as its support elements (Retaining Clips), the metal Towers of
high tension, and the insulators.
a) Conductors:
In the construction of overhead power transmission lines, almost
exclusively braided conductors, which are cables made of wires of
aluminum, in alternating layers, rolled in opposite directions. This alternating arrangement
of the layers prevents unrolling and makes the external radius of a layer match with the
inside the following. The braiding provides flexibility with large sections.
cross-sectional.
b) Insulator Strings:
Consisting of a variable number of elements depending on the service voltage; forming
a moving chain around its point of attachment to the support. This is the type of insulator most
employee in medium and high voltage.
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Illustration 2: Parts of the cable connection support in a transmission line.
The figure shows the support of the wiring to the metal structure through a chain of
Insulators in a high voltage transmission line.
Illustration 3: Support of the cables to the metal structure through two chains of insulators
The figure shows the cable support to the metal structure through two chains.
Insulators in a high voltage transmission line.
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Isolated type Hood-Stem
This insulator consists of a bell made of porcelain or tempered glass, in the shape of a disk.
and has some waves at its bottom. At the top of the bell is
embedded a cap of cast iron or steel, and in its lower part in a rather hollow
reduced, it has a sealed stem to the insulator. In the figure below, it shows the
arrangement of the insulators in a suspension chain or in a tie chain.
Illustration 4: Components of a structure with an insulator chain.
Bell type insulator (discs).
This element consists of a cylindrical porcelain core with a diameter ranging
between 60 and 85 mm, and provided with two wide skirts. The connection of the bell insulators between
yes, it is done with a small cylindrical stem ending in two joints (figure 1.9). The
The essential difference between the bell insulator and the cap-hat-stem element lies in the
the fact that the first is strictly unforgivable in service, while the second
It can, under certain circumstances, be perforated before being contoured, especially by the
simultaneous action of mechanical forces and electrical actions.
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Illustration 5: Elements of a bell-type insulator chain
Illustration 5 shows the elements of a bell-type insulator string.
c) Support Structures
These must keep the conductors at a sufficient height above ground and spaced apart.
Yes. At the highest part of the tower, bare conductors, known as guard wires, are installed.
that are used to shield the line and intercept the rays before they reach the conductors
assets situated below. These do not conduct any current, so they are usually
they are made of steel and are grounded together at each tower. The towers are connected
solidarily to the ground, taking great precautions to ensure that the resistance to
land shall be low.
The structures of a line can be classified in relation to their function, the way of
resist the efforts, and the construction materials.
Structures are classified according to their function as:
Suspension structures.
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The conductors are suspended by insulator chains, which hang from the
brackets of the towers. They withstand the vertical loads of all the conductors (including the
guard wires), and the action of the wind perpendicular to the line, both on conductors and
on the same tower. They are not designed to withstand lateral forces due to the pull of
the drivers, which is why they are installed in straight sections.
Hardware
For the attachment of the cable to the insulator and from there to the metal structure, the following are used
hardware. The following figure shows the different types of hardware.
Illustration 6: Hardware used in Transmission Lines.
The figure shows the different types of hardware used in transmission lines.
Retention structures
They are for the places where the line must withstand lateral stresses, resulting from
Change of address or line endings are basically distinguished into three types:
• Terminal.
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The arrangement of the conductors is perpendicular to the brackets, the tower is dimensional.
to fundamentally support the pull from all the drivers on one side, and in general
It is the heaviest structure of the line.
Angular.
It is located at the vertices when there is a change in the direction of the line, the most important load.
what supports is the component of the shot (due to the angle) of all the drivers.
Break segments.
Some calculation rules suggest the use of these structures with the basic purpose of
limit the cascading (domino) failure of suspension structures, and to facilitate the
tensioned when the straight sections are very long. When the design of the suspensions
It is done with the intention of preventing a cascading failure; the use of break structures is implemented.
unnecessary.
Illustration 7: Angular retention tower
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Regarding the efforts, it can be said that the line structures generally withstand.
three types of stresses under normal conditions:
• Vertical loads due to its own weight, conductors, insulators.
• Transverse loads due to wind on structures and conductors.
• Longitudinal loads due to the pull of the conductors.
The materials commonly used to build the structure are: wood, concrete,
steel and in hard-to-reach areas in some cases aluminum is used.
Construction
MAXIMUM VACUUM:
In an urban area, the maximum opening to be built will be 80 m, and for rural areas, there is none.
limits are established for the openings; these will depend on the condition of the land
MINIMUM CLEAR HEIGHT:
The minimum free height of the conductors, in meters, will be what is listed in the table.
next
Table 1: Maximum heights of drivers in urban areas.
Table 1: shows the maximum height of the drivers in Urban and Rural areas
high voltage construction according to line voltage.
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Bibliography
Gonzalez, F. (February 2016).[Link] Obtained from
[Link]
Air Transmission
wikipedia. (n.d.).[Link] from
[Link]
