SPLIT COEFFICIENT

RAMOS PAEZ ADRIANA ROSA

JIMENEZ GALLEGO JHOAN
LOPEZ ARRIETA YARGELYS ELENA
DIAZ CAUSIL YACELYS

PRESENTED TO:
PhD: MANUEL PAEZ MEZA

UNIVERSITY OF CORDOBA
FACULTY OF BASIC SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

Montería–Córdoba

2018
 SUMMARY
In the practice carried out, a solution was prepared with two immiscible solvents and
a solute miscible in both solvents in order to determine the coefficient of
distribution, the amount of solute not extracted, the initial amount of solute and the amount
from the extracted solution, this was done by decanting and titrating the solution to
determinar las distribuciones del soluto en los dos solventes; luego se calculó la
normality of the organic and aqueous phase and thus through a relationship the obtained
distribution coefficient, the degree of dissociation was also determined and the
constant with which the graph of Ln e is constructed(ac)based on Ln ef (ac/or) .

Introduction
The distribution coefficient measures the solubility of a substance, in relation to its
concentrations present in two types of immiscible solvents, such as
one is hydrophobic and the other is hydrophilic. The partition coefficient is constant for
a certain temperature is generally expressed as follows:

Where 1it is considered the concentration of the substance in the first solvent
(hydrophobic) and

2the concentration in the second solvent (hydrophilic). Taking into account the
previously, if the substance has a high partition coefficient, this will be
mostly hydrophobic, meaning that it hardly dissolves in solvents
polar, but on the contrary, the substance has a low coefficient, it is known that
this will have a hydrophilic tendency, that is to say, it has great solubility in solvents
polar
The mathematical expression is called Nernst's distribution law, and it is deduced
from the model of ideal dilute solution. The Nernst distribution law
it establishes that a substance is distributed between two solvents until in the
equilibrium is reached when a constant relationship of activities of the substance is established in the
two layers for a set temperature. Once equilibrium is reached, the
The chemical potential of the solute will be the same in both phases:

1= 2
When the solutions are diluted and the solute behaves ideally, the
activity is practically equal to concentration and the distribution coefficient is
expressed as the ratio of concentrations. The partition coefficient is a
equilibrium constant that depends on the temperature and the nature of the
solvents and solute involved, and not the quantity of the solvents and solute
as long as it is worked at relatively diluted concentrations for
comply with Nernst's Law) [2].
Knowing this information, it is important to highlight the importance of
distribution coefficient in the pharmaceutical industry, for example, in the
pharmacokinetics, is often used, as it allows understanding of solubility
of a substance in a given solvent, therefore thanks to it, one can
determine the absorbance level of a certain drug in the body
human, because these two variables are directly proportional.

OBJETIVOS.

GENERAL OBJECTIVE.
Determine the partition coefficient of a solute that is between two
immiscible solvents.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES.
[Link] how a solute is distributed between two immiscible liquids.
2. Find the degree of association of the system under study.

RELATED THEORY
Distribution coefficient
When a substance is distributed between two mutually miscible liquids or
slightly miscible, the ratio of the concentrations of this substance in the
two phases will be constant, regardless of the amount of solute that
dissolve or of the volume of liquid used.

This distribution is subject to the following conditions:

a) The distribution must be carried out at a constant temperature throughout the process,
since the temperature influences the amount of solute dissolved in each
liquid, so that for each operating temperature the distribution equilibrium
The solubility of the solute in the different solvents will be different.
b) No chemical reaction should occur between any of the
system components, since if a new product is formed, this would falsify the
data related to the concentrations of the initial solute.
c) The solutions must be diluted. At high concentrations, they appear
interactions between solute and solvents that interfere with the ratio in which
the solute is distributed in the different phases.
Under these conditions, we can formulate the following distribution law that
we can consider a particular case of Henry's Law:

K=C1/C2
C1 = Concentración del soluto en la fase I
C2 = Concentration of the solute in phase II
K = Dimensionless constant called the Distribution Coefficient (1)

(It can also be referred to as distribution or partition constant). For purposes

practical, this law would allow predicting the final concentration of solute in the
different phases, as long as we know the value of the Allocation Coefficient
for a given system and we are working under the conditions in the
Which this distribution law is fulfilled. In the bibliography we can find
tables listing values of Distribution Coefficients for different
solutes, different solvents and conditions; however, we may need
values of that constant that are not found in the bibliography. In the present
In practice, the experimental determination of the Distribution Coefficient will be carried out.
for a specific system. It is important to mention that the reality is that when
a series of determinations are carried out successively with concentrations
different, it is rarely found that the C1/C2 relationship remains constant.
One of the classic essays, where the previous law is fulfilled in a margin
relatively large, is the distribution of acetic acid between water and ether. (2)
 METHODOLOGY

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

I shook each of the mixtures vigorously.
manually for
y approximately ten
minutes. It was left to rest at temperature
environment for about fifteen minutes.

5 mL aliquots were taken from each of the phases.

and the amount was determined by titration with NaOH
of acetic acid present.

The valued soda was used to prepare the solutions.

of lower concentrations. In all cases, it
used phenolphthalein as an indicator.

Se suministró una solución de soda de

known concentration, preparations were made
250 mL of approximately 0.4 N soda; and the
evaluated against potassium biphthalate against an acid
of known normality.
The studied systems are water-chloroform as solvents and as solute the
acetic acid and water-benzene as solvent and benzoic acid as solute
the mixtures used are the following:
First system:
OF THE WATER (ML) CHLOROFORM ACID
SAMPLE MO (ML) ACETIC
(ML)
1 15 15 0.3
2 15 15 0.5
3 15 15 0.8
4 15 15 1.0
5 15 15 1.2

After shaking the mixture in a separation funnel, 5 ml of the

fase acuosa y 5 mL de la fase orgánica y se procedió a titular lo con NaOH 0.04M
for the aqueous phase and 0.002 M NaOH for the organic phase for which
they obtained the data presented in the following table.

FROM THE SAMPLE VOLUME OF NAOH VOLUME OF NAOH

0.04M SPENT 0.002M SPENT
TO TITLE THE TO TITLE THE
Aqueous phase ORGANIC PHASE
1 5.3 1.3
2 14 3.5
3 15.9 4.2
4 17.5 5
5 21 7

With this data, the concentration of acetic acid was determined in the
different phases.
ACID CONCENTRATION ACID CONCENTRATION
IN THE AQUEOUS PHASE IN THE ORGANIC PHASE
0.0424 0.0005
0.1120 0.0014
0.1272 0.0017
0.1400 0.0020
0.1680 0.0028
The determination of Kc is obtained by plotting the concentration of the acid in the
organic phase vs KD where this is given as the quotient of the

concentrations of acetic acid in the different phases.

Obtaining the following data:

concentration of KD
acid in the phase
organic
0.00052 0.01226
0.00140 0.01250
0.00168 0.01321
0.00200 0,01429
0.00280 0.01667

Graph of the previous data:

From which it is extrapolated that KD has a value of 0.014

The determination of the degree of dissociation n and the constant K is constructed

graph of
Based on

Ln (concentration of the acid in Ln (phase concentration)

the organic phase) aqueous
-7.56168175 -3.16060692
-6,57128304 -2,18925641
-6.38896149 -2.06199463
-6.2146081 -1.96611286
-5.87813586 -1.7837913
Where the slope is equal to n therefore n is 0.842 and k is 38.99
For the second system we have:

of the Water (mL) benzene Acid

sample (mL) benzoic (g)
1 25 25 0.3
2 25 25 0.5
3 25 25 0.8
4 25 25 1.0
5 25 25 1.2

5 mL of the benzene phase was taken and received in 40 mL of distilled water.

After shaking, it is titrated with 0.1M soda. A similar procedure is followed for the
aqueous phase using 5 mL aliquots with 0.01N soda, for which the following were obtained
the data presented in the following table.

from the sample Volume of the phase Volume of the phase

aqueous organic
1 6 9.4
2 8.3 14.7
3 11.6 20
4 13.7 24.5
5 15.6 30.7

With this data, the concentration of benzoic acid was determined in

the different phases.

Concentration of the acid in the Concentration of the acid in the

aqueous phase organic phase
0.01333 0.00208889
0,01844 0.00326667
0.02578 0.00444444
0.03044 0.00544444
0.03467 0.00682222
The determination of Kc is obtained by graphing the concentration of the acid in the
organic phase vs KD where it is given as the quotient of the
concentrations of acetic acid in the different phases.

Acid concentration KD
in the organic phase
0.00208889 0.15666667
0.00326667 0.17710843
0.00444444 0.17241379
0.00544444 0.17883212
0.00682222 0.19679487
Through the calculated results, the difference in the values was observed.
read the distribution coefficients in the two structured systems and their phases, although
The amount of solute present in both phases varies with respect to the amount.
present in each component of the system that does not mix with each other. The
the distribution coefficient must be constant at a certain temperature. During
in this practice a variation of the obtained distribution coefficients was observed
regarding the theorists which may be caused by failures in the
titling or in the volumes obtained or also due to the decantation of
solution, among other factors that can affect the results obtained

CONCLUSION.
It can be concluded that when a substance dissolves in two solvents it does not
miscible with each other, the ratio of the concentrations of that substance in each
one of the solvents is constant at a given temperature. This
The constant is called the distribution coefficient: k = c1/c2 as we have seen the
substances that have been studied in this practice are soluble in a solvent,
but more soluble in a second solvent that is not miscible with the previous solvent.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Chang R. Chemistry. McGraw Hill Publishing. Mexico. 1992. First

Spanish edition.

2 .N. Levine, FISICOQUIMICA, 5ª Edición, McGraw-Hill, 2004.