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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

Checklist of learning and understanding - Chapter 1. Quadratics

Quadratic equations can be solved by:
● factorisation
● completing the square
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
● using the quadratic formula x = .
2a
Solving simultaneous equations where one is linear and one is quadratic
● Rearrange the linear equation to make either x or y the subject.
● Substitute this for x or y in the quadratic equation and then solve.

Maximum and minimum points and lines of symmetry

For a quadratic function f( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c that is written in the form f( x ) = a( x − h )2 + k :
b
● the line of symmetry is x = h = −
2a
● if a . 0, there is a minimum point at ( h, k )
● if a , 0, there is a maximum point at ( h, k ).

Quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and corresponding curve y = ax 2 + bx + c

● Discriminant = b 2 − 4ac.
● If b 2 − 4ac . 0, then the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has two distinct real roots.
● If b 2 − 4ac = 0, then the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has two equal real roots.
30
● If b 2 − 4ac , 0, then the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has no real roots.
● The condition for a quadratic equation to have real roots is b 2 − 4ac ù 0.

Intersection of a line and a general quadratic curve

● If a line and a general quadratic curve intersect at one point, then the line is a tangent to the curve at that point.
● Solving simultaneously the equations for the line and the curve gives an equation of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0.
● b 2 − 4ac gives information about the intersection of the line and the curve.

b 2 − 4 ac Nature of roots Line and parabola

.0 two distinct real roots two distinct points of intersection
=0 two equal real roots one point of intersection (line is a tangent)
,0 no real roots no points of intersection

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

Checklist of learning and understanding - Chapter 2. Functions

Functions
● A function is a rule that maps each x value to just one y value for a defined set of input values.
● A function can be either one-one or many-one.
● The set of input values for a function is called the domain of the function.
● The set of output values for a function is called the range (or image set) of the function.
Composite functions
● fg( x ) means the function g acts on x first, then f acts on the result.
● fg only exists if the range of g is contained within the domain of f.
● In general, fg( x ) ≠ gf( x ).
Inverse functions
● The inverse of a function f( x ) is the function that undoes what f( x ) has done.
f f −1( x ) = f −1 f( x ) = x or if y = f( x ) then x = f −1( y )
● The inverse of the function f( x ) is written as f −1 ( x ).
● The steps for finding the inverse function are:
Step 1: Write the function as y =
Step 2: Interchange the x and y variables.
Step 3: Rearrange to make y the subject.
● The domain of f −1 ( x ) is the range of f( x ).
66
● The range of f −1 ( x ) is the domain of f( x ).
● An inverse function f −1 ( x ) can exist if, and only if, the function f( x ) is one-one.
● The graphs of f and f −1 are reflections of each other in the line y = x.
● If f( x ) = f −1 ( x ), then the function f is called a self-inverse function.
● If f is self-inverse then ff( x ) = x.
● The graph of a self-inverse function has y = x as a line of symmetry.
Transformations of functions
 0
● The graph of y = f( x ) + a is a translation of y = f( x ) by the vector   .
 a
 −a 
● The graph of y = f( x + a ) is a translation of y = f( x ) by the vector .
 0 
 
● The graph of y = − f( x ) is a reflection of the graph y = f( x ) in the x-axis.
● The graph of y = f( − x ) is a reflection of the graph y = f( x ) in the y-axis.
● The graph of y = a f( x ) is a stretch of y = f( x ), stretch factor a, parallel to the y-axis.
1
● The graph of y = f( ax ) is a stretch of y = f( x ), stretch factor , parallel to the x-axis.
a
Combining transformations
● When two vertical transformations or two horizontal transformations are combined, the order
in which they are applied may affect the outcome.
● When one horizontal and one vertical transformation are combined, the order in which they are
applied does not affect the outcome.
● Vertical transformations follow the ‘normal’ order of operations, as used in arithmetic
● Horizontal transformations follow the opposite order to the ‘normal’ order of operations, as
used in arithmetic.

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Chapter 3: Coordinate geometry

Checklist of learning and understanding - Chapter 3. Coordinate Geometry

Midpoint, gradient and length of line segment
x + x2 y1 + y2 
Q (x2, y2) ● Midpoint, M, of PQ is  1 ,  .
 2 2
y2 − y1
M ● Gradient of PQ is .
x2 − x1

● Length of segment PQ is ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2
P (x1, y1)

Parallel and perpendicular lines

● If the gradients of two parallel lines are m1 and m2 , then m1 = m2.
● If the gradients of two perpendicular lines are m1 and m2 , then m1 × m2 = −1.

The equation of a straight line is:

● y − y1 = m( x − x1 ), where m is the gradient and ( x1, y1 ) is a point on the line.

The equation of a circle is:

● ( x − a )2 + ( y − b )2 = r 2 , where ( a, b ) is the centre and r is the radius.
● x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 , where ( − g, − f ) is the centre and g 2 + f 2 − c is the radius.

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Chapter 4: Circular measure

Checklist of learning and understanding - Chapter 4. Circular Measure

Radians and degrees

r
r
1 rad
O r

● One radian is the size of the angle subtended at the centre of a circle, radius r, by an arc of length r.
● π radians = 180°
π
● To change from degrees to radians, multiply by .
180
180
● To change from radians to degrees, multiply by .
π
Arc length and area of a sector
B

r
θ
A
O r 111

● When θ is measured in radians, the length of arc AB is rθ .

1 2
● When θ is measured in radians, the area of sector AOB is r θ.
2

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Chapter 5: Trigonometry

Checklist of learning and understanding - Chapter 5. Trigonometry

Exact values of trigonometric functions

sin θ cos θ tan θ

π 1 3 1
θ =
= 30° =
6 2 2 3

π 1 1
θ = 45° = 1
4 2 2
π 3 1
θ = 60° = 3
3 2 2

Positive and negative angles

● Angles measured anticlockwise from the positive x-direction are positive.
● Angles measured clockwise from the positive x -direction are negative.

Diagram showing where sin, cos and tan are positive

90°

Sin All
180° 0°, 360°
O
Tan Cos

151
270°

● Useful mnemonic: ‘A ll Students Trust Cambridge’.

Graphs of trigonometric functions

y
1
y = sin x

–360 –270 –180 –90 O 90 180 270 360 x

–1

y
1
y = cos x

–360 –270 –180 –90 O 90 180 270 360 x

–1

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

y = tan x

–360 –270 –180 –90 O 90 180 270 360 x

● The graph of y = a sin x is a stretch of y = sin x , stretch factor a, parallel to the y -axis.
1
● The graph of y = sin( ax ) is a stretch of y = sin x , stretch factor, parallel to the x -axis.
a
0
● The graph of y = a + sin x is a translation of y = sin x by the vector   .
a
 −a 
● The graph of y = sin( x + a ) is a translation of y = sin x by the vector   .
 0
Inverse trigonometric functions
152
y y y
π π
– y= sin –1x π – y = tan –1 x
2 2

π
– y = cos –1 x
–1 O x 2 O x
1

π
–– π
––
2 O x 2
–1 1

y = sin −1 x y = cos −1 x y = tan −1 x

domain: −1 < x < 1 domain: −1 < x < 1 domain: x ∈ R
π π range: 0 < cos −1 x < π π π
range: − < sin −1 x < range: − < tan −1 x <
2 2 2 2

Trigonometric identities
sin x
● tan x ≡
cos x
● sin2 x + cos2 x ≡ 1

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

Checklist of learning and understanding - Chapter 6. Series

Binomial expansions
 n
Binomial coefficients, denoted by n C r or   , can be found using:
 r 
● Pascal’s triangle

 n n!  n n × ( n − 1) × ( n − 2) × … × ( n − r + 1)
● the formulae   = or   = .
 r  r! ( n − r )!  r  r × ( r − 1) × ( r − 2) × … × 3 × 2 × 1

If n is a positive integer, the Binomial theorem states that:

 n  n  n  n  n
(1 + x ) n =   +   x +   x 2 + … +   x n , where the ( r + 1)th term =   x r.
 0  1  2  n  r 

We can extend this rule to give:

 n  n  n  n  n  n−r r
( a + b ) n =   a n +   a n − 1b1 +   a n − 2 b 2 + … +   b n , where the ( r + 1)th term =   a b.
 0  1  2  n  r 

We can also write the expansion of (1 + x ) n as:

n( n − 1) 2 n( n − 1)( n − 2) 3
(1 + x ) n = 1 + nx + x + x + … + xn
2! 3!

Arithmetic series
For an arithmetic progression with first term a, common difference d and n terms:
● the kth term is a + ( k − 1)d
182
● the last term is l = a + ( n − 1)d
n n
● the sum of the terms is Sn = ( a + l ) = [2 a + ( n − 1)d ].
2 2
Geometric series
For a geometric progression with first term a, common ratio r and n terms:
● the kth term is ar k − 1
● the last term is ar n − 1
a (1 − r n ) a ( r n − 1)
● sum of the terms is Sn = = .
1− r r −1
The condition for an infinite geometric series to converge is −1 < r < 1.
a
When an infinite geometric series converges, S∞ = .
1− r

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

Checklist of learning and understanding - Chapter 7. Differentiation

Gradient of a curve
dy
● represents the gradient of the curve y = f( x ).
dx
The four rules of differentiation
d
● Power rule: ( x n ) = nx n − 1
dx
d d
● Scalar multiple rule: [ kf( x )] = k [f( x )]
dx dx
d d d
● Addition/subtraction rule: [f( x ) ± g( x )] = [f( x )] ± [g( x )]
dx dx dx
dy dy du
● Chain rule: = ×
dx du dx
Tangents and normals
dy
If the value of at the point ( x1, y1 ) is m, then:
dx
● the equation of the tangent at that point is given by y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
1
● the equation of the normal at that point is given by y − y1 = − ( x − x1 ) .
m
Second derivatives
d  dy  d2 y
● =
208 dx  dx  dx 2

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Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 1

Checklist of learning and understanding - Chapter 8. Further Differentiation

Increasing and decreasing functions

• y = f( x ) is increasing for a given interval of x if

dy
dx
. 0 throughout the interval.

• y = f( x ) is decreasing for a given interval of x if

dy
dx
, 0 throughout the interval.

Stationary points

• Stationary points (turning points) of a function y = f( x ) occur when

dy
dx
= 0.

First derivative test for maximum and minimum points

At a maximum point:

• dy
dx
= 0

• the gradient is positive to the left of the maximum and negative to the right.

At a minimum point:

• dy
dx
= 0

• the gradient is negative to the left of the minimum and positive to the right.

Second derivative test for maximum and minimum points

234 • If
dy
dx
d2 y
= 0 and 2 , 0, then the point is a maximum point.
dx

• If
dy
dx
d2 y
= 0 and 2 . 0, then the point is a minimum point.
dx

• If
dy
dx
d2 y
= 0 and 2 = 0, then the nature of the stationary point can be found using the
dx
first derivative test.

Connected rates of change

• When two variables, x and y, both vary with a third variable, t, the three variables can
dy dy dx
be connected using the chain rule: = × .
dt dx dt

• You may also need to use the rule:

dx
dy
=
d
1
y
.

dx

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