Proporcionalidad directa y Proporcionalidad inversa

Summary:

Two variables are proportional if one and only one of the following is satisfied
relationships:
Their reasons are constant. In this case, it is said that the variables x and y are.
directamente proporcionales.
Your product and x is constant. In this case, it is said that the variables x and y are
inversely proportional.

Examples:

A can of drink costs 350 pesos. You have to buy 10; therefore, you need
3500 pesos. With this data, we have the following table:

Cantida Costo
d of in
cans (X) money
(Y)
1 350
2 700
3 1050
4 1400
5 1750
6 2100
7 2450
8 2800
9 3150
10 3500

As can be seen, we have two variables: the amount of latitude and the cost in money.
both values increase and each value corresponds to one and only one in the
another.

The graph that describes the behavior of the variables is as follows:

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With the previous table, divide each pair of values (x and y).

Quantity Cost Ratio Constant of

d of in y/x = c proportionality
cans (x) money d
(y) c
1 350 350/1 = 350
2 700 700/2 = 350
3 1050 1050/3 = 350
4 1400 1400/4 = 350
5 1750 1750/5 = 350
6 2100 2100/6 = 350
7 2450 2450/7 = 350
8 2800 2800/8 = 350
9 3150 3150/9 = 350
10 3500 3500/10 = 350

We noticed that when you divide the cost by the number of cans, you get a value.
constant in each quotient.

In summary, we observe that:

We have two variables, one of which (y) changes in terms of the values that
take the other one (x), besides
From the table of values, we can verify that the constant of
proportionality esc= 350 for each pair of values (x, y) and
The graph that shows the variation of the function is a straight line. Since c > 0, the line is
ascending.
Let's review another case

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Let's consider a car that starts with an initial speed of 25 m/s and
slows down in such a way that it decreases its speed by 3 m/s every second, then if
we graph the speed of the car per second elapsed and we get:

30
25
20
15 Series1
10
5
0
0 2 4 6

Time Speed V- Vo (V-Vo)/T

Elapsed of the car

1 22 3 3
2 19 6 3
3 16 9 3
4 13 12 3
5 10 15 5

Then we observe that the decrease in speed (V-Vo) is proportional to time.

After T has passed, in this case the proportionality constant has a negative value -
3.

In summary we have:

Two variables, one decreases while the other increases, moreover

From the table, we verify that the proportionality constant is negative and
The graph of the car's speed versus the elapsed time is a straight line.
descendant

Let's review another case:

You are invited to a birthday party and as usual, there is a cake to share.
celebrated. 10 friends attend the party. When it comes time to distribute the cake (if it is done in
Each one receives one (1) part of ten, that is, one tenth.
part of the cake or also 10% of the total.
Let's see it illustrated:

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Ahora, en caso de 10 invitados sabemos cuanta torta te correspondería. Si antes de
When cutting the cake, 2 guests left, would the piece you get be bigger or smaller?
little? If 5 more guests arrive before serving the cake, the piece that you
would it correspond? Is it bigger or smaller?

The corresponding illustrations are:

15 guests 8 guests

The table below describes the distribution of cake by number of guests, the slices.
we will express the cake in percentages, the guests in number of people.

Invitations Pieces
(person) of
s) cake
(%)
1 100.00
2 50.00
3 33.33
4 25.00
5 20.00
6 16.66
7 14,28
8 12.50
9 11,11
10 10.00
11 9.09
12 8.33

Let's look at the graph that describes the previous table:

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Just like in the previous case, calculate the constant of proportionality.

Guests Portion of Product

(x) cake (and) o
xxy=c
1 100.00 100
2 50.00 100
3 33.33 100
4 25.00 100
5 20.00 100
6 16.66 100
7 14,28 100
8 12.50 100
9 11.11 100
10 10.00 100
11 9.09 100
12 8.33 100

The product of the number of guests times the portion of cake is constant and equal to
100.

In summary:

There are variables that are related. The relationship is established under conditions that
as the values of one variable increase, the values of the other decrease, and
besides

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The graph of y versus x is a curve called an arm of a hyperbola.

The product between each pair of values (x,y) is constant.

Therefore, the portion of cake is inversely proportional to the number of guests.

Other examples

If I serve myself a very hot coffee, it will be at about 90ºC and let's assume, making
a simplification of reality, which will lose (let's say) 12ºC per minute in the
environmental conditions. The observed cooling (final temperature - temperature
initial) will be directly proportional to the time elapsed.
In banks, supermarkets, etc. a large amount of coins accumulates. Since the
cashiers waste a lot of time counting them, in general, bags are weighed.
coins. Let's assume we have the following data.

Bags Weight of the Monetary value

bag (gr) ($)
1 550 11,000
2 850 17,000
3 1250 25,000
4 1300 26,000
5 1850 37,000
6 2000 40,000
7 2250 45,000

Is there a proportionality between the weight of the bags and their monetary value?

Methodological notes:

i) We could rephrase the definition saying 'yes proportional axes'

directly proportional to its reciprocal 1/x.
ii) If there is direct proportionality between x and y, then for each pair of valuesx1y
x2two values will correspond to himy1andy 2such that, x1/y1 = x2/y2 expression that
usually called 'proportion' pronouncedx1is ay1asx2it is a
y 2(direct proportion)
iii) In general, if the variable is proportional to xy, you have a set of pairs of
values{(x1 ,y1 )... (xnyn it is fulfilled

y1y2y3 yn
= = =. =..=c
x1x2x3 xn

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iv) When we talk about proportionality, we are referring to two variables, not
two values of a variable (two numbers).

v) Just because something increases with an increase does NOT imply that we have proportionality.
direct.

For example:

vi) Decreasing the increase does not imply that we have proportionality
inverse.

For example:

Didactic possibilities:

Visualizations

It is related to ...

Reason
We see that if the variables y and x are directly proportional, then
y1y2 y
= =...=cn, then the reason between the values that it can take and those that it takes.
x2x2 xn
in the same situation remains constant and is equal to the constant of
proportionality.

Variable

First degree equation

Knowing that two variables are proportional or inversely proportional allows

establish a first-degree equation:

If it is known that y is directly proportional to x with a constant of proportionality.

equal to 5 and it is known that y=3 then the corresponding value of x satisfies:

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 3/x=5; then x=3/5.

Graphical representation of data

Many times situations arise where it is necessary to study the existing relationship.
among several amounts. This can be done by representing each amount with a
variable y showing the variables in a tabular or graphical format.

Slope of a line.

In context

In Physics

For example, relating the stretch (d) of a spring with the weight to which it is subjected.
subjected (p) to stretching, it could be empirically verified that d = k p where k is
a constant value independent of d or p.

For example, the filling time of a tank is inversely proportional to the flow.
of water that is used to fill it.

In Geometry

If two right triangles are similar, it is known that the relationship between height and
base satisfies a direct proportionality relationship.

Proportionality also appears in Thales' Theorem.

A model at scale

A toy car has the following inscription: 1:20, indicating that the ratio
proportional between the toy is one (1) unit in the scale model for 20 in the car
real.

Estimation of measures

The shadow of an object, at a given hour, is proportional to its height.

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 PROPOSED ACTIVITIES

Challenges
1. Value of the UF
Consider the value of the UF in some particular months. Graph it over time and
determine the type of relationship that the value of the UF and the date have. Is it the same for
every month?
What happens if the UF is observed over the course of a whole year?

2. Stretching of a spring.
The springs stretch according to a behavior related to the force that
they are subjected. Design an experiment to determine the relationship between
"stretching" and "strength". Is this relationship always valid?

3. Temperature of the coffee.

Take a cup of hot coffee and measure its temperature at regular time intervals.
Graph your data. What do you observe?

4. Determine which of the following relationships are of direct proportionality:

a. Nº de horas de trabajo de un pintor y nº de metros de valla que pinta.
b. Amount of ham that is purchased and price paid.
Clean air contains 21% oxygen. In each breath that
We carry out the third part of this passes into the blood. Are they directly
proportional to the amount of oxygen that passes into the blood and the number
of inspirations?
d. Height of a pole and length of the shadow it casts at a given time
determined of the day.
e. Weight of a person and the area covered by their shadow.
f. Number of pages in a novel and the time it takes to read it.

5. Indicate whether there is direct proportionality, inverse proportionality, or if there is none.

proportionality
a. Number of people traveling on a bus and money collected.

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 b. Number of people traveling on a bus and net profits of the
company.
c. Number of hours a vending machine is on and money
that collects.
d. Number of sodas that fit in a box and diameter of the bottles.
e. Number of liters that escape per second in the drainage of a pool
and diameter of the drainage.
f. Number of turns a wheel makes to cover a distance and
diameter of the wheel.
g. Number of diners to eat a cake and quantity that
corresponds to each one.
h. Time it takes for a ball to fall to the ground and the height from which it is launched.
i. Number of hours a light bulb is on and the cost it incurs.
j. Number of steps of a ladder of fixed height and width of them.
5. Complete the tables:

Vehicle speed 60 75
Revolutions per minute 2400 5050

6. Knowing that with each inhalation we introduce approximately 2 liters of air,

and we breathe about 15 times per minute:

Amount of oxygen processed (in liters) 2.1 1103760

Computed breathing time (in 1 60
minutes)

7. Analyze whether the following tables are proportional.

Magnitude A 2 7 3
Magnitude B 3 10.5 2000

Magnitude A -3 4 -7
Magnitude B 6 -8 14

Magnitude A 4 12 100
Magnitude B 3 9 75

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