Communication

Effective I-II
Introduction

Organization of the subject

Learning outcomes of the course

UNIT I: Strategies for Understanding Expository Texts

Unit I Diagram

Theme 1: The Expository Text

1. Characteristics
2. Types of expository texts
3. Structure of the expository text

Topic 2: Strategy for understanding expository texts

1. Pre-reading strategies
1.1. Prediction and anticipation
1.2. The formulation of objectives
2. Strategies during reading
2.1. The topic
2.2. The main idea
2.3. The subtopics
2.4. Thematic sentences or ideas
3. Post-reading strategies
3.1. The numerical scheme, of keys...

UNIT II: Strategies for producing expository paragraphs, regulations and use of ICT

Diagram of Unit II

Tema 1: La oración simple y compuesta

The simple sentence
2. The compound sentence
2.1. The coordinated compound sentence
2.2. The subordinate compound sentence

Theme 2: Paragraph Construction

1. Writing of paragraphs
1.1. Writing of enumerative paragraphs
1.2. Writing cause-effect paragraphs
1.3. Writing Comparison Paragraphs
1.4. Writing problem-solution paragraphs

UNIT III: Production of expository texts, citation, and use of ICT

Diagram of Unit III

Tema 1: La citación
The direct citation
2. The indirect citation
3. The bibliographic reference

2
Theme 2: Process of writing an expository text
1. Planning
1.1. Delimitation of the topic
1.2. Communicative Situation
1.3. Communicative purpose
1.4. Review of information sources
1.5. Organization of information

2. The textualization
2.1. La introducción
2.2. The development
2.3. The conclusion

3. The review

4. Example of producing an expository text UNIT

IV: Producción de textos expositivos oralesDiagrama de la

Unit IV

Theme 1: The Speaker's Skills

The speaker's (presenter's) verbal skills
1.1. The exhibition plan
1.1.1. The PUBLIC or audience
1.1.2. Delimitation of the topic
1.1.3. Communicative purpose
1.1.4. Review of sources
1.1.5. Organization of the discourse

1.2. The textualization of discourse

1.2.1. The introduction
1.2.2. The content or development
1.2.3. The conclusion or the closing

1.3. The review of the discourse

2. The speaker's (presenter's) non-verbal skills

2.1. Kinesiology
2.2. Paralinguistics
2.3. Proxemics

3. The support resources and the essay

3.1. The support resources
3.2. The practice and the rehearsal

Theme 2: Listening skills (audience)

The role of the listener
2. Recommendations for Active Listening Bibliography

3
Effective communication is a subject more practical than theoretical. The general learning purpose is the
production of written and oral expository texts on general themes related to each student's field of study.
This production must be carried out considering its structure, the regulations of Spanish, and the use of tools.
ICT. First of all, to achieve this general learning, a persevering attitude must be shown.
reading. It cannot be done, or it is almost impossible, to produce a text if one has not read beforehand. Reading is the foundation
of writing. Therefore, the course aims for the student to apply reading strategies to develop their
text comprehension competition. Next, based on this, you will learn to write units
fundamentals of the text: the paragraph. Then, based on the reading strategy and paragraph writing,
the student will write an expository text on a topic related to their career. Finally, their production will be
presented before an audience in the form of an oral speech.

In general, the contents proposed in the manual are divided into IV units. Unit I develops the
theoretical foundation of expository texts: their characteristics, types, and structure. Then, how
apply different reading strategies according to the moments to enhance understanding. Unit II
It addresses aspects of writing expository paragraphs using certain mechanisms of
cohesion: punctuation and logical connectors. Unit III refers to the production of an expository text.
This production follows processes of planning, text creation, and review. Finally, in Unit IV,
developed the production of an oral expository text, which must be presented before a
auditorium.

The achievement of learning goals depends greatly on attitude. Constantly reading the present manual.
complementing it with other physical and virtual bibliographic references. Developing persistently the
various proposed activities. Responsibly resolve self-assessments and evaluations to know if
I am or am not learning, then making decisions. As we see, studies require consistency, perseverance and
responsibility.

Therefore, it is important to organize study time to achieve good and excellent results. The key is
in finding the balance between our personal activities and academic activities. The study to
Distance often requires sacrifice, which is why it is necessary to find the motivation that drives us to be.
better every day.

The authors

4
 LEARNING OUTCOME OF THE SUBJECT

At the end of the course, the student will be able to produce written and oral expository texts.
general theme related to your career with a coherent structure, respecting the regulations of
Spanish and using the relevant technological tools.

DIDACTIC UNITS

UNIT I UNIT II UNIT III UNIT IV

Strategies Strategies Text production Text production
expository, citation oral expository presentations

de comprensión de of and use of ICT

expository texts production

of paragraphs
expository,
regulations and use of
ICT
Result Result Result Result
of of of of
learning learning learning learning
Al complete the e e At the end of the unit,
unit Al finalize the Al finalize the the student will be able
unit unit to produce texts
oral expository presentations of
the
student it will be the the theme general
capable student will be able student will be able linked to her career
to write paragraphs to write texts with cohesion y
expository with expository de coherence doing
of
cohesion y theme use of ICT
identify and infer
coherence. general linked to relevant to
information from
his specialty with to enhance
expository texts of
theme coherence y
cohesion making his presentations
general linked to
use of citation and oral
his specialty.
tools ICT
pertinent.

5
 UNIT I: Strategies for Understanding Expository Texts

ORGANIZATIONAL DIAGRAM OF UNIT I

Expository texts Features

Types
Structure

Understanding expository texts - Predicciones

Pre-reading Anticipations
Objectives
Themes and subthemes
Strategies for understanding expository texts Thematic ideas
Reading Main idea

Diagrams
Post-reading - Schemes ...

Figure 1. Understanding expository texts

Theme 1: Expository Text

Expository texts hold vital importance in the university sphere, as they are the most frequent and
abundant in academic and social life. At all times, they transmit new information and explain new
topics. Various written works such as monographs, reading reports, video reports and
movies, field journals, oral speeches, encyclopedias, manuals... have characteristics
expository. It is a type of text that is common nowadays, as it explains and informs knowledge.
from the different fields of knowledge. For this reason, it is necessary to emphasize its form and content.

1. Characteristics
According to Carneiro (2005), expository texts are those types of texts whose communicative intention
only that of informing about topics in all their aspects. Thus, the expository text shows or
presents a subject of study "through an analytical division of the exposed reality:
definición, origen, características, descripción, clasificación, causa(s), consecuencia(s), importancia,
etc.
According to Alvarez and Ramirez (2010), the expository text aims to detail the nature
of the subject, problem or object of analysis, for which it adjusts to structural parameters -subtypes-
fundamental discursive types, such as: definition-description, classification-typology, comparison-
contrast, question-answer, problem-solution, cause-consequences e illustrations o
graphical representations of a particular phenomenon.
It is characterized by the constant expansion of new information, by the search for objectivity and the
conceptual precision with which concepts or objects of study must be understood, interpreted.
The intention to present information shapes texts and discourses that adhere to a series of
characteristics that regularly appear in the mental or schematic configuration of the subject and in
las propias peculiaridades lingÜísticas y textuales del documento.
Considering the above, this document aims to clarify the structure, the main brands
linguistic and textual features of expository text, and the teaching and learning of procedures that
They involve exposing in writing; for the case, examples are used that facilitate the demonstration of the theory.
(p. 74)

6
 From the given information, the following characteristics are extracted:

a) They have an informative communicative intention

Expository texts have the communicative intention to inform about topics and subtopics.
fundamentally the knowledge and understandings produced by the different branches of science, the
technology and art; without trying to influence or convince the reader. From this, it is inferred as the main
the characteristic of objectivity. To achieve this purpose, different procedures are used.
explicativos: definición, ejemplificación, caracterización, tipificación, causalidad, comparaciones,
proposing solutions, etc.

b) They fulfill an epistemic function

The expository text is aimed at increasing or modifying the reader's state of knowledge.
(related to the act of knowing or understanding). At the same time, it intervenes in thinking for decision making.
decisions or as support (of a scientific or technical type) for the argumentative plan.

c) The language fulfills a referential function, denotative meaning level, and formal register
The language serves a referential function; that is, it refers directly to the topics and subtopics.
true and demonstrable. For this reason, declarative sentences prevail. The register is formal as it
they use a large number of technical or scientific terms. The level of meaning is denotative, direct,
Subjective expressions are not used, as it seeks clarity and precision.

2. Structure of the expository text

The general and basic structure of an expository text consists of three parts: Introduction, development, and conclusion.

A. The introduction: in this part, most authors include a framework to attract attention to the
reader. To fulfill this purpose, the topic is contextualized, certain situations are likened, and characters are cited.
notables, interesting question formula, etc. Below, present the topic of the text and the anticipation
of the development of the subtopics.

B. The development: in this part, the subtopics are explained. That is to say, the aspects are elaborated.
thematic topics and thematic ideas through decisions, comparisons, causes-effects, functions,
aspects, characteristics, problems-solutions, etc.

C. The conclusion: it is the synthesis and reflection of what has been developed. Here, the thematic ideas are recapitulated.
Additionally, quotes, questions, analogies... can be included as a form of reflection.

Example:

Before the first civilizations, there is evidence that man knew the
effects of certain plants like the opium poppy and used them. In all the
civilizations, from Assyria to the present, humans have consumed all kinds of
of drugs for various reasons such as religious, ritual, medicinal, habits or
INTRODUCTION customs, for distraction, hedonism, etc. The following text deals with the aspects
ON most relevant regarding drug addiction, which is considered one of the
major problems of today's society.
 Drug addiction is defined as a disease that consists of dependence on
substances that affect the central nervous system and brain functions,
producing alterations in behavior, perception, judgment, and the
emotions. It is also known as the need a person has for
Definition to consume drugs, which does not disappear even though the consumer suffers
n the negative consequences produced by consumption or abstinence, since they
It is rather about a psychological need, as it involves a
sick bond between an individual and the drug.

The dependence caused by drugs can be of two types. The first one is
refers to physical dependence. The organism becomes in need of drugs, such
This is how strong disorders occur when consumption is interrupted.
physiological, what is known as withdrawal syndrome. The other, dependence.
Types psychic state in which the feeling of euphoria experienced when consuming drugs leads to
to search again for consumption to avoid discomfort or to gain pleasure. The
the individual feels an overwhelming need to consume drugs,
and experiences an emotional collapse when he doesn't achieve it.

The psychic or physical dependence produced by drugs can become very

strong, enslaving will and displacing other basic needs, such as
eat or sleep. The need for drugs is becoming stronger. The person loses
any concept of morality and does things that, if not under the influence of the drug,
Effects I wouldn't do things like lie, steal, prostitute myself, or even kill. Drugs become
the center of the drug addict's life, affecting it in all aspects: in the
work, in family and interpersonal relationships, in
the studies, etc.

In conclusion, drug addiction is defined as a disease of dependence.

physical or psychological that totally alters the development of normal and harmonious life.
Its effects are devastating as one can even lose the sense of life.
personal and family level. In the face of this problem, it is always good to remember some
motivational phrases like this: 'Drugs take you away from the greatness you can reach.'
CONCLUSION to be and of the great journey that you have left to travel.
N
aciprensa (n.d.). What is drug addiction? Retrieved and adapted from
[Link]

3.T
yp
seoyfrtxp
eiospagrphs

Expository texts organize information in various basic ways. For example, Kintsch (1992),
mentioned by Álvarez (2001, p. 17) distinguishes the following types of paragraphs: definition, classification,
illustration, comparison and contrast, and analysis. Other authors, also mentioned by Mendoza (2001,
p. 17,) as Meyer (1985); and Meyer, Young, and Bartlett (1989) classify into collection, cause-effect,
problem-solution (or question-answer), comparison and description.

3.1 Enumerative expository paragraphs

This type of paragraph explains a topic following the listing criterion, continuing. It enumerates.
definiciones, características, tipos, funciones, importancia, secuencias, factores, atributos,
properties...

A. The enumeration by definition

Definitions are scientific paragraphs that answer the question 'what is X?'. They are used
constantly in academic life and in all areas of knowledge, since its objective
It is to delimit a specific concept that intervenes in the explanation of the topics.
 Elements of a definition

For a definition to be well formulated, it must be able to clearly and accurately delineate the
element involved. Therefore, it must have the following elements:

Concept (or term to be defined)

Next genus (immediate conceptual class to which the defined element belongs).
Specific difference(s) (property/properties that distinguish the defined element in relation to
of the other members of the class).

A e B
s
Concept Nexo Next genre Specific difference

A table it is a furniture composed of a smooth board that is held up

one or several legs.

Figure 2. Elements of a definition

Types What does it consist of? Example

of us
definition
n
The real definition Communicative effectiveness is a skill for transmitting and
is receive information.

a
Definition procedure that
in real define
any concept
and has
the
elements
presented
previously.
The Taekwondo is a term that comes from Korean and that
definition refers to a martial art of the same origin. This
etymological is a sport combines techniques of kung fu, karate-do, and others
procedure that d the oldest disciplines.
define the
The expression is formed by three terms: tae (which refers to
true origin
the use of the feet), kwon (linked to the arms and
linguistic fists) anddo(a philosophical notion that is associated with
Definition del
(path to perfection). The phrase "tae kwon do", for
etymological meaning
it thus refers to the use of feet and hands in a
technique that, by extension, does not appeal to any kind of
of a word.
armament.
Pérez, J. and Merino, M. (2014). Definition of taekwondo.
Recovered
of
[Link]

It refers to the Reading is an extremely complex process to define.

definitions What is reading? Mendoza (1998) mentions that 'Reading is
Definition
proposals much more than knowing how to recognize each of the words
n for
reading is basically knowing
experts
for various understand, and above all, know how to interpret, that is, know
researchers y to arrive at
that, generally,
be
 extracted in the manner of establish our own opinions, formulated
direct quote. as evaluations and judgments" (p. 14).

The explanations, The first thing to do to understand the

generally, no The meaning of the term posthumous is to establish its origin.
himself they present etymological. In this sense, it can be said that it derives
solas. Thus, from Latin, from the word 'postumus', which was the
the superlative of 'post' and can be translated as
definitions "The Last." Posthumous refers to that which is presented in
they can be combined society once its creator has passed away. For
with For example, take the case of a novelist who, when
comparisons at the time of his death, he had two works without
Definition
illustrations, publish. If your publisher o the people what
n
classifications, etc. they have the rights to their work decide to launch
expanded
the sale of those novels will involve posthumous books
a
of the deceased. Sometimes, there are authors who die
with unfinished work that, in any case, are
published posthumously.
Pérez, J. and Merino, M. (2013). Definition of posthumous.
Definition of. Recovered
[Link]

Figure 3. Types of definition

B. The sequential enumeration

In this case, the information is organized successively according to chronological criteria.

or process. That is why this type of expository text explains phases, stages, states, evolution,
instructions, recipes... In many cases, the topic is developed in a progressive or regressive manner.

For example:
To use the digital arm sphygmomanometer, follow the following sequence. First, place
your forearm on a flat surface and be calm and relaxed. Then, place your palm
with the hand upwards. Then, place the bracelet just above the bend of the elbow; it should be at the
height of the heart. Next, close the bracelet using the velcro. Finally, press the
Press the Home button on your device and wait a few minutes until the result appears on the LED screen.

[Link] (n/d). How is the digital tensiometer used? Retrieved and adapted from
[Link]

C. The functional enumeration

The term function encompasses various meanings. It is applied in mathematics, computer science, or in
artistic representations. Literally, it refers to the set of elements, parts, and to the
relationships between them that are necessary to achieve a specific objective. Thus, for example, a
Text that explains the functions of language resorts to functional enumeration.

For example:

Language has different functions. One of them is the expressive function, which allows the sender
to communicate moods, emotions, or feelings to others. Another is the referential or
informative, it is fulfilled in texts whose purpose is to inform others of an occurrence, fact, event, or
situation of reality in an objective manner; in no way n
 In this case, they express the feelings, opinions, or beliefs of the sender. Likewise, there is the function
persuasive or appealing, when the speaker or writer (sender) uses resources so that the listener or
The reader (receiver) believes that what is being communicated is a truth, and for this reason, the actions of
the recipient should be directed towards what is proposed. The appeals discourse tries to act upon the listener to
persuade him, order him, or ask him for something.

Cedeño, N. (2012). Language y Communication. Recovered de:

[Link]

D. The typological enumeration

Enumerative expository texts also resort to a the typology, a the

classification. This is the criterion of the following text that develops the types of texts according to their
format:

For example:

In the PISA test, texts of various formats are included (the "format" is the way in which the
information is expressed and organized in the text). Below, each is presented in detail
one of the formats found in the PISA test. The first, continuous texts; these
they are composed of sentences organized into paragraphs. The ideas in the sentences may be
linked through connectors. Likewise, the text may present organizers (such as subtitles
or headings) that clarify the overall hierarchy of the information it contains. The second,
discontinuous texts; here the information is expressed through loose sentences, connected
differently from the logic expressed in continuous texts. Examples of these texts are
tables, infographics, notices, maps, etc. The Last, the mixed texts that contain both
information in continuous format as information in discontinuous format (for example, a
description accompanied by a graphic of what is described in order to explain something further.

Adapted from the Ministry of Education. (2015). Reading competence in the context of PISA 2015.
Teaching guidelines. p. 11.

What other aspects can be listed?

Thematic aspects Example

os
Characteristics of... Characteristics of cognitive psychology
Advantages of... Advantages of using Facebook
Properties of... Properties of living matter
Aspects of... Aspectos positivos y negativos del neoliberalismo
Examples of... The main Argentine rock groups
Benefits of... Benefits of structural civil engineering
Effects of… Effects of the indefinite teachers' strike
Symptoms of... Symptoms of avian flu
Main Main representatives of the administration
representatives of... modern
Methods y Methods and tools of quantitative research
tools...

etc.
etc.

Figure 4. Thematic aspects to enumerate

3.1.1 Logical connectors used for writing enumerative paragraphs

To write this type of paragraphs, where parts and elements are listed successively,
functions, types, definitions, characteristics, etc. about a topic, it is necessary to use
logical connectors of order, sequence, and addition;
 Likewise, these must be accompanied by punctuation marks. Both will grant you
coherence and cohesion of the paragraph content.

Score
Relationship Connectors
After the
n Before
connector
logic
del
connector
Furthermore, also, likewise, similarly,
; ,
Addition besides that, even, on one hand, on the other
.
side, in fact, even, even more...
Then, after, before, previously, ; ,
Sequence
meanwhile, subsequently… .
In principle, first of all, secondly
place, next, finally, for ; ,
Order
to conclude, finally... .

Figure 5. Logical connectors and punctuation marks for enumerative paragraphs

3.2 Expository paragraphs of cause and effect

This type of paragraph explains the cause-and-effect relationships that occur as a result of an event or situation.
phenomenon or problem. An essential feature of this type of paragraph is that an effect can become
cause that generates, at the same time, an effect or effects. In this way, a causal chain emerges. In other
In cases, it is simply a listing of causes and effects.

For example:

The water that flows does not freeze for three fundamental reasons. One of them is that, when flowing,
water, it contains a greater amount of air compared to that which remains stagnant, which reduces its
freezing point. Another is the speed it reaches during its path and tends to break the crystals.
of ice as soon as they form. Lastly, it is worth remembering that water flows due to its energy,
generally caused by gravitational force or perhaps by a channel. The stronger this is
greater movement will be the temperature of the water.

Magazine Muy Interesante, (October 2000). Why doesn't running water freeze? Retrieved and adapted from
[Link] respuestas/ipor-que-el-agua-que-corre-no-se-congela

3.2.1 Logical connectors used for writing cause-effect paragraphs

To write this type of paragraphs, preferably cause and effect connectors are required.
consequence; however, this does not exempt the use of other connectors.

Score
Relationship Connectors
Before After
n
logic del of the connector
connector
Because, then, since, given that, due to
as a result of that, because of that, for (No
Cause , brings
the fact that,
sign
since.
after
)
 So, in conclusion, in summary, for this,
Consequence for this reason, therefore, for that reason, thus ; ,
ncia ["consequently","so that","in such a way that"] .
so...

Figure 6. Logical connectors and punctuation marks for cause-effect paragraphs

In addition to logical connectors, phrases or verbs can be used to allow for a clear connection.
between one idea and another.

PHRASES AND VERBS THAT ALLOW CAUSE-EFFECT AND EFFECT-

CAUSE
Cause (noun phrase) Relation (verb or verbal phrase) Consequence (phrase)

cause
it is the cause of

A brings as a consequence B
produce
genera
Consequence (phrase Cause (phrase)
Relationship (verb or verbal phrase)
nominal
is caused by
it is due to
is a consequence of
A produced by is B
generated by is
result of
it is due to

Figure 7. Thematic aspects to enumerate

In the following example, a causal relationship is observed. This strategy allows for the formulation of ideas.
themes.

The adults young people

son why they are misinformed about the
especially vulnerable a ue nature and prevention of these
sexually transmitted diseases well diseases.
yes
what
in view of the fact that

since

Figure 8. Causal relationship.

3.3 Expository comparison paragraphs

This type of text explains differences and/or similarities between two or more objects, situations,
people or phenomena according to certain criteria. Serafini (1998) proposes two forms:

In contrast

Example:

Socrates and the sophists have in common the love for words and the skill in discussion. However,
there are notable differences between them. Socrates is the master who aims to help the disciple to
to get to know oneself better, to find through dialogue knowledge that was already implicit
inside it, although hidden; while
 The Sophists proposed as their goal teaching how to speak well about any topic. Dialogue
Socratic stimulates the search for truth and good, while sophists teach rhetorical skills.
Tools to achieve success in the life of the Polis. The knowledge of good has as
consequence, for Socrates, an ethically correct behavior, while the sophists do not
they raise the problem of morality.

Course Hero (s/f). Examples. Retrieved from[Link] S%C3%B3crates-

and the sophists have in common the love for the word and the

Separately

Example:

Socrates and the sophists have in common a love for words and skill in discussion. However,
there are notable differences between them. Socrates is the teacher who aims to help the disciple to
to get to know oneself better, to find through dialogue knowledge that was already implicit
within themselves, although hidden. The Socratic dialogue encourages the pursuit of truth and goodness, and has
as a consequence, an ethically correct behavior. In contrast, the sophists propose themselves as
the purpose is to teach to speak well about any topic: teaching useful speaking skills for
achieving success in the life of the Polis. The sophists do not address the problem of morality.

Course Hero (s/f). Examples. Recovered y adapted of

[Link] com%C3%BAn-el-
love-for-the-word-and-the

3.3.1 Logical connectors used for writing comparison paragraphs

The following connectors can be used:

Score
Logical relationship Connectors
Antes After

del del
connector connector

but, rather , (Does not carry

sign
Contrast between ideas afterwards
However, on the other hand, conversely, ; ,
on the contrary, however, ... .
First of all, secondly, to ;
Order of numbering continuation, finally, lastly ,
… .

Figura 9. Conectores lógicos y signos de puntuación para párrafos de comparación.

3.4 Expository paragraphs problem-solution

This type of text informs various problematic situations and proposes possible solutions. It is
highly related to the cause-effect one since many times this relationship leads to a
problem.
For example:
Rabies is a viral infection that spreads through the infected saliva of one animal to another. Its infection is
mainly presented by the bite of animals, initially bats or vampires that are
carriers and spread to animals such as foxes, dogs, and even cats or mice. This affects the brain and does not
There was a way to heal, but ultimately the solution was found by Dr. Louis Pasteur, who discovered
by killing the virus and infecting the body, it could produce immunity and manage to stop the infection.

Course Hero (s/f). Examples. Retrieved fromExample - Rage is a

viral infection that spreads through infected saliva
 Practice 1
Topic: Expository text: characteristics, types, and structure

I. Read the following infographic and answer the questions posed.

A. What is the communicative intention of

text?
Inform about the fourth industrial revolution

B. What did you learn from reading the text?

Technology is increasing more and more with the
Time passes and many more things are still missing.
for appearing

C. Record some technical terms and their

meaning.
Big data: it is a term that refers to
data sets that are so large and complex
that need computer applications no
traditional data processing for
treat them properly.

Duran, R. (2017).La Cuarta Revolución Industrial.

Recovered from [Link]
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is here

II. Read the following texts and answer the formulated questions.

Text 1

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is a process of technological and industrial development that is linked to the
organization of production processes and means, just like the previous three.
The first time that all these advancements were referred to as a Fourth Industrial Revolution was in the
year 2011. The key element of this is smart factories, whose main characteristic is a greater
adaptability to the needs of production and an improvement in resource efficiency.
The foundations on which this revolution is built are the internet of things, robotics, and devices.
connected and cyber-physical systems, the 'do it yourself' (maker culture) and factory 4.0. (cyber factory or
smart-industries).
 Of what has been mentioned, robotics, as one of the most cutting-edge and innovative branches of the field of the
engineering plays a crucial role in this context. Nanotechnology, artificial intelligence is expected
Artificial, drones and 3D printers will serve to modify different aspects of our societies.
current. Spaces like medicine, lthe industryof high precision or labor relations will suffer a
important impact with this new industrial revolution. However, the reality is that, although these elements
They are the basis of the Fourth Industrial Revolution; it cannot be understood that they are elements that
they are consolidated. In fact, it should be interpreted that one is currently immersed in this process, with the
variability and unpredictability that it entails in relation to the outcome of it.
The world of work and the configuration oflabor market they will be some of the areas where the
the most important repercussions will take place. According to some forecasts, 5 million jobs will be lost
jobs in 15 industrialized countries in the coming years, as a result of robotization and
mechanization of increasingly more tasks. This possibility creates an area of uncertainty, as there will be many
the workers who will be affected by the expansion of a new productive model. Especially, it may increase
theunemploymentin sectors linked to unskilled labor and whose tasks are more mechanical and
manuals, as well as those of an administrative nature.
However, thanks to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, new windows of opportunity will also open up, with the
emergence of new markets for labor. In this regard, it is expected that with the new advancements
new professions emerge whose tasks focus on the production of these new technologies, in the analyses
data related to digital capabilities or in specialized business tasks regarding new products.
Also in leadership areas, where creativity and the creation of new ideas and products will be key,
a constantly changing market and rapid obsolescence.
In addition to the changes in the labor field, the advancements will be [Link] is coming
It will have a high component of digitalization. In this way, it is believed that some of the impacts that already
they can perceive are related to geopolitical volatility, the expansion of the Internet and cloud computing,
the advances in computing and Big Data, the popularization of the collaborative economy, the flexibility of
labor market or the transition to greener economies, aware of the limitations of resources
naturales.
It is expected, alongside these repercussions, that others will emerge, such as the development of new forms of energy.
clean, the proliferation of robotics and autonomous driving or even aspects related to
cybersecurity and cyberattacks.
Evidently, all these particularities that will develop in the coming years, or at least that is the expectation,
will involve changes, challenges, possibilities, and dangers. Achieving to minimize the most negative aspects, while
the positive elements are maximized, it will be one of the main priorities that will need to be managed. And, in
Hello will undoubtedly become highly important, the ability to properly regulate this entire process and its
repercussions.

Silva, V. (2019).Cuarta Revolución Industrial. Economipedia. Recuperado y adaptado de

[Link]

What is the key element of the Fourth Industrial Revolution? Why?

Smart factories, whose main characteristic is a greater adaptability to production needs

and an improvement in resource efficiency.

2. Which of the mentioned foundations plays an important role in the Fourth Revolution?
Industrial? Why?

It is expected that nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, drones, and 3D printers will serve to modify.
different aspects of our current societies.
3. What negative effect does the Fourth Industrial Revolution have?

According to some forecasts, 5 million jobs will be lost in 15 industrialized countries.

coming years, as a consequence of the robotization and mechanization of more and more tasks.

4. What are the advantages of the Fourth Industrial Revolution?

New windows of opportunity will open with the emergence of new markets for labor. It is expected that
with the new advancements, new professions will emerge whose tasks focus on the production of these new ones
technologies.

5. What is the formal definition of the Fourth Industrial Revolution?

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is a process of technological and industrial development that is linked to the
organization of processes and means of production, just like the previous three.

6. What is the communicative intention of the text?

Inform about the fourth industrial revolution and show us the good side and the bad side.

TEXT 2

What are emotions?

In humans, the experience of an emotion generally involves a set of cognitions, attitudes, and
beliefs about the world, which are used to assess a specific situation and, therefore, influence the way in which
that situation is perceived.
For a long time, emotions have been considered unimportant and more emphasis has always been given to
relevance to the most rational part of the human being. However, emotions, being affective states, indicate states
personal internals, motivations, desires, needs, and even goals. Even so, it is difficult to know based on
Emotion will determine the individual's future behavior, although it can help us to intuit it.
A few months after birth, basic emotions such as fear, anger, or joy begin to be expressed; and it
they are becoming more complex thanks to language, because symbols, signs, and meanings are used.
Each individual experiences an emotion in a particular way, depending on their previous experiences.
learning, character, and the specific situation. Some of the physiological and behavioral reactions that
Emotions are triggered by innate factors, while others can be acquired.
There are six basic categories of emotions with their different functions. The first is fear and it manifests
as anticipation in the face of a threat or danger that causes anxiety, uncertainty, insecurity; the function of
This emotion is inclined towards protection. The second is surprise, which is characterized by being very transient.
and it produces shock, amazement, bewilderment; this can give a cognitive approximation to understand what is happening;
likewise, it helps to orient oneself in the face of the new situation. The third is disgust or aversion and usually manifests itself with
disgust, repulsion and generally moves away from the object that produces aversion. This produces rejection towards that which
it is ahead. The fourth is anger, and it
 can externalize with rage, anger, resentment, fury, irritability. This emotion leads to destruction. The
Fifth is joy, and it manifests through fun, euphoria, gratification, happiness, it gives a feeling
of well-being, of security. It induces towards reproduction (we wish to reproduce that event that makes us
feeling good). The last one is sadness, which is often expressed with sorrow, loneliness, pessimism. It motivates towards
a new personal integration.

Facial expressions of emotions

Humans have 42 different muscles in the face, depending on how they move, it is expressed.
certain emotions. For example, there are smiles that express different degrees of happiness. This helps to
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socially and feeling integrated into a social group. It must be taken into account that man is the animal
social par excellence.
The different facial expressions are international; within different cultures, there is a similar language.
you can observe how blind or deaf children show their emotions in a very
similar to other people, they have the same facial expression. There may possibly be some genetic basis,
hereditary, since a child who cannot see cannot imitate the facial expressions of others.
Although expressions also vary slightly depending on culture, gender, country of origin, etc.; the
women have a greater sensitivity to better capture facial expressions or emotional signals and this
sensitivity increases with age. Another example is the faces of the Orientals, especially the Japanese, are
quite unexpressive, but it's in front of others, because on an intimate level they express their emotions better.
Thefacial expressionsthey also affect the person who is looking at us by altering their behavior.

Behavioral components
Emotions have particular behavioral components, which are the way they are expressed.
externally. To some extent, they are controllable based on the family and cultural learning of each group;
among them are facial expressions, actions and gestures, the distance between people.
Thenon-linguisticcomponentsofverbalexpression(non-verbalcommunication)arephysiologicaland
involuntary, the same for everyone; such as trembling, blushing, sweating, rapid breathing, pupil dilation and
increased heart rate.

Warrior, M. (2019). What son the emotions? Recovered y adapted of

[Link]

1. Why are emotions important?

The experience of an emotion generally involves a set of cognitions, attitudes, and beliefs about the
world, which are used to evaluate a specific situation and, therefore, influence the way in which it is perceived
situation.
2. What is the function of the emotion 'surprise'?

It can provide us with a cognitive approximation to understand what is happening; likewise, it helps to orient oneself in the face of the new.
situation.
3. How does anger manifest and what is its function?

The fourth is anger, and it can be expressed with rage, annoyance, resentment, fury, irritability. This emotion induces
towards destruction.
4. What are the behavioral components of emotions and how do they differ?

Emotions have specific behavioral components, which are the way they are expressed.
externally. To some extent, they are controllable based on the family and cultural learning of each group; among
they have facial expressions, actions and gestures, the distance between people.
The non-linguistic components of verbal expression (non-verbal communication) are physiological and involuntary.
the same for everyone; such as trembling, blushing, sweating, rapid breathing, pupil dilation, and increased
heart rate.

5. What is the formal definition of emotions?

An emotion is generally an involuntary set of cognitions, attitudes, and beliefs about the world, that
They are used to assess a specific situation and, therefore, influence the way this situation is perceived.
6. Escribe una definición expandida de emociones.

The experience of an emotion generally involves a set of cognitions, attitudes, and beliefs about the
world, that are used to assess a specific situation and, therefore, influence the way it is perceived
that situation. For a long time, emotions were considered unimportant, but being states
Affective states indicate personal internal states, motivations, desires, needs, and even objectives. There are
six basic categories of emotions with their different functions. The first is fear and it manifests as
anticipation before a threat or danger that produces anxiety, uncertainty, insecurity, the second is the
surprise, which is characterized by being very transient and produces shock, astonishment, bewilderment; this can lead to
a cognitive approach to understand what is happening, the third is disgust or aversion and usually manifests with
disgust, repulsion and generally moves away from the object that produces aversion, this produces rejection towards that which...
ahead, the fourth is anger, and it can be expressed with rage, annoyance, resentment, fury, irritability, the
Joy is the fifth, and it manifests through fun, euphoria, gratification, happiness, it provides a
feeling of well-being or security. It induces the desire to reproduce that event that makes us feel good.
The last is sadness, which often expresses itself with sorrow, loneliness, pessimism. It motivates towards a new
personal integration.

7. What is the communicative intention of the text?

Inform about emotions

[Link] the following expository paragraphs and identify the subtopic and its type.

1. Emotions are affective states that one experiences and reactions. Subtheme
subjective to the environment that come accompanied by organic changes Definition of
-physiological and endocrine- of innate origin. Thus, experience plays a emotion
fundamental role in experiencing each emotion, as it is about a : Enumerative -
state that ensues,
Definition
sSuddenly and abruptly, in the form of crises more or less violent and more or
fewer passengers. Type:
2. The operation of a reverse osmosis system is based on the Subtheme:
integration of different types of filters, combined with a membrane
filter, which together constitutes a water purification system. In The operation of a
In reverse osmosis, water is passed through a series of filters and a osmosis system
semipermeable membrane in order to filter contaminants such as: metals inverse.
heavy metals, excess salts, microorganisms, toxic substances, etc. The
the final result of the process is the obtaining, as we have discussed, of Type:
high-quality water with a taste similar to bottled water. The membrane
it is semi-permeable polyamide and is spirally wound; its function is Enumerative – definition
retain and eliminate the passage of all types of contaminants: bacteria and viruses, (expanded)
metals, excess of salt, chlorine, etc.

One should suspect that a person has dengue when they present with fever. Subtopic:
high (40 °C) and is accompaniedof two of the following symptoms:pain of
very intense headache, pain behind the eyeballs, muscle pain
Symptoms
joint pain, nausea or vomiting, or enlargement of lymph nodes Type:
y
rash. These symptoms manifest after a period of Enumerative - typological
 incubationfrom 4 to 10 days after the sting of a mosquito
infected and usually last between 2 and 7 days.
4. The quadratic formula will work for any quadratic equation, but Subtheme
only if the the equation is in his
shape The quadratic formula

standard To use it, follow the following Type:

steps: first, transform the equation to standard form; second,
identify the coefficients a, b, and c (be careful to include the signs) Enumerative - sequential
negatives if the terms bx or c are being subtracted); third,
substitute the values of the coefficients in the quadratic formula; fourth,
simplify as much as possible; fifth, use the ± in front of the radical to
separate the solution into two values (one in which the square root is
sum, and the other where the square root is subtracted); finally, simplify
both values for
obtain the possible solutions.
5. Normally, the terms problems and are talked about as if they were synonyms. Subtopic
conflicts; however, both present differences. On one hand, the
a problem is a state of tension or discomfort that arises between two people or Definition of problems and
more, because they have the same or opposing interests, to what not conflicts
they find a solution compatible with equality between them. On the other hand,
the
conflict is a difficult issue to resolve between two or more people where
both have or believe they have the reason.

Type:
Comparative

Theme 2: Strategies for understanding expository texts

What is reading? In principle, it is the process of understanding various types of written texts. It is the process
to grant meanings and senses based on the information provided by the texts. This process involves
different cognitive and metacognitive processes that allow for the localization and inference of explicit ideas
and implicit, respectively. Subsequently, evaluation, appraisal, judgment, and assessment processes intervene.
criticality that rounds off proper understanding. However, in order to unravel the meanings and
meanings of the text, it is necessary to apply methods, processes, and techniques; that is, to use reading strategies.
An effective reader is always strategic.

Pre-reading strategies or
Strategies during reading Post-reading strategies
of approach to the text
The planning of Identify or infer the theme Prepare a summary
objectives It is recognized with the question: what or from what was read
Determine the position Who treats the text? The steps are the
of the reader before what goes Syntactically, it is expressed in a sentence. next:
to read. nominal (FN). Apply
The reader must That is to say, it lacks a verb and does not affirm or
to wonder: what for absolutely denies nothing. the strategies before
Am I going to read? What do I have?
from the reading.
What to read? Identify or infer the main idea Apply
Some objectives It is recognized with the question: what is
they can be it basically says about the topic?
the strategies during
Read to obtain Syntactically, it is a sentence (FN
the reading.
accurate information. + FV) Based on the ideas
That is to say, it affirms or denies an idea, it possesses
Read for relevant
follow some sense by itself. especially
instructions. the ideas
Read to learn. Identify o infer the themes,
Read to review a secondary ideas write the summary
own writing. It is recognized with the question: maintaining
Read for pleasure. How is the idea explained or justified? the ideas
 Read for principal? proposals
communicate a text to by the author.
an auditorium.
Create a outline
numeric, of keys...
How is it done?
 The prediction y Syntactically, it is one sentence or several. Apply
anticipation sentences (FN + FV)
Allows to be active. The secondary ideas are the the strategies before
Involves to suppose o information that complements the from the reading.
anticipate the what main idea; that is to say, they express Applies of the
will happen. details, supportive information or strategies during the
How aspects derived from the sentence reading.
thematic. Based on the ideas
make predictions? relevant
Identify or infer the subtopics selected,
The activation of It is recognized with the question: what structure the scheme
prior knowledge aspects of the topic are developed in the numeric following the
It brings to mind text? hierarchy and order
concepts, Answers are written in a sentence. established logic.
nominal (just like the topic).
ideas, beliefs, Create a map
Identify or infer the thematic idea conceptual schemes
experiences It is recognized with the question: what is it
to associate, generate sequential frames
most important about the subtopic of comparatives
hypothesis, predict and paragraph?
infer. And thus, to be The answer, like the idea
alerts the text principal, is expressed with a sentence; it is
then, it is understood to say, is like the main idea, but of
mejor. a section of the text.

Figure 10. Strategies for understanding expository texts.

Practice 2
Topic: Strategies for understanding expository texts
Text 1
I. Before reading

What is the reading objective?

Inform me about a specific topic

- The following image has been extracted from the text:

What do you observe? What information do you

Cheers? What will the text be about?

The face of a man is observed divided into

two, the left side demonstrates a life
calm and the right side a stormy life.
I can infer that it is a person who
consume excessively some type of
drug whether legal or illegal.
II. During the reading

- Identifica los subtemas y las ideas temáticas. Luego, construye la conclusión.

Cotard's syndrome
What is the topic that the text explains?

What type of framework is evident in

My heart stopped the introduction? Underline it.
beat, I feel that my statement of the topic.
liver and stomach are
they are
getting sick,
they left of
to function.
Marco:

I don't feel my body

QUOTE
from the inside
a woman laments. "I'm finished, it doesn't make sense for me to
, I feel like an automaton, as if the world doesn't
I existed, I am completely eliminated,
Cotard's syndrome is also known as denial delusion.
Oh nihilist, this mental disorder causes those who suffer from it
question of existence. This syndrome is not recognized by the
World Health Organization nor by the diagnostic manual
and statistician of the American Psychiatric Association, to
despite those who suffer from it experiencing a very high level of
suffering. In the present text, several aspects will be detailed
this unusual pathology.

It starts with the delirium of denial, this can simply go Type of Subtheme
from the belief of intellectual losses by the patient, paragraph
to the denial of its own existence, going through the conviction
that their organs are dying or, on the contrary, that they do not have
Enumerative Symptoms of
any organ. This syndrome appears suddenly, that is, Typological Cotard syndrome
it is not related to having a prior psychiatric condition
determined, but it has indeed been seen that its onset is associated with
a phase of anxiety and irritability. If it has a severity Thematic idea
intermediate, patients suele expressing on one hand feelings
depressives and, on the other hand, the feeling of losing their abilities
Cotard's syndrome presents
of reasoning. When it comes to a complete delusion, the patient different symptoms that range from the
has a level of denial of reality that can even make him/her delirium of denial to the denial
to wish not to exist. On the other hand, there are what is known of its own existence.
as accessory symptoms, the most frequent being analgesia
(inability to feel pain), mutism (voluntary silence on the part of
of the patient), self-harm, suicidal thoughts, e even
hallucinations.

It is still not known for certain what causes the syndrome of Type of Subtopic
Cotard. One of the the most accepted hypothesis is that paragraph of
Australian cognitive science expert Max Coltheart. 'He says
Cause effect Causes of the syndrome
that two factors are required to have this type of delusion
The psychiatrist JesÚSRamírez explains, "the first is a of Cotard
neurobiological anomaly what produce mechanisms
 altered neuropsychological states that lead to a subjective experience Thematic idea
"highly abnormal". Such as, for example, memory loss
emotional that causes the patient to experience an extreme lack A neurobiological anomaly or a
de familiaridad con una situación de su vida, su cuerpo o su failure of the logical mechanisms.
identity. "A failure of the mechanisms is also required.
logical ones known as the belief evaluation system;
Why a person may have depersonalization problems,
but not to come to the conclusion that she is dead," adds the
psychiatrist.

Although there is currently no specific treatment that guarantees Type of Subtopic

cure for Cotard's syndrome, there are universal therapies that paragraph
can be successfully applied in these patients. "First, it is necessary to Problem - Possible
treat the underlying disease," warns Ramírez. That is to say, if the Solution treatments of
the patient has a cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson's or some Cotard's syndrome
infection, this is the first thing to tackle. Then, many
they are subjected to interpersonal therapies and cognitive psychotherapy
behavioral. Only in extreme cases, does it include the use of
psychotropic drugs (mainly antidepressants and antipsychotics)
Thematic Idea
what is usually effective for controlling psychotic symptoms
and the underlying depression, but the most effective treatment is, There are possible treatments that go
still today, electroconvulsive therapy," points out Sánchez Pérez. from universal therapies to the
This method, currently administered in a very electroconvulsive therapy.
controlled and safe, it has an 80 percent success rate.

BBC Mundo (2015). Cotard's syndrome: the disorder that

makes people believe they are dead
Recovered and adapted from
[Link]
Cotard
I believe dead gtg

What is the conclusion?

It is concerning that very influential organizations like the WHO or the manual of
diagnosis and statistical manual of the American Psychiatric Association no
recognize Cotard's syndrome as a real condition despite those who
they suffer claim to experience a very high level of suffering.
III. After the reading

Create a key or numeric outline with the information from the text read.

Text 2

I. Before reading

What is the reading objective?

Inform about a specific topic

The following image has been extracted from the text:

What do you observe? What information do you...

Toast? What will the text be about?

Dos personas que están sentadas en medio de
a road holding two balloons with
smiling faces, it can be inferred that it is about
about happiness.
 II. During the reading
- Identify the subtopics and thematic ideas. Then, construct the conclusion.

Happiness
What is the topic that the text explains?

What type of frame is

Is it possible to achieve
evidence in
the happiness y
treasure it or just it introduction? Underline it
can aspire a statement of the topic.
happy moments?
Is there a way
that guarantees being Marco:
happy? It is about
some of the questions that everyone, at some point,
we have considered, since happiness has always been
one of the most cherished goals of humanity. In the
Recent years, especially followingthe dissemination of the
Positive Psychology and its emphasis on the search for
well-being, happiness has once again taken center stage.
Next, information will be provided that will delve deeper
thematic content.
The concept of happiness is not merely a philosophical idea. Type d Subtheme
free from repercussions in our daily lives. From paragraph e
hecho la, imagen que se tenga de lafelicidad influye en Enumeration Three
our attitude towards life can even make us more concepts
or less happy. Broadly speaking, three can be referenced. about the
poitsnisonhteconcepotfhappnieshtactomeorfmhtegerat definition of
philosophical currents , but that have become popular and happiness
are part of the beliefs of many people. The first is of Thematic idea
the skeptics, who are convinced that happiness does not
it exists or it is impossible to reach it, so they do not even seek it. The There are three positions on
second is of the limited, who claim that there is no the concept of happiness that
happiness is not just happy moments, so we must appreciate it. they come from large
satisfied the few times it knocks at our door. For
Lastly, optimists are people who think that the
philosophical currents: the
Happiness exists and can be conquered definitively. . skeptics, the limited and
the optimists.

Depending of the posture what let's assume, Type Subtheme

we will develop a more or less proactive attitude towards life,
.daetsni rodruonokconkotssenipahtaht rof tw
ialW
lw
ie o, , of
gloiouotlokfohrer In this sense, it is particularly
wew . paragraph
revealing an experiment conducted at the University of Comparison Experiment
Hertfordshire. These psychologists recruited a group of Contrast behavioral
people y they divided them into those they believed were
fortunate ones and those who believed they were unlucky. All of them were given...
proposed the same task: to count the number of photographs that
appeared in a newspaper. Interestingly, those who believed they had Thematic idea:
goodluckendedinujstafewseconds,whelihtosewho Good or bad luck is
gnm
idal
teo
niofeop,netstanutrosevfnulm
dehsrtedyiehsnoct matter of attitude.
tterminate the task. The difference lay in that the 'people
"fortunate" immediately saw an ad that stated:
“stop counting, the newspaper has 43 photographs.
"unfortunate people" did not see this
[Link]
 the experiment indicates to us that good or bad luck is also
It's a matter of attitude, of being open to opportunities.
Obviously, the same goes for happiness.

Therefore, happiness is a state of complete satisfaction. A Type Subtopic

simple definition but with deep implications
om rfnlactpsb,eonuachw
fipriavtci:prf of
subjective state, each person experiences it in a different way paragraph
distinct. Second, happiness can be caused by different Development Conclusion
odn,pegsdiountahetngmshisngthcaneit
personas grants them to these. Lastly, happiness can be a
lasting state, but it can also expire. And remember, the
happiness is not a goal, but a path to follow. Work for Thematic idea
Being a little happier every day is in our hands .
Happiness is subjective because
Linares, R. (2020, marzo). ¿Qué es la felicidad? each person experiences it differently
Recovered y adapted a different way, it can be
of provoked by different
[Link] definición/ situations or things, it can be a
lasting state, but also
it can expire. Work to be
a little happier every day.

What is the conclusion?

There are three perspectives on the concept of happiness that come from major schools of thought.
philosophical: the skeptics, the limited, and the optimists, after an experiment they
he/she confirmed that good or bad luck is a matter of attitude. This leads us to conclude that the
Happiness is subjective as each person experiences it in a different way that can be.
caused by different situations or things, it can be a lasting state, but also
It may expire. Work to be a little happier every day.

III. After the reading

- Elabora un esquema de llaves o numérico con la información del texto leído.
Text 3

[Link] the reading

What is the reading objective?

Inform us about a specific topic by providing statistical data.

- The following image has been extracted from the text:

What do you observe? What information do you

What will the text be about?

A graph of values is observed; one can infer

that the text will deal with statistics.

II. During the reading

- Identifica los subtemas y las ideas temáticas. Luego, construye la conclusión.

The benchmarking
What is the topic that the text explains?

It dice what a What type of framework is evident in

hospital the introduction? Underline it.
to the American statement of the
introduced improvements in theme
this service
of emergencies
Marco:
after carrying out a
exhaustive analysis of
the warranty
from 30 minutes of Domino's Pizza, and that a café
heachievedsuccessbasedonthedecorationofthemythicalbar
appearsinthefilmPulpFiction(ViolentTimes).
Y ItisanancientChineseproverb,writenbyGeneralSun.
Tzu, author of The Art of War, says, that 'if you know your...
enemy you know yourself”. The bench marketing ,
also called referential comparison, is one of
the most popular and effective business practices, and not
it does not limit to any specific area or a certain size
company. The following will detail information about
this interesting topic.
 Benchmarking consists of making a comparison between Type of Subtopic
a business and the competition (both direct and indirect), paragraph
just like with leading businesses in other industries or others Concept Definition of
markets with the intention of discovering and analyzing which are Benchmarking.
their winning strategies and, if possible, apply them to the
own company. David T. Kearny, who was the director of Thematic idea
Xerox Corporation was also one of the initiators of this.
concept and defined it as "the continuous process of measuring" It consists of making a comparison between two
businesses that are dedicated to the same industry, with
products, services and practices against competitors more
the intention to analyze strategies that to
hard or those the future can be applied in the company. David
companies recognized as leaders in the industry. T Kearny defines it as the continuous process
to measure products, services, and practices
against tougher competitors or those
companies recognized as leaders in the
industry.
This tool enables strategic planning, since Type of Subtheme
allows gathering the necessary information in order to do soparagraph
to direct a strategy or identify risks in development Concept Benefits it brings
of a short-term and long-term plan. Likewise, it allows benchmarking
predict the state and potential of the current market, so
how to know the trends in product development,
services and behavior patterns. With the experience Thematic idea
from benchmarking, one has access to an excellent source of It enables strategic planning now.
business ideas, since individuals who investigate ... that collects the necessary information,
they expose new products and work processes. predict the state and the potential of
current market, know the trends in
the development of products, services and
behavior patterns.

To make the most of this effective practice in a business Type of Subtheme

ot,egw
onkfletfoslenarw
oispe;dfnm
ltebilosauftrec paragraph
same, before deciding to carry out this research Concept Steps to follow for
a SWOT analysis of the company itself should be done
, like this take advantage of
as an analysis of current performance. Second, maximum the
to know the competition; therefore, in a business plan benchmarketing
well done you should establish both direct competition
like the indirect and the substitutes of the company or project. Thematic idea
It is necessary to identify how the market participation is and In order to take advantage of this strategy, one must
who is the leader of that particular industry. In must follow certain steps such as:
third place, find your strengths; once it has been to know oneself, to know the
chosen the companies to visit their facilities and their page of competition, identify how it is
Internet, ask for references , observe their campaigns market participation, find
advertising or marketing and contact them on social mediaits strengths and finally apply it
A
[Link]
rohiantseimpolyeasnd learned in his own company. He
you can copy certain practices
suppliers. After having observed them, detail
improving them or adapting them to our
cuáles son sus fortalezas y cuáles sus debilidades. En cuarto company.
place, apply what you have learned in your own business. Take advantage
the information gathered to improve the situation of your
company. You can copy certain practices (clearly,
while legal), improve them or adapt them to their market .
Finally, whenever you apply new strategies or
practices in his company needs evaluate you
performance. Approach a the indicators what
correspond in each area; that is, if the change was in
human resources observe the turnover rate of staff and
compare it; or if it was in customer service, check the
nFigures in sales.

Entrepreneur. (2012). What is benchmarking.

Recovered y adapted
of
[Link]
 What is the conclusion? (3 points)

It consists of making a comparison between two businesses that are dedicated to the same field, with the intention of
analyze strategies that can be applied in the company in the future. David T. Kearny defines it as the process
continuing to measure products, services, and practices against tougher competitors or those companies
recognized as leaders in the industry. This strategy enables strategic planning as it collects
the necessary information, predicts the state and potential of the current market, understands the trends in the
development of products, services, and patterns of behavior. The text tells us that in order to
To take advantage of this strategy, certain steps must be followed, which are: to know oneself, to know the
competition, identify how market participation is, find its strengths and finally
apply what has been learned in their own company. Certain practices can be copied, improving or adapting them to
our company.

III. After the reading

- Elabora un esquema de llaves o numérico con la información del texto leído.

 UNIT II: Strategies for Paragraph Production
expository, regulations and use of ICT
ORGANIZATION DIAGRAM OF UNIT II

The simple sentence

The sentence

The compound sentence

- Definition
Production of expository paragraphs Logical connectors n
It works
Writing expository paragraphs Numerical scheme

Writing strategies
Sententialization

Writing
Figure 11. Production of expository texts

Theme 1: The simple and compound sentence

According to the Institute of Sciences and Humanities (ICH), the sentence is defined as 'the unit that has meaning.'
complete, syntactic independence and unity of intonation" (2005, p. 286). That is to say, it is fully understood,
It is an independent construction and the intonation is marked by punctuation marks.

A set of sentences related to various cohesion mechanisms (punctuation marks,

conjunctions, etc.), make up the paragraphs. These develop topics and subtopics, integrating units
significant in greater amplitude and complexity. From this relationship (sentence-paragraph-text), the need arises
importancia del estudio de la oración. ¿Qué es la oración? ¿Cómo se clasifican? ¿Qué relaciones establece con la
comma, the semicolon, and the period? What relationships does it establish with conjunctions, with connectors?
logical?
What is its importance in paragraph construction? These questions will be answered throughout this
unit.

Depending on the complexity of their structure, sentences can be simple or compound.

1.1 The simple sentence

The ICH (2005) states that a simple sentence is one that has a single meaning; that is, it presents
ircehtotgnidrocca, tahtsetacidni t i ,em
rorehtruF. tm
ngdeujelgnisa

For example:
Communication is a daily action.
The strikers were beaten by the police in the streets.
The doctor of that hospital listened to the patient with great dedication.
4. The passengers of the bus are sleeping deeply.
Peru owes a lot of money to international banks.
 Abstract art is boring for children.
7. The main problem lies in your attitude towards studies.
8. El examenconsisteen un ensayo con excelente redacción.
9. The journalists took many photos at the accident site.
10. Archaeological discoveries clarify the history of Peru.
Figure 12. Examples

1.2 The compound sentence

Compound sentences are those that "present propositions; that is, expressions with meaning.
complete, in its structure and that this could be determined by the number of conjugated verbs that
"presents" (ICH, 2005, p. 331).

Compound sentences are formed by combining simple sentences.

Simple sentences
Your brother didn't find his ID. Your brother did not cash the check.
Pablo and Isabel cleaned the house. Pablo and Isabel left very early.
One of the characteristics of the sleep phase is The loss of muscle tone during sleep
the loss of muscle tone. allows us to protect our body from injuries
during the movements
involuntary.
Compound sentences
Your brother didn't find his ID; therefore, he didn't cash that check. Pablo and

Isabel did not clean the house, because they left very early.

One of the characteristics of the sleep phase is the loss of muscle tone; since
it allows us to protect our body from injuries during involuntary movements.

Figure 13. Simple sentences and compound sentences

There are two types of compound sentences: coordinated compound sentences and subordinate ones.

1.2.1 Coordinated compound sentences

“Son aquellas que presentan dos o más proposiciones que, al unirse en una estructura oracional,
they acquire the same syntactic level, whether the union occurs through the use of conjunctions
"coordinating grammatical or simply by juxtaposition of the same" (ICH, 2005, p. 331). These
Sentences do not present relationships of syntactic dependence.

THE COMPOUND SENTENCES

COORDINATES
Coordinated sentences I spoke, everyone listened to me, supported my decision
by juxtaposition
Men pass, works remain.
(The propositions are
linked through the 3. Don't just talk: show me with actions.
comma, the semicolon
or the two points.)
Compound sentences [Link], write, draw y compose songs
for coordination tirelessly.
conjunctiva.
(The propositions are 2. Dear friend, take on your responsibilities.
linked through you will have serious difficulties.
conjunctions
 coordinates I worked very hard in the interview, but they did not choose me for the
position.
as copulative,
disjunctive, adversative 4. You study English, and you practice French.
distributive, consecutive The train leaves at six in the morning; therefore, we have
y
what an early rise.
explanatory)
He lost the vision in one eye, that is, he became blind in one eye.

Figure 14. Coordinated compound sentences

1.2.2 Subordinate compound sentences

Subordinate clauses are those that present two or more propositions in which
one of them, called "subordinate", is integrated as a semantically dependent element and
syntactically from another, called 'main', which has a higher grammatical hierarchy.

According to the function they perform within the compound sentence, the sentences
Subordinate clauses can be classified as noun, adjective, and adverbial.

COMPOUND SENTENCES
SUBORDINATES
The teacher said we should prepare diligently.
2. Juan, who works in the shoe factory, is sick.
The analyst said: 'The country's economy is growing.'
The sponsor brought the prizes for those who would be winners.
Roberto visited the university where he studied his second degree.
The children who are hungry will be attended to by the regional government.
7. Gather the fruits that have ripened.
We will achieve freedom as long as we put effort into it.
9. The events occurred as he had told us.
10. When the mayor inaugurated the park, the press criticized him.

Figure 15. Examples of subordinate compound sentences

What words can function as subordinating conjunctions? These are the relative pronouns.
some conjunctions and a few adverbs. The ones that stand out are the following:

what how much since at least

who how because if well
n when yes while
which where although s
guinea pig just
o

Figure 16. Subordinating Links

 Practice 3
Topic: Simple and Compound Sentences
I. Identify the type of sentence and underline the verb.

PRAYER TYPE
ON DE
PRAYER
ON
The reason for the bus arriving late has not been communicated. Composed
Your classmate was able to submit their pending work. Simple
3. Solutions to the problem of informal commerce is a good title for your Simple
work.
4. Consuming fruits provides us with water, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and different Simple
beneficial compounds for the body.
Mario, the author of the said scientific article, traveled to an event Simple
academic.
6. When I woke up, it was still not dawn. Simple
7. The content outline should reflect the order and hierarchy of ideas in the Simple
text.
The storm arrived and flooded the city. Composite
Vitamins are essential heterogeneous compounds for the Composed
life, and when consumed in a balanced way and in essential doses they promote the
correct functioning of the organism.
Thanks to the world of nanotechnology nowadays, atoms can be manipulated and Composed
molecular structures.
The young people greatly enjoyed those recreational activities. Simple
12. The problem of movie piracy in Peru has worsened in recent times. Simple
years.
Those plants do not need a large amount of water. Simple
14. To overcome the crisis, economists developed a new project. Composed
15. Studying and taking a small test right afterwards improves your retention by 50%. Composed

II. Construct compound sentences from the proposed simple sentences.

SIMPLE SENTENCES COMPOUND SENTENCES

Nuts are foods. Nuts are foods that are considered
b) Nuts are considered a an important source of energy and have different
important source of energy. Amounts of nutrients such as fatty acids, omega
c) The dried fruits have different 3, proteins and fibers.
amounts in nutrients such as acids
omega 3 fats, proteins, and fibers.
a) Pollution manifests itself in Air pollution manifests itself in
diseases. respiratory diseases.
b) The pollution is atmospheric.
c) The diseases are respiratory.
a) A differential switch, also called A differential switch, also called
circuit breaker, it is a protection system circuit breaker, it is an automatic protection system and
automatic. They are in the facilities of all the homes,
b) They exist differential switches o locales, industrial buildings and others; also
circuit breakers in the installations of all they protect people's lives from contacts with the
the homes, premises, electricity.
 industrial buildings and others.
c) The switches differentials
they protect the lives of people from
contacts with electricity.
a) There is a list of the 10 most dangerous There is a list of the 10 most dangerous bridges in the world, from
bridges
of the world. some of which were designed by renowned engineers
b) Some dangerous bridges in the world worldwide, others were built by the locals with
they were designed by renowned engineers materials found in nature; among the bridges
most dangerous in the world, they have Royal George
worldwide. Bridge in Colorado, Monkey Bridge in Vietnam, Seven Mile
c) Other bridges were built by the Bridge, Florida, among others.
locals with materials found in the
nature.
d) Among the most dangerous bridges in the world,
they have Royal George Bridge in
Colorado, Monkey Bridge in Vietnam,
Steven Mile Bridge, Florida,
among others.

Young people always succeed. Young people who always succeed have no vices, they have
Young people have no vices. enthusiasm, they have ambitions and they are well prepared.
Young people have enthusiasm.
Young people have ambitions.
the youth they have
good preparation.

III. Read the text and complete the following activities:

What is the difference between coronavirus and the flu?

COVID-19 shares many of the symptoms of a cold and the flu, but it is much more deadly. These are
the differences.
The number of cases ofcoronavirushas been increasing since the end of January, more than 120,000 people have
contracted COVID-19, according to official reports. The rising panic has led to the fall of the markets.
stock market, and some supermarkets have begun to ration supplies of essential foods and
household articles, at least in countries like the United Kingdom and Italy.
Despite the alert level and the rising infection rate, COVID-19 related deaths continue
being relatively low. However, everyone seems to be concerned about this pandemic and
They ask what distinguishes seasonal flu from this new coronavirus. To begin with, the new coronavirus
it's not like the seasonal flu, although the symptoms are similar (aches and pains,feverpain of
throat).
Hundreds of researchers from around the world are working frantically to find avaccinefor
the COVID-19, but the development process takes months and it is likely that it will be too late for the outbreak
what we are living in these moments.
Thecold withMÚn it is caused by a strain of a virus different from COVID-19.
Most coronaviruses, like the
, common cold, cause mild infections in the upper respiratory tract and
they produce relatively mild symptoms, such as a stuffy nose, headache, and sore throat.
People who contract COVID-19 suffer from cough, difficulty breathing, and fever. The infection also
it can cause pneumonia, kidney failure, and in the most severe cases, death.
On the other hand, thefluis
caused by several different influenza viruses. The flu is highly infectious and
It easily spreads to other people, and it is likely to be transmitted to another person during the first
five days of infection. The symptoms of the flu can be somewhat more severe than those associated
with the common cold, they are more intense and generally appear suddenly. Some people
they experience loss of appetite,
 diarrhea or stomach pain and weakness. In more severe cases, the flu can also cause pneumonia.
In most of the population, the symptoms of the common cold generally peak.
within the first two or three days of infection; while the effects of COVID-19 appear from 2 to
14 days after exposure. Thus, unlike the flu, the symptoms of the new coronavirus may
appear more slowly and is especially sensitive to the elderly and people with other problems
doctors likeobesity, diabetes, high blood pressure or heart conditions.
What can you do to minimize the infection rate?
Avoid shaking hands,wash your handsfrequently with water and soap (only 2 out of every 10 people usually
wash your hands regularly after using the bathroom, according to the French Ministry of Health), avoid touching your face
and use a certified mask if you are sick. Do not go directly to the doctor's office. ,
because you run the risk of infecting more people. Such actions can limit new
infections just like with the flu, gastrointestinal diseases and other infectious diseases.

Romero, S. (March, 2020). Very Interesting.

Obtained of What is the difference between the coronavirus?
and-the-flu-761584095099

1. In the following table, write ten nominal phrases extracted from the previous text.

1 Covid-19

2 The flu

3 The panic

4 The researchers

5 The French Ministry of Health

6 The vaccine

7 The infection rate

8 The common cold

9 The stock markets

1 The symptoms of covid-19

0

2. Del cuadro anterior, elige seis (6) frases nominales y con cada una escribe oraciones simples.

1 Covid-19 has many symptoms that are similar to those of a cold.

2 The difference between the flu and covid-19 is that the flu is not deadly and covid-19 is.

3 The French health ministry advises against touching our faces.

4 Researchers are working frantically to find the vaccine.

5 The symptoms of the flu are loss of appetite, diarrhea, stomach pain, and also pneumonia.

6 The growing panic that has led to the fall of the stock markets.
 3. With the first three simple sentences from the previous table, write compound sentences.
coordinates and with the last three, subordinate compound sentences.

Coordinated compound sentences

The French health ministry advised against touching the face and wearing a mask, especially for people
1 sick.
The common cold usually peaks within the first two or three days of infection.
2 While the effects of COVID-19 appear 2 to 14 days after exposure.

The symptoms of the flu can be a bit more severe than those associated with the common cold, they are more
3 intense and generally, appear suddenly.

Subordinate compound sentences

Researchers from around the world are working to find the vaccine for covid 19, but the process of
1 Development has been ongoing for months and it is likely that it is too late for the outbreak we are experiencing.
moments.
The flu is very contagious and spreads easily to other people, and it is likely to be transmitted to another.
2 person during the first five days of infection.
The growing panic that has led to the fall of stock markets and to some supermarkets has
3 begun to ration stocks of essential food and household items.

IV. Read the text and carry out the following activities:

This is how AI helps to speak and understand deaf people

A Russian scientist from Google who has developed a way to use AI to make life easier for the
deaf people.
The World Health Organization estimates that by the year 2055, there will be 900 million people with
losses ofauditionBut thanks to thetechnologyand to theartificial intelligence (AI), solutions are developed
who are able to break down barriers and make life a little easier for people with this type of
disability. Suponía or Parrotron are two of the initiatives that aim to partially solve these issues.
problems, and that have as one of their creators a Russian engineer fromGooglecalled Dimitri
Kanevsky.
Dimitri Kanevsky began his career at Google working on speech recognition algorithms for
YouTube. But before joining Google, he was a staff member of Research in the Department of
Speech and Language Algorithms at the Research [Link], she worked at
various centers of higher mathematics, such as the Weizmann Institute of Science, the Max Planck Institute
in Germany and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.
He currently holds 274 patents in the United States. He was born in Russia to parents with normal hearing.
but he has been deaf since he was very young. He learned to speak English when he was a teenager, using
Russian phonetic representations of English words, learning to pronounce English using the
transliteration into Russian.

Seeing and hearing Dimitri speak, aided by one of his gadgets that allow him to communicate with the rest of the
Thanks to their Euphonia project, it is absolutely spectacular. I had the opportunity to see it.
live in Zurich a few months ago, and I was left speechless using [Link]
Live Transcribe, which is available in over 70 languages and dialects, Dimitri's voice was converted into
real-time subtitles using just your microphone [Link] same solution allowed for the
bidirectional conversations through a keyboard, which connected with external microphones to
improve the accuracy of the transcription.
 But Euphonia is not alone. Parrotron is another of the projects, developed with artificial intelligence techniques.
artificial, for the verbal communication of people with speech impairments. For the millions of
people who live with speech impairments caused by physical conditions orneurologicaltry to
communicating with others can be difficult and frustrating. While there has been a great deal of
recent advances in automatic recognition technologiesvoicethese interfaces can be
inaccessible for people with speech impairments. Furthermore, the applications that depend on
voice recognition as input for text-to-speech synthesis may exhibit substitution errors,
elimination and insertion of words. Critically, in the current technological environment, limited access to the
voice interfaces, such as thedigital assistantsthat depend on the direct understanding of the voice, means
being excluded from cutting-edge tools and experiences, widening the gap between what those
with and without voice.

Parrotron integrates a singleredneuronaldeep end-to-end trained to convert speech

of a speaker withpatternsof atypical speech directly into fluent synthesized speech, without a step
intermediate of generating text, completely omitting voice recognition. The focus of this
the project focuses on speech, looking at the problem only from the perspective of thesignals
of thespeakfor example, without signalsvisualslike the movements of the lips. In this way,
Parrotron can help people with a variety of atypical speech patterns, including those
with ELA, muscular dystrophy so that
, they can better understand both in person-to-person interactions as well as
in automatic speech recognition systems.
To demonstrate the validity of the Parrotron project, its creators worked with Dimitri Kanevsky, who
recorded 15 hours of speech that were used to tailor their base model to the specific nuances of their
speech. The resulting Parrotron system helped him to be better understood by both people and the
automatic voice recognition, which significantly reduced the word error rate from 89% to
32%.

From this podium, I can only thank Google for showing me and teaching me about the existence of this type.
ofprojects, and for allowing me to meetscientistslike Dimitri Kanevsky, with adisabilitysevere
but that develops solutions so that people like him can communicate.

Galindo, J.C.F. (March 2020). Very Interesting.

Recovered and adapted from[Link]
artificial/article/how-ai-helps-speak-and-understand-deaf-people

1. In the following box, write ten nominal phrases extracted from the previous text.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
2. Del cuadro anterior, elige seis (6) frases nominales y con cada una escribe oraciones simples.

3. With the first three simple sentences from the previous table, write compound sentences.
coordinates and with the last three, subordinate compound sentences.

Coordinated compound sentences

Subordinate compound sentences

3
Theme 2: Writing expository paragraphs using logical connectors and punctuation marks.
scoring

I. Logical connectors:

1.1 Definition
They are linking devices that serve to connect sentences, propositions, or paragraphs with the purpose of giving it to the
text a grammatical form; that is to say, to provide it with syntactic cohesion and an appropriate style, furthermore
semantic coherence means that the text has logical meaning.
Connectors are linguistic resources that allow the progression of ideas, as well as their halt or
regression, both at the paragraph level and the text level.

1.2 Functions
At the paragraph level:

- They unlogically join two or more sentences.

- They ensure the intrinsic coherence of the paragraph and, in this way, of the text as a unified whole.
- They allow for the development of thematic ideas, that is, the smooth transition from the most important idea to the...
secondary; especially in the development paragraphs.

At the level of the entire text:

- They logically connect one paragraph to another.

- They ensure the extrinsic coherence of the text.
- They modify the basic direction of thought established by the topic sentence: setback stop,
advance.
- They can be interpreted as signals of a return to the main discourse. Sometimes, it is necessary
to explain them; not in others, where the main logic of the development is clear or the topic sentence is different
paragraph resumes.

1.3 Types of connectors

The words that serve as connectors in a text are conjunctions, adverbs, the
conjunctive phrases or clauses and adverbial phrases or clauses.

The following table presents a classification of connectors taking into account their nature.
semantics.

RELATION
PURPOSE CONNECT
ON RES
LOGIC
A
Indicate comparisons On the contrary, however, nevertheless, but, more
differentials, opposition or well, rather, while, on the other hand, for
CONTRAST
total contradiction another part, but, although,
between two ideas. except, save, inversely...
Justify what is being
["Because","since","due to","by reason of"]
saying,
["that","because of","given that","so","to this","given"]
CAUSE
que, como, a consecuencia de, gracia a, visto
a what...
conclusion

what
needs

to be
founded.
 Then, therefore, consequently, for this
Announce or present to the reason, thus, consequently, hence, in
CONSEQUENCES conclusion to which one conclusion, in this way, for this, for this
A wants to arrive. reason, then, so, for
hence, for that reason, so that, now then...
 Add ideas
Moreover, also, likewise, even, even more,
what
ADDITION on the other hand, apart from that, of the same
complement o
way, likewise...
clarify the
yes
marked.
Enumerate
First, second, first of all, in
ORDER second place, finally, lastly, in
some elements or to begin with, in the end, to conclude...
aspects
in a
order
determined.
En primer lugar, antes, luego, después,
Indicate a sequence of
SEQUENCE subsequently, previously, next,
ideas in time.
initially, previously...

Indeed, clearly, naturally, by

Highlight one aspect of the
ideas that are given a ["supposedly","obviously","evidently","in truth"]
EMPHASIS
without a doubt, in fact, above all,
to know.
certainly, undoubtedly...

Point out obstacles o

partial impediments,
Although, even if, even when, like, in spite of
CONCESSION no that, although, no matter how much...
they contradict a
central fact.
Return a explain o
clarify the idea now In other words, that is to say, in other
REITERATION highlighted in terms more terms, that is to say, in fact, said
simple and in other words, this is...
understandable.
Denote the similarity or How, how like, like this, just like, just like that, more
similar to what was said
COMPARISON ["than","less than","similarly","as much as","of"]
and what is said in
N similar mode...
following.
To exemplify
EXEMPLIFICATION For example, for instance
ION
the
exposed information.

COPULATIVE Link two ideas. Y, e, ni...

To pose
Oh, or, either...
DILEMMA an alternative between two
ideas, that can be
of two types.

Figure 17. Types of connectors

II. Strategies for Writing Expository Paragraphs

The development of this topic requires prior learnings. It is important to remember the characteristics.
and the types of expository texts; the structure of simple and compound sentences; the use of commas, the
semicolon, and the period; and the types of connectors.
Every writing process begins with the planning and organization of ideas regarding the topic and
subtopics. At this stage, the following is done:

Choose the topic on which to write.

Search for information
Select information (using underlining and summarizing)
Organize information
 The organization is visualized in different schemes. Aguirre et al. (2010) offers the four most types
common schemes.

Here we present examples of the two types of schemes that will be most useful for you at the time of
draft

Outline 1: Numeric

Topic: Research in universities

1. The lines of research
1.1 Professional-disciplinary scope
1.2 Scope of the business
1.2.1 Technological development
1.2.2 Development of competitiveness
1.2.3 Cultural development

Figure 18. Example of numerical scheme

Scheme 2: Keys

Regarding professional scope

to discipline
The lines of
investigation - Technological development

On the scope of the business

- Development of the
competitiveness
- Cultural development

Figure 19. Example of a key scheme

After organizing the ideas through some type of outline, we should be ready to
draft the different expository paragraphs.

IMPORTANT!
Paragraphs consist of a set of sentences related by cohesion mechanisms (punctuation marks, connectors, etc.).
The paragraphs develop the subtopics and thematic ideas that arise from them.

2.1 Writing Enumerative Paragraphs

REMEMBER!

The enumeration informs, successively, parts, elements, functions, types, definitions,

characteristics, etc., of a topic. It can be understood as a list or collection of ideas.
This type of paragraph generally uses logical connectors of order, sequence, and addition.
Observe the following examples of how to write an enumerative paragraph:

Example 1:
1° Numerical scheme

[Link]
2. DEVELOPMENT
2.1 The benefits of a licensed university
2.1.1 Suitable infrastructure
2.1.2 Quality of teaching Paragraph of
2.1.3 Trust and support development 1
2.1.4 Follow-up on graduates
2.1.5 Job Projection
3. CONCLUSION
2nd Sentence Formation

2. DEVELOPMENT

Development paragraph
2.1 The benefits of a licensed university
The benefits that a licensed university offers are MULTIPLE.
2.1.1 Adequate infrastructure
An adequate infrastructure allows for exclusive campuses for the
university education, as well as laboratories, libraries, and centers of
research.
2.1.2 Quality of teaching
The quality of education means having highly qualified teachers,
updated study plans and research lines.
2.1.3 Trust and Support
Trust and support consist of students being an eligible option.
for any company.
2.1.4 Follow-up on the graduate
The tracking of graduates means that universities have the
mechanisms to support the graduate student to integrate into the labor market with
success.
2.1.5 Job Projection
The job projection will ensure that what is acquired at the university goes from
agreement to the labor claim.

3rd Draft Development paragraph 1

The benefits that a licensed university offers are MULTIPLE. First of all, a
appropriate infrastructure that allows for exclusive campuses for teaching
university, in addition to laboratories, libraries, and research centers. Secondly
place,thequalityofteachingmeanshavinghighlyqualifiedteachers,plansof
updated studies and lines of research. Thirdly, trust and support
it consists of students being an eligible option for any company. In fourth
place, the follow-up on graduates means that universities have
mechanisms that support the graduate student in entering the labor market
 successfully. Finally, the job projection will ensure that what was acquired at the university will go
according to labor demand.

Figure 20. Example 1 of how to write an enumerative paragraph

Example 2:

1st Numerical Scheme

1. INTRODUCTION
2. DEVELOPMENT
2.1. The types of stomach cancer
2.1.1 The adenocarcinoma Paragraph of
2.1.2 Lymphoma development 1
2.1.3 The tumors of the gastrointestinal stroma
2.1.4 Carcinoid tumors
[Link]ÓN

2nd Oracionalization

2. DEVELOPMENT

Development paragraph 1
2.1 Types of stomach cancer
There are different types of stomach cancer, but the most common are four.
2.1.1 The adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma is the type that originates in the cells of the innermost layer of the stomach.
mucosa
2.1.2 The lymphoma
Lymphoma is a tumor of the immune system that is detected in the wall of the stomach.
2.1.3 Tumors of the gastrointestinal stroma
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are uncommon and originate from
early in the interstitial cells.
2.1.4 Carcinoid tumors
Carcinoid tumors originate in the hormone-producing cells of the stomach.

3rd Draft Development paragraph 1

There are different types of stomach cancer, but the most common ones are four. One of them
It is adenocarcinoma, which originates in the cells of the innermost layer of the stomach (mucosa).
Another is lymphoma, a tumor of the immune system, which is detected in the stomach wall.
Also, there are tumors of the gastrointestinal stroma, which are uncommon and originate in a way
henetitnagiiorum
tdhantsoioricheract,[Link]
hormone-producing cells of the stomach.

Figure 21. Example 2 of how to write a enumerative paragraph

2.2 Writing cause-effect paragraphs
REMEMBER!
This type of paragraph consists of accounting for cause-effect or effect-cause relationships.
regarding the topics raised.
Relationships are established with cause and consequence connectors.

Observe the following example of how to write a cause - effect paragraph:

1st Numerical Scheme

[Link]
2. DEVELOPMENT
2.1 The risks of obesity
2.1.1 The most common causes
[Link] Poor nutrition Paragraph of
[Link] The lack of exercise development 1
[Link] The emotional factors
2.1.2 The main consequences
3. CONCLUSION

2nd Prayer Formation

2. DEVELOPMENT

Development paragraph 1

2.1 Obesity
Obesity is caused by various reasons and it leads to consequences.
dangerous to a person's health.
2.1.1 The most common causes
The most common causes of obesity are poor diet, lack of exercise, and the
emotional factors. In relation to the first, it causes an increase in weight; in the case of the
second, it prevents the body from burning the calories consumed from food and drinks; and
in the last, some people eat more than usual when they are
bored, angry or stressed.

2.1.2 The main consequences

The main health consequences associated with obesity are diabetes
type 2, cardiovascular diseases and hypertension, the diseases
respiratory (sleep apnea syndrome), some types of cancer, osteoarthritis
(degenerative and inflammatory joint injuries), psychological problems and the low
quality of life.

3rd Draft Development paragraph 1

Obesity is caused by various reasons and leads to consequences.

dangerous to a person's health. Among the most common reasons that cause obesity
it is poor nutrition, lack of exercise, and emotional factors. In relation to the
first, it generates an increase in the
weight; in the case of the second, it prevents the body from burning the calories consumed from the
foods and drinks; and finally, some people eat more than
 used to when they are bored, angry or stressed. Therefore, the main
health consequences associated with obesity include type 2 diabetes, diseases
cardiovascular diseases and hypertension, respiratory diseases (sleep apnea syndrome),
some types of cancer, osteoarthritis (degenerative and inflammatory joint injuries),
psychological problems and low quality of life.

Figure 22. Example of how to write a cause-effect paragraph

2.3 Writing Comparison Paragraphs

REMEMBER!
Writing a comparison paragraph means exposing the differences and/or similarities between two or more.
elements or objects.
Before writing, apart from the numbered outline, ideas can be organized in a comparative chart.

Observe the following examples of how to write a comparative paragraph:

Example 1: OPPOSITE FORM

1st Numeric Scheme

[Link]
2. DEVELOPMENT
2.1. Differences between the constitutions of 1979 and 1993
2.1.1 The presidential re-election
2.1.2 The Structure of the Legislative Power Paragraph
2.1.3 The economic regime of
2.1.4 Foreign investment develop
2.1.5 The right to private property the 1

3. CONCLUSION

2° Sentencing

2. DEVELOPMENT

Development paragraph 1

2.1 Differences between the constitutions of 1979 and 1993

The differences between the constitutions of 1979 and 1993 are mainly in
aspects such as reelection, the structure of the Legislative Power, foreign investment
and the right to private property.

2.1.1 The presidential re-election

In relation to the issue of presidential re-election, the 1979 Constitution in Article 112
He expressed that the president can run again after a period has passed
a governmental period; however, article 204 of the Constitution of 1993
it allowed for immediate presidential reelection, but this was corrected and now it is possible
reelect himself after a term.
 2.1.2 The structure of the Legislative Power
Article 164 of the 1979 Constitution established the existence of two chambers: the Senate
and the House of Representatives and during the recess the Permanent Commission operated; for the
On the contrary, according to the Constitution of 1993, the Legislative Power resides in the Congress.
consisting of a single chamber.
2.1.3 Foreign investment
In the case of the first, article 137 stated that the State was responsible for authorizing,
erantdsegnrm
uisevopctsfreidhi;eonw
teca6lne,ovd3girehoteafrscond
indicates that national and foreign investments must be subject to the same
conditions.
2.1.4 The right to the inviolability of private property
The right to private property is defended by both constitutions; however, the
since 1979 it specified that "no one can be deprived of their own due to necessity and
public utility or social interest, declared in accordance with the law (art. 125); however,
according to the one from 1993, "no one can be deprived of their property except, exclusively, for cause
of national security or public necessity" (article 70).

3rd Draft Development paragraph 1

The differences between the constitutions of 1979 and 1993 mainly occur in aspects such as
the reelection, the structure of the Legislative Power, foreign investment, and the right to
private property. Regarding re-election, the 1979 constitution in article 112 stated that
The president can run again after a government term has passed. ; sine
.noitcele-elaritnedw
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dsenoe2
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rtrailfm
40caidtueihfotA
3t91irtC
sno , ,
but this has been rectified and it is now possible to be re-elected after a term. Regarding the
second, article 164 of the 1979 Constitution established the existence of two chambers: the
Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, and during the recess, the Permanent Commission operated;
On the contrary, according to the Constitution of 1993, the Legislative Power resides in the Congress, made up of
a unique camera. In relation to the third, article 137 of the first established that the State
was responsible for authorizing, registering, and supervising foreign direct investment; on the other hand, it continued n
Article63ofthesecondstatesthatnationalandforeigninvestmentsmustbesubjecttothesame.
conditions. Lastly, the right to, private property is defended by both constitutions; without
embargo, the one from 1979 specified that 'no one can be deprived of theirs due to necessity and
public utility or social interest, declared in accordance with the law” (art. 125); however, according to the ...
No one can be deprived of their property except, exclusively, for reasons of security.
national or public necessity” (article 70).

Figure 23. Example 1 of how to write a comparative paragraph

Example 2: SEPARATE FORM

1° Numerical scheme

1. INTRODUCTION
2. DEVELOPMENT
2.1. Differences between the constitutions of 1979 and 1993 Paragraph of
2.1.1 The Constitution of 1979 development 1
2.1.2 The Constitution of 1993

3. CONCLUSION
2nd Prayer Formation

2. DEVELOPMENT

Development paragraph 1

2.1 Differences between the constitutions of 1979 and 1993

The differences between the constitutions of 1979 and 1993 primarily occur in aspects
like re-election, the structure of the Legislative Power, foreign investment, and the law
to private property.

2.1.1 The Constitution of 1979

The 1979 constitution in article 112 allowed the president to run for election. again
after a government period has passed. Also, in the
Article 164 established the existence of two chambers: the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies.
During the recess, the Permanent Commission was functioning. In addition, article 137 established
that the State was responsible for authorizing, registering, and supervising foreign d,irect investment.
Finally, regarding the right to private property, it was specified that "no one can be deprived"
of yours due to necessity and public utility or social interest, declared in accordance with
the law" (art. 125).
2.1.2 The Constitution of 1993
The 1993 Constitution in article 204 allowed for immediate presidential re-election, but this was
rectified and it is now possible to be re-elected after a term. On the other hand, the Power
Legislative power resides in Congress, constituted by a Single Chamber. Likewise, it follows
n
Article 63 states that national and foreign investments must be subject to
the same conditions. To conclude, in the aspect of private property
It is declared that no one may be deprived of their property except for cause
"national security or public necessity" (article 70).

3rd Draft

The differences between the constitutions of 1979 and 1993 mainly lie in aspects
like reelection, the structure of the Legislative Power, foreign investment, and the right to
private property. Regarding the 1979 Constitution, in Article 112, it allowed that the
The president may run again after a governmental term has elapsed.
Also, Article 164 established the existence of two chambers: the Senate and the House of
deputies and during the recess the Permanent Commission was in operation. Furthermore, Article 137
established that the State was responsible for authorizing, registering y supervise the investment
foreign direct. Finally, regarding the right to private property, it specified that "no one
it can be deprived of its own for reasons of necessity and public utility or social interest,
declared in accordance with the law" (art. 125). On the contrary, regarding the Constitution of 1993, in the
Article 204 allowed for immediate presidential re-election, but this has been amended and it is now possible.
reelect after a term. Furthermore, the Legislative Power resides in Congress,
consists of a single chamber. Furthermore, according to its article 63, it indicates that investments
Nationals and foreigners must be subject to the same conditions. To conclude, in the aspect
de la propiedad privada manifiesta, “a nadie puede privarse de su propiedad sino, exclusivamente, por
national security or public necessity" (article 70).

Figure 24. Example 2 of how to write a comparative paragraph

2.4 Writing problem-solution paragraphs
REMEMBER!
En este tipo de párrafos, se informa situaciones problemáticas y sus posibles soluciones.
The determination of the problem involves establishing causal relationships that establish its origin.
Having done this, solutions are often proposed with an enumerative strategy.
The connectors that can be used in the writing of this type of paragraphs are those of cause-effect.
order, sequence, and addition.

Observe the following example of how to write a problem-solution paragraph:

1° Numeric scheme

[Link]
2. DEVELOPMENT
2.1 Congenital torticollis
2.1.1 Causes Paragraph of
2.1.2 Consequences development 1
2.1.2 Solution
3. CONCLUSION

2nd Prayer Formation

DEVELOPMENT

Development paragraph

2.1 Torticollis in infants

Torticollis is a shortening of a muscle in the neck that causes a
a very peculiar posture that consists of a tilt to the same side of the
Muscle that is shortened and a rotation towards the opposite side.

2.1.1 The possible causes

Possible causes include uterine malpositions before delivery, instrumentation and
clavicle fractures during childbirth; as well as, keeping the baby in positions
always the same during the first weeks after giving birth.
2.1.2 The possible consequences
The possible consequences are musculoskeletal alterations, the delay
psychomotor and a complicated breastfeeding.
2.1.3 Treatment
To address this problem, the alternatives are controlling the baby's posture, working on
stretching of shortened muscles, the activation work of inhibited muscles
and the cranial work.

3rd Draft Development paragraph

Torticollis is a shortening of a neck muscle that causes a very specific posture.

peculiar that consists of a tilt towards the same side of the muscle that is shortened
and a rotation towards the opposite side. The possible causes of this condition are the
uterine malpositions before delivery, instrumentalization, and clavicle fractures during
the delivery; as well as keeping the baby in the same positions during the first weeks
postpartum. Obviously, this malformation generates possible consequences such as the
muscle alterations
skeletal, psychomotor delay, and complicated breastfeeding. That's why,
 to address this problem, the alternatives are controlling the baby's posture, the work of
stretching of shortened muscles, the activation work of inhibited muscles and the
cranial work.

Figure 25. Example of how to write a problem-solution paragraph

Practice 5
Topic: Writing Expository Paragraphs
I. Write a enumerative paragraph with the information from the infographic; remember that you must use the
logical connectors and punctuation marks.

Mexican Secretariat of Health (2015). What is a headache?

Recovered from infographics/[Link]
Theme:

1st Numerical Scheme

[Link]

2. DEVELOPMENT
LLO 2.1

3. CONCLUSION

2nd Sentence Construction

2.

DESARRO

LLO 2.1

3rd Draft
II. Draft a comparative paragraph using the information from the infographic; remember to use the
logical connectors and punctuation marks.

Publimetro writing (2019). Russia has been testing 30 medications against the coronavirus. Retrieved from
Theme:

1° Numeric scheme

[Link]

2. DEVELOPMENT
LLO 2.1

3. CONCLUSION

2nd Sentence Structure

2.

DEVELOP

LLO 2.1

3rd Draft
III. Write a cause-effect paragraph using the information from the infographic; remember that you must use the
logical connectors and punctuation marks.

Infografías y remedios. (2016). Parálisis facial periférica ¿Cuáles son sus causas y cómo se manifiesta?
Recovered and adapted from[Link]
manifest
Theme:

1° Numerical scheme

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DEVELOPMENT
LLO 2.1

3. CONCLUSION

2nd Sententialization

2.

DESARRO

LLO 2.1

3rd Draft
IV. Write a problem-solution paragraph using the information from the infographic; remember that you must
use logical connectors and punctuation marks.

Vaccine against corruption and impunity. (n.d.)

Recovered

of
[Link]

Theme:

1st Numerical Schema

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DEVELOPMENT
LLO 2.1

3. CONCLUSION
2nd Orationalization

2.

DEVELOP

LLO 2.1

3rd Draft
Unit I

Bibliographic reference

Aguirre, M., Eléspuru, G., Flores, C., Flores, E., Gomero, L., Hurtado A. M., Maldonado, C. and Reyes, D.
(2010). Redactar en la universidad. Conceptos y técnicas fundamentales. (4ª ed.). Lima: UPC.

Alvarez, T. (2001).Textos expositivos-explicativos y argumentativos. Barcelona: Octaedro.

Carneiro, M. (2014).Manual de Redacción Superior. Tercera edición. Lima: Editorial San Marcos.

Instituto de Ciencias y Humanidades (2005). Lenguaje teoría esencia. (2ª ed.). Lima, PeRÚ: Lumbreras.

Serafini, M. T. (1998).Cómo se escribe. España: Ediciones Paidos.

Unit II

Bibliographic reference

Álvarez, T. (2001). Explanatory-expository and argumentative texts. Barcelona: Octaedro. Carneiro, M. (2014).

Manual of Advanced Writing. Third edition. Lima: San Marcos.

Cortez, M. E. y García, F. (2010).Estrategias de comprensión lectora y producción textual. Lima: San Marcos.

Mendoza, A. (1998).Tú, lector: Aspectos de la interacción en el proceso de lectura. España: Octaedro.

Serafini, M. T. (1998). How to write. Spain: Paidos. Solé, I.

(1999). Reading strategies. Barcelona: GRAO.