NATIONAL UNIVERSITY JOSE FAUSTINO SANCHEZ CARRION

Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering

METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

TEMA: EJERCICIOS RESUELTOS DEL 07 AL 12

TEACHER: ING. VEGA PEREDA, NICANOR MANUEL.

SUBJECT: PHYSICAL METALLURGY I.

CYCLE: VI

STUDENT:

RAMIREZ BALABARCA, CANTARO ANSELMO

2017–HUACHO - PERU
 SOLVED EXERCISES IN PHYSICAL METALLURGY I

EXAMPLE N°01

Let the diffusion of gas A in another gas support B in a tube 10 cm long

open on both sides, as shown in the following figure:

Data

a) graph CA = f(z) for EE; FD.

b) graph CA=f(z) for EE; FD; RQ (order 1)

Solution

a) Simplifying the continuity equation results in:

Integrating twice with respect to z yields:

By setting the boundary conditions, one arrives at:

b) Simplifying the continuity equation results in:

Boundary conditions
Replacing

Replacing the values:

PROBLEM 02:
Methylene chloride is a common ingredient for paint removal. Moreover
Being irritating, it can be absorbed through the skin. When this remover is used
Protective gloves should be used for painting.
If butyl rubber gloves (0.04 cm thick) are used, what is the flow of
diffusion of methylene chloride through the glove?
• Datos:
Diffusion coefficient in butyl rubber:
D = 110x10-8cm2/s
Concentrations on surfaces:
C10.44 g/cm3
C20.02 g/cm3
Solution
-assuming a linear concentration gradient
PROBLEM 03: Principles of Solidification:

a) Calculate the critical radius (in centimeters) of a homogeneous nucleus that

It forms when solidifying pure liquid copper. Consider ∆T.
(subcooling) = 0.2Tm. Apply the data from the table.
b) Calculate the number of atoms in the critical size nucleus
the temperature of subcooling.

Solution
a) Calculation of the critical radius of the core:

b) Calculation of the number of atoms in a critical size nucleus:

Volume of a critical size nucleus:

Volume of a unit cell of Cu (a = 0.36 nm)

Since there are four copper atoms per FCC unit cell

Thus, the number of atoms per homogeneous critical nucleus is:

PROBLEMA 04:

Heat must be transmitted from a steam generator to boiling water at a rate of 3

GW. El agua hirviendo circula a través de tuberías de cobre de paredes de 4.0 mm de
thickness and surface area equal to 0.12 m2 per meter of pipe length. Calculate the
total length of the pipe (actually many pipes are arranged in parallel) that
It must pass through the furnace if the steam temperature (inside the pipe) is 225 °C and
the temperature outside the pipe (in the furnace) is 600 °C.

Based on the thermal current proportionality equation I with respect to

temperature gradient, we know:

where A is the section, ΔT is the temperature increase, Δx is the length, and k is the
thermal conductivity, we have:

According to the data from the statement, we will take:

Thermal current or intensity:

Conduction length (copper wall thickness):

Increase in interior-exterior temperature:

Thermal conductivity of copper:

We have that the cross-section of the copper tube must be:

And since we have a lateral surface of 0.12m2for every meter of copper, there will be a length
The copper tube inside the oven of:
 PROBLEM 05:

The melting temperature of aluminum is TE= 660 °C. To be able to solidify a

ultrapure aluminum has required reaching temperatures below 475 ºC,
due to the difficulty of forming, by homogeneous nucleation, nuclei of radius
r1that contain more than 100 atoms. By heterogeneous nucleation through agents
Nucleated, 100 atoms would give nuclei whose radius is equal to 25 r.1What would be in
What is the temperature at which aluminum could solidify?
(Problem No. 10 of Chapter II)

Numerical solution:

2 LS
r* TE
L T1

2 LS
r(hom) TE
L T1

2 LS
25r(hom) TE
L T2

1 T2
25 T1

T1 660 475 185ºC

185
T2 7,4ºC
25
 PROBLEM 06:

During the solidification of a pure metal, the probability of it being almost null results.
obtain by homogeneous nucleation, at a temperature T1< TEa core of more
of 100 atoms, so the minimum undercooling for homogeneous nucleation
of pure metals, is approximately equal to 0.2 TEin Kelvin degrees (being
TE the solidification temperature of the metal). Those 100 atoms, on the other hand,
heterogeneous nucleation (a contact angle of 10º would be sufficient over the appropriate one
nucleating agent) would provide a heterogeneous nucleus with a curvature radius 18 times
greater than that of the homogeneous core. Justify the minimum cooling necessary for
enable heterogeneous nucleation on that nucleating agent.

(Problem No. 11 of Chapter II)

2 SL 2 SL
r* TE
GLSL T

thunder* it is the critical radius in homogeneous nucleation

r * the 18r* (hom)

2 SL 2 SL
TE 18 TE
L Tthe L Thome

1 1
The T(hom) 0.20TE
18 18

T(het) 0.01TE

They contain the same number of

atoms
PROBLEM 07:

Calculate the free energy associated with the process of solidification of liquid iron
subcooled to a temperature of 1450 ºC

Data
Hf 3658 cal
atom g Fe
Tf 1536,5ºC(1809,5K)

Numerical solution:

G f(T 1809.5 0 Hf T Sf

3658 cal
atom g cal
Sf 2.02
1809.5K atom g K

For any temperature

Gs0(T)  H0(Tf 1809.5K T(2,02)

cal cal
G 0f(T 1723K 3
 658  (1723K) (2.02) 1
 78
g atom atom g

T Subenfriamiento = 86,5 ºC =1536-1450 ºC

Problem 08

Draw an equilibrium diagram between any two components, A and B, that are soluble.
completely in a solid state, that solidify, in their pure state, at temperatures of
1000 and 1300 °C, respectively.

In the biphasic region, I located a point at the composition of 45% of component A and at the
temperature of 1100°C.

It is requested:

a) Identify the phases present at that point.

b) Determine their composition.
c) Explain the degree of freedom or variance of the system, in the area where it has been situated.
previously mentioned point.
Problem 09

Consider an alloy of 70% by weight of Ni and 30% by weight of Cu.

a) Conduct a phase analysis at 1,500°C and at 1,350°C, assuming equilibrium conditions.

The phase analysis must include the following issues: (i) Present phases. (ii)
Chemical composition of each phase (iii) Quantities present of each phase.

b) Schematic representation of the microstructure of the alloy at each of the previous temperatures
using circular microscopic fields.
Point 'a' of the phase diagram represents a Cu-70% Ni alloy at 1500°C.

At 1500°C, 100% by weight of the alloy is liquid (70% Ni)

Point 'b' of the phase diagram represents a Cu-70% by weight Ni alloy at 1350°C.

At 1350°C, 27.3% of the alloy is in the liquid phase (62% Ni) and 72.7% is in the alpha phase (73%
of Ni).

PROBLEM 10

Using the Cu - Ni equilibrium diagram. Determine for an alloy with 40% Ni:

a) Cooling curve, solidification interval, phases present in each of the

regions it crosses.

b) Relationship of phases and their weights at 1250° C for an alloy of 600 kg

Solution to problem 10

Above 1280°C, the entire alloy is in a liquid state (1 phase).

Between 1280° and 1200°C (solidification range), the liquid and solution phases coexist.
solid to (2 phases).
Below 1200°C, the entire alloy has solidified in the form of a solid solution at (1
phase).
The cooling curve is shown alongside the diagram.

b) Applying the lever rule:

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