Algebra Mathematics/ 11th Grade

Systems of linear equations with 2 unknowns - Reviews

Some problems of our day-to-day lead us to more than one equation. Thus arise
families of equations, which in the rigorous mathematical language are called systems of
equations.

Definition

A system of linear equations is a set formed by one or more equations.

linear equations from which one intends to determine the set of numbers that satisfy
simultaneously to all equations.

Resolution of systems of linear equations with 2 unknowns

Linear systems with 2 unknowns can be solved using the methods of: substitution;
ordered addition; mixed method in graphic method.

Substitution method

It consists of determining the value of one of the unknowns in one of the equations and substituting this value.
In the other equation. After solving the system, it is important to verify the solution.

Examples:

1. Solve the following systems using the substitution method.

{ {
2 x + y=8 2 x −5y=23
a) b)
3 x +2y=15 7x+3y=19

Resolution:

{
2 x + y=8 ⟺ ¿
1a)
3 x +2y=15

⇔ (−1)
−−−−¿−x=−1
{ { x=1 {
y=8−2x ⇔ y =8−2.1 ⇔ y =6
x=1 x=1 {
b) ¿

Prepared by Prof. Benedito dos Santos Páginá1

Algebra Mathematics/ 11th Grade

{
23+5 ∙ (−3)
⇒ x= 2
y=−3
⟺ x=4
y=−3 {
2. Solve, applying the substitution method, the system below:

{
x−3y−5
+ =4
4 6
x+ 1y−1
− =2
3 8

{a 1 x +b 1 y =c1
ax+ by=c
To solve this type of system, we must reduce it to canonical form:
To reduce it to canonical form, the m.m.c.

This is:

{
x−3y−5
+ =4
4 6 ⇔¿
x+ 1 year−1
− =2
3 8

⇔¿

{
⇔ −−−−−−−−−−¿ 8x−3
(
67−3x
2 ) {
=37−−−−−−−−−−¿
16x201+9x74
2
−
2 {
= ⇔ −−−−−−−¿ 25 times−
2

{
67−3 . 11
y=
⇔ 2
x=11
{
⟺ x =11
y =17

Ordered Addition Method or Method of Reducing to Symmetric Coefficients

It involves reducing the coefficients of one of the unknowns to symmetrical values, followed by
sum of the equations, solve the resulting equation and finally the same procedure is repeated
another unknown.

Examples:

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Algebra Mathematics/ 11th Grade

{x+2y=5 {2 x +3y=5 { {
2 x + y =1 x + y=3 4x−10=−2y 3 x −5y=30
a) b) c) d)
2 x −4y x −5y=20

Resolution:

{x+2y=5 ⇔ (−2) { {−2x−4y=−10

2 x + y =1 −4x−2y=−2 (−2) 2 x + y =1
a)
x +2y=5
+ +

x +(−4x ) =5+ (−2 ) y +(− 4 years)=−10+1

⇔−3x=3 i s e q u i v a l e n t t o⇔−3y=−9
x =−1 i s e q u i v a l e n t t o y =3

{ { {
x + y=3 ⇔(−3) −3x−3y=−9 (−2) −2x−2y=−6
b)
2 x +3y=5 2 x +3y=5 2 x +3y=5y
+ +
−x=−4 i s e q u i v a l e n t t o x =4 y=−1

c)
{ 2 x −4y {
4x−10=−2 years ⇔ 4x+ 2y=10 ⇔(−2) 8x+4y=20
2x−4y=0 2x−4y=0 {
+
10x=20 is equivalent to x=2

{
4x+2y=10
−4x+8y=0

10 years=10 is equivalent to y=1

{ x −5y=20 { {−3x+15y=−60
3 x −5y=30 ⟺(−1) −3x+5y=−30 (−3) 3x−5y=30
d)
x −5y=20
+ +

−2x=−10 is equivalent to x=5 10 years=−30 is equivalent to y=3

Mixed method

It consists of solving one of the equations of the system (by ordered addition), determining from this
set the value of one of the unknowns and then substitute the found value into one of the
equations of the system, determining the value of the unknown.

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Algebra Matemática/ 11ª Classe
Examples:

1. Solve inℝ the systems of equations:

{ { {
3x+ y=9 2 m + p=9 8x− y=1
a) b) c)
4x− y=10 2m+ p=11 2 x +3y=10

Resolution:

{
3x+ y=9
1a)
4x− y=19

+
28
7x=28⇔x= ⇔x=4
7
Agora, basta substituir o valor x=4 in one of the equations of the system to obtain the value of y .
⟹ 3 x + y =9 i s e q u i v a l e n t t o 3 t i m e s 4 + y=9 i s e q u i v a l e n t t o 1 2 + y =9 ⇔ y =9−12 is equivalent to y=−3

{ 3m+ p {
2m+ p=9 ⇔(−1) −2 m − p=−9
b)
3 m + p=11
+
⇔m=−9+11⇔m=2
3 m + p=11 is to 3 times 2+ p=11⟹6+ p=11⟺p=11−6 is equivalent to p=5

{2 x +3y=10 ⇔(−4 ) {−
8x− y=1 8x− y=1
b)
8 times−12
years=−40
+
39
−13y=−39⇔y= ⇔y=3
13
1
⟹ 8 x − y=1 i s e q u i v a l e n t t o 8 t i m e s x −3=1 i s e q u i v a l e n t t o 8 x =4 is equivalent to x=
2

Graph method

The graphical resolution of systems of equations consists of solving the equations as a function of y
thus determining the corresponding functions and then representing them in the same S.C.O.

The solution of the equation is given by the point of intersection of the graphs. x= p x e y= p y)

Intersection point of the graphs

Developed by Prof. Benedito dos Santos Páginá4

Algebra Mathematics/ 11th Grade

{
x+ y=7
Example: Solve the system graphically y
x− y=3

{x− y=3 ⇔ { y=x−3

x+ y=7 y=−x +7
Resolution:

35 7 x

-3

The graphs intersect at the point P(5;2), therefore S = {5;2}

If there is no intersection between the graphs, it means that the system is
impossible inℝ.

Systems of linear equations in 2 variables - Exercises

1. Using the substitution method, solve the systems:

{ { { { 2 x +7y=8
x + y=11 x−2y=1 3x−2y=14 3 x −5y=−19
a) b) c) d)
x−2y=2 3 x +7y=29 4x−9y=25

{
2 5y+ 10
x+6=
{
5x+3y=7−2x
e) f) 3 2
4x+ y=2− y−x
2x−3=
( y) −4

2. Solve, using the method of ordered addition, the systems:

{
5x− y
=5
{x−4y=−10 {5 x − {x− y=3y+11
3x+2y=40 2x+3y=2 x + y =2y+5 3
a) b) c) d) e)
2 years=24 4x+3 years 1
=2x−
4 4

{ {
x− y x+ y x x4

{
+ =3 + = x y
− =1
{
2 3 2 3 3 2 x + y=3
f) g) h) 3 4
y 2x− y x+3y 3 x +2y=8
x+ =2 − =0 3x−1−
( y=11
)
2 3 5

3. Solve the systems below by the mixed method

{
9x− y =1+3y
{ { {
x+ y =17 3x−4y=19 9 a −5 b =−30
a) b) c) d) 5
x − y=3 5 x + 4y=−11 7 a +2 b =−41 −x= −2x− y
6

Elaborated by Prof. Benedito dos Santos Páginá5

Algebra Mathematics/ 11th Grade

{
3 2 −19
− =
{ 9 x +5y=4x− y +26
10x−2y=2 x + y−34 2 a +3 b 3 a −5 b 6 6
e) f)
4 2 1
− =
2 a +3 b 3 a −5 b 3 3

4. By a method of your choice solve the following systems:

{ { {
x y y−2 x + y x+ y

{
+ =4 2x+
=21 = x + y2
3 4 6 8 3 = ( 2 x −9)
a) b) c) d) 7 3
3 5y x−4 5x
x− =− 1 4y+ =29 =2y−1 x + y=14
2 4 6 3

{
x y
=7(3− y)
{ {
2 ( x−5 x y2 + =2
) + = 4 5
e) x− yx+ y−37 f) 5 3 15 g)
− = 2x+ 1y−3
3 4 12 2x−3+
( 3y−2=−12
) ( ) − =2
3 2

{ {
2x−1 3 y +2−8 x + y x− y−11

{
x− y x+ y + = + =
+ =4 5 3 3 12 8 12
h) 3 5 i) j)
5x+ 2 2 and+1 31 x− yx+ y14
2x−3+3y−2=−12
( ) ( ) − = + =
3 6 6 9 6 9

{ {
3x2y4x19y 2x+ yx+2y−1

{
x + y x− y1 + = − − =
+ = 4 5 3 40 6 4 12
k) 3 2 6 l) m)
x y1 x−3y2x− Y15
2x−3−2y=x−2
( ) + = + =
3 4 4 7 6 6

{ {
x +3y−2 7 2x+ yx+2y
+ = − =−12
5 9 3 6 4
n) o) p)
x−2y+ 4 5 −2
+ = x + y −2 x =
10 12 4 5

{
2 x −3y3x− y−5
− =
12 9 9
5x−4y4x−5y32
+ =
15 10 15

{ {
1 1 2x+ 3y 2
( x−2 ) − ( y−3 ) =0 −2x=4y−8
{1.3x+0.6y=0.75
3 4 5 5 0.2x+0,35=1
q) u) v)
1 1 3x− yx+2 3
( x+1 ) − ( y−2 ) =2 + = y −1
3 5 4 5 20

Prepared by Prof. Benedito dos Santos Página6

Algebra Matemática/ 11ª Classe

{
x+3 y +6
( ) ( )
{
3 −2 + 4 ( x− y ) x −3x+ y x+ 4y−3
− =
5 3 3 2 5
w) x)
x−9 y−1 2x− y y−x x 6x−2y
5
3 ( ) ( )
+6
5
−2 ( x + y )=−25
2
−
4
= +
8 10

{
3x+ y=1
5. In the System the sumx + y is equal to:
2 x +2y=1

A. 1 B. 2 C. 2/3 D. 5/3

{
x− y=4
6. If x andare
y such that the expressionxy−2 é:
x+ y =12

A. 32 B. 30 C. 12 D. 10

{
7. The solution of the system
x+ y=3
é:
2 x +3x=7

A. (0;1) B. (2;1) C. (-1;4) D. (-1;-4)

{
8. The solution of the system
x + y=3
é:
2 x +3y=5

A. 0 and 1 B. 1 and 4 -1 and 4 D. -1 and -4

Systems of linear equations in 3 unknowns - Introduction

( x , y is ez ) to the entire system that by application of the
Call the linear system with three unknowns

{
a 1 x +b 1 y +c 1 z =d 1
equivalence principles can reduce to the canonical form: a 2 x +b 2 y +c 2 z =d 2 .
a 3 x +b 3 y +c 3 z =d3

Where then; bn; cn andnthey are any real numbers.

All the methods learned previously are also valid in solving this type of
system.

1. Substitution Method

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Algebra Mathematics/ 11th Grade
Solve the system in terms of one of the unknowns and substitute the value of this into the others.
equations.

Examples

{ {
2x+ y +z=3 x+2y+ z=12
a) 2 x +2y+ 3 z =3 b) x−3y+ 5 z =1
x + y +2z=2 2 x − y+3z=10

Resolution:

{
2x+ y +z=3
a) 2 x +2y+3 z =3 ⇔ ¿
x + y +2z=2

b) ¿

{ { {
x=12−2y−z x=12−2∙3−1 x=5
y=3 ⟺ y =3 ⇔ y=3
z=−14+5 ∙ 3 z=1 z=1

2. Ordered Addition Method

One of the unknowns is eliminated.( x,yorz)

, obtendo-se deste modo duas equações, as quais são
obtained from the elimination of the chosen variable, then a system of equations is formed with
as duas equações obtidas e a equação usada para obtê-las, a seguir elimina-se a segunda
unknown using the equations obtained from the elimination of the first unknown, later
the numerical value of the other unknown is determined, then the system of
duas equações para eliminar a incógnita cujo valor numérico já é sabido, e elimina-se o valor
numerical value of the other unknown and finally substitute the numerical values of the unknowns already
known, and the numerical value of the first unknown is calculated.

{
2 x −3y+ z=1
Example: x + y−2z=3
3 x − y−4z=3

{ {
2 x −3y+ z=1 8x−12y+ 4z=4
1st eq. 2nd eq.⇔ (4 ) +
3 x − y−4z=3 3x− y−4z=3

I. 11x−13y=7

Elaborated by Prof. Benedito dos Santos Páginá8

Algebra Mathematics/ 11th Grade
2nd eq.
{
x + y−2z=3 ⇔(−2) −2 x −2y+ 4z=−6
3 x − y−4z=3 3x− y −4z=3 {
3rd eq. II. x−3y=−3

Add equations IeII, eliminating one of the unknowns.

{ x−3y=−3 {
11x−13 years=7⇔ + 11x−13 years=7
-11
−11x+ 33 years=33

40
20 years=40 is equivalent to y= ⇔y=2
20

{(−3 11x−
13
( )
) 13 years old=7−33x+
x−3y=−3
⇔
{
39 years=−21
13x−39y=−39

60
−20x=−60 is equivalent to x= ⇔x=3
20

{ { { {
x=3 x=3 x =3 x =3
y=2 ⇔ y=2 ⟺ y=2 ⇔ y=2
3 x − y−4z=3 3·2−2−4z=3 − 4z=−4 z=1

Regra de Cramer
There is another method for solving linear systems, which is useful for solving systems as well.
linear equations with 2 unknowns as well as in the resolution of linear systems with 3 unknowns, this method
it was invented by the mathematician Gabriel Cramer (1704-1752), which is why it is called the Method
The Cramer’s Rule is linked to the concept of the determinant of the system, which is defined as
starting from the coefficients of the equations involved in the system. Therefore:

Call the determinant of the system

{
ax+ by=e
cx+ dy=f
Δ a: Δ=
and is represented by
a b
c d| |
Rni aercb,a,
a ∙ d −c · bwhere .

Observation:
When the value of the determinant of the system is different from zero ( ∆ ≠ 0 ) it is said that the
The system is determined, otherwise it is said to be indeterminate.

Let's consider the system:

{
a 1 x +b 1 y =c 1
a 2 x +b 2 y =c 2
The determinant of the system is given by∆=
|
a1c1
a2c2 |

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Algebra Mathematics/ 11th Grade
⇔∆=a 1 ∙ b 2 −a2·b1 .

Define the determinant of x (∆x) determinant of y (∆y) by:

xd=
aetl
| cc 12 bb 12 |=c 1 b 2 −c2b1∆y=e | aa 12 cc 12 | =a 1 c 2 −a 2 c 1 .
∆x∆y
Therefore, the solution of the system is given by: S=
( ∆
;
∆
.
)
{
x +3x=6
Example of application: where a = 1; a₁ = 2; b = 3; b₁ = -1; c = 6 e c₁ -2.
2 x − y=−2

| |
∆= 1 3 =1 (−1 )−2 ∙ 3 =−7 ;
2−1

∆x=
| | 6
−2−1
3 =6 ∙ −1 −2∙3=−6+6=0
( )− ( ) ;

| 2−2 |
∆y= 1 6 =1 ∙ (−2 −2.6=−14 ) .

∆x 0 hey=
∆y −14
x= ⇔x= ⇔y= ⇔y=2
∆ −7 ∆ −7

∴ S = {0 ; 2 } .

Cramer's Rule in linear systems with 3 unknowns

{
a 1 x +b 1 y +c 1 z =a 4
Let's consider the system: a 2 x +b 2 y +c2z=b 4
a 3 x +b 3 y + c 3 z =c4

Wherea 1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 , b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , b 4 , c 1 , c 2 , c 3 , c 4 ∈ R .

( A) ( B) (C)

| |
a1a2a3a1a2
The determinant of the system is given by: b 1 b 2 b 3 b 1 b 2 = ∆.
c1c2c3c1c2

( D ) ( E ) (F)

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Algebra Mathematics/ 11th Grade
A=(c1∙b2∙a3) ;B=(c 2 ∙ b 3 ∙ a 1 );C=( c 3 ∙ b 1 ∙ a 2 ) ;
D= a( 1 ∙ b 2 ∙ c 3 ;)E = a (2 ∙ b 3 ∙ c 1 e ) F =(a 3 ∙ b 1 ∙ c 2 ).

Where:∆= A+B+C−D−E−F

( A 1 ) ( B 1 ) (C1)

| |
a4a2a3a4a2
∆x= b 4 b 2 b 3 b 4 b 2
c4c2c3c4c2

( D1 ) ( E 1 )( F 1 )

( A 2 )(B 2 )(C 2 )

| |
a1a4a3a1a4
Delta y=b 1 b 4 b 3 b 1 b 4
c1c4c3c1c4

( D2 ) ( E 2 )( F 2 )

( A 3 ) (B 3 )(C3)

| |
a1a2a4a1a2
∆z= b 1 b 2 b 4 b 1 b 2
c1c2c4c1c2

( D3 ) ( E 3 )(F3)

Therefore:S=
ΔxΔyΔz
; ;
∆ ∆ ∆

{
2x−9y−z =0
Application example: x−5y+ z =1
−x+3y+2z=0

(−5 ) ( 6 ) (−18)

| |
2−9−1 2−9
First, calculate the determinant of the system: 1−5 1 1−5
−1 3 2−1 3

(−20 ) ( 9 ) (−3)

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Algebra Mathematics/ 11th Grade
∆=−20+ 9−3− (−5+6−18 ) ⇔∆=−14−(−17⇔∆=3
)

. To calculate the determinant of x (∆x) just replace the 1st column with the column of terms
independent.

( 0 ) ( 0 ) (−18)

| |
0−9−10−9
dxae=
tl 1−5 1 1−5
0 3 2 0 3

( 0 ) ( 0 ) (−3)

∆x 15
∆x=0+0−3− ( 0+ 0−18 ) ⇔∆ x=15 implies x= ⇔x= ⇔x=3
∆ 3

. To calculate the determinant of y (∆y) the 2nd column is replaced by the column of terms
independent, not the determinant of the system.

( 1 ) ( 0 ) (0)

| |
2 0−100
Δy= 1 1 1 11
−1 0 200

( 4 ) ( 0 ) (0)

3
) y=3 i s e q u i v a l e n t t o y = ⇔y=1
∆y=4 +0+0− ( 1+0+0⇔∆
3

. To calculate the determinant of z (∆z) the 3rd column is replaced by the column of terms
independent in the main determinant.

( 0 ) ( 6 ) ( 0)

| |
2−9 0 2−9
∆z= 1−5 1 1−5
−1 3 0 −1 3

( 0 ) ( 9 ) ( 0)

{
x=5
∆z 3 ∴ y =1
Δz=0+9+0− ( 0+6 +0 ) ⇔∆ z=3 ⇔ z = ⇔z= ⇔z=1
∆ 3
z=1

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Algebra Mathematics/ 11th Grade
Systems of linear equations with 3 unknowns - Proposed exercises
1. Solve the following systems using the substitution method:

{ { {
3x−2y+6z x +2y+ 3 z =4 4x−3z=38
a) 4x−3y+ 4z=7 f) −x+4y−5 z =−24 k) 2y+ z=−2
−2 x +6y−3 z =−42 2x−3y+ 4z=27 x +3y=0

{ {
2z−3 years=3 2z−3y=3

{
x + y=−2−3z
b) 2x+3
( z =5x−15
) g) 3 x +5y=2z+7 l) 2x+( 3 z =5x−15
)
3 (−2y+x )=11+2 x z +4=2x+3y 3 (−2y+ x )=11+2 x

{ { {
x+ y+ z=1 3 x +4y+2y=3 2x+ y +2 z =2
c) 2x+ y +3z=3 h) x +5y+ 3 z =2 m) x +2y+ 3 z =1
x+2 years+2z=4 7x+8y+z=1 3 x +3y+z=4

{ { {
2 x +2y+2 z =1 x+3y−2 z =5 x+3z=10
d) x +2y+2 z =1 i) 3x+5y+6z=7 n) x− y +z=2
4x+ y +3z=2 2 x +4y+3 z =7 3 x +4 years=11

{ { {
8x+4y+3z=14 x +3y+5z=2 3 x −5y=12
e) 4x+2y−z=2 j) 2 x −2y−2 z =4 o) y +3z=7
x −3y+5z=11 3x+2y+ 4z=5 z=2

2. Solve the following systems using the method of orderly addition:

{ { {
x+ y +2z=1 3x+ y +z=3 6x+9y+2z=5
a) 2 x + y +3z=1 e) 2 x +2y+ 3 z =3 i) 2 x +3y+z=2
x+2y+ z=1 x+3y+2z=2 8x+12 years+3z=7

{ { {
x +2y+z=1 x +2y+ z=1 4x−3y+z=10
b) 2 x +3y+3z=2 f) x +3y+3z=2
2 j) x −4 years+5z=7
2
3 x + y +2z=1 3 x + y +2z=1 x +5 years+ z+ 9=0

{ { {
2 x + y=4 x + z=0 2x+3y−z=22
c) x+ y +z =1 g) 2 x +2y=0 k) x−4y+ 2 z =−5
z +3x=5 y +3z=0 2x− y +z=12

{ { {
4x−3y+2z=6 5x+6y+ 4z=3 8x+4y+3z=14
d) 2x− y +5z=10 h) 2 x −3y+5z=10 l) 4x+2y−z=2
x+2y−z=−7 3 x +2y−2z=−1 x −3y+5z=11

3. Solve the following systems using Cramer's Rule:

{
3x−4y+3
=0

{ {
4x−3y=5 − 3x−2y+4z=5
5 2
a) 4x+2y−z =2 f) k) 4x+ y −3 z =2
4x−7=−3
x−3y+ 5 z =11 6x+7y−17z=4
z +3y=16

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Algebra Mathematics/ 11th Grade

{ { {
x+2y−z=2 6x− y +8 z =4 4x−3y+2 z =6
b) 2 x − y+z =3 g) 4x+3y+4z=6 l) 2 x −3y+5z=10
x+ y + z=6 10x−5 years−8z=−2 3 x +2y−2z=−1

{
3x+ 2y−z=1

{ {
x + y +z=1 x + y +2z=3
2 x −2y+ 4z=−2
c) 2 x + y + z=2 h) m) 3 x +2y+3z=1
1
x+2y+ z=1 −x + y−z=0 2x+3y+ z=0
2

{ { {
x+ y +z =2 2 x − y−5z=8 x+2y+ z=12
d) 2 x +3y+4z=1 i) y=3z+ x n) x−3y+ 5 z =1
x+ 2y+3z=0 4x−8=0 2 x − y+3z=10

{ { {
3x+2y−z=0 2 x +3y+3z=5 x+ y+ z=6
e) x +3y+z=1 j) x + y +2z=10 o) x +2y+ 2 z =9
2 x +2y−2z=2 y +2z=3 2 x + y +3z=11

4. Calculate the value of the determinant of the following matrices:

| | | | | | | |
1−2 10 0 2−2 2−8−4 1 5 4
a) 2 −4 2 b) 3 1−4 c) 1 1−2 d) 2−2 2
3 5 1 4 7−6 9 12−1 4−3 0

{
x +2y−z=2
3x− y +2z=4
5. The solution of the system é:
2 x +3y−3z=2
A. (1,2,3) B. (1,1,1) C. (−1,0,1) D. (1,3,4)

{
x +2y−z=3
x, y and
6. The sum of the values z the system 3x− y +2z=8
of in is equal to:
2 x +3y−3z=−1
A.1 B.7 C.8 D.9

{
2x−9y−z =0
x−5 years+ z =1é:
7. The sum of the solutions of the system
−x+3y+2z=0
A.0 B.1 C.2 D.7

Knowledge is not natural; it is earned!

Elaborated by Prof. Benedito dos Santos Páginá14

Algebra Mathematics/ 11th Grade

Prepared by Prof. Benedito dos Santos Páginá15