Cloud Computing

[Link] services are provided by AWS?

AWS (Amazon Web Services) offers a vast range of cloud computing services that cater to various needs
such as computing power, storage, networking, databases, machine learning, and more.

– Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud

– Amazon VPC (Virtual Private Cloud
– AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management
– AWS Storage Gateway
– Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service
– AWS IoT Core
– Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service)
[Link] about the IaaS Services and list the examples of these services provided by AWS.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

A cloud consumer is using a virtual server within an IaaS environment. Cloud consumers are provided
with a range of contractual guarantees by the cloud provider, pertaining to characteristics such as
processor capacity, memory, local storage, performance, and availability.

Examples of these services provided by AWS

 Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud):
 Amazon EBS (Elastic Block Store):
 Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service):
 Amazon VPC (Virtual Private Cloud):
 AWS Elastic Load Balancing (ELB):
 Amazon Route 53:
 AWS Direct Connect:

[Link] discuss different service models provided by cloud computing.

A cloud delivery model represents a specific, pre-packaged combination of IT resources offered by a cloud
provider.

 Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

 Platform as a service (PaaS)

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  Software as a service (SaaS)

The IaaS cloud delivery model offers a high level of administrative control over “raw” infrastructure-based
IT resources.

PaaS enables to offer a pre-configured environment that cloud consumers can use to build and deploy cloud
services and solutions and decreased administrative control.

SaaS is for shared cloud services that can be positioned as commercialized products hosted by clouds.

Variations of the three base cloud delivery models have emerged:

• Database-as-a-Service
• Storage as a Service
• Security-as-a-Service
• Communication-as-a-Service
• Integration-as-a-Service
• Testing-as-a-Service
• Process-as-a-Service

A cloud delivery model can be referred to as a cloud service delivery model because each model offers
different type of cloud services.

[Link] of Multitenancy vs. Virtualization

The concept of multitenancy and virtualization are similar.

• With virtualization: Each virtual server can be provided to different users and enable to configure
independently, contain its own operating systems and applications.
• With multitenancy: A physical or virtual server hosting an application is designed to allow usage
by multiple different users.

[Link] are Cloud Storage Levels?

• Files – Collections of data are grouped into files that are located in folders.
• Blocks – The lowest level of storage and the closest to the hardware, a block is the smallest unit
of data that is still individually accessible.
• Datasets – Sets of data are organized into a table-based, delimited, or record format.

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 • Objects – Data and its associated metadata are organized as Web-based
resources.

Figure 7.9. Different cloud service consumers utilize different technologies to interface with virtualized
cloud storage devices. (Adapted from the CDMI Cloud Storage Reference Model.)
6. Different types of models used for deployment in cloud computing
• A cloud deployment model primarily distinguished by ownership, size, and access.
• Four common cloud deployment models:

Private cloud
• Solely for an organization
• For enterprises/corporations with large scale IT
• On-site Private Cloud: A cloud service consumer in the organization’s on-premise
environment accesses a cloud service hosted on the same organization’s private cloud via
a virtual private network.
Public cloud
• Available to general public over a public network
• Open market for on demand computing and IT resources
• Concerns: Limited SLA, reliability, availability, security, trust and confidence
• Example: Organizations act as cloud consumers when accessing cloud services and IT
resources made available by different cloud providers.
Community cloud
• Shared by several organizations and supporting a specific community

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 • An example of a “community” of organizations accessing IT resources from a
community cloud.
Hybrid (federated) cloud
• Two or more public and private cloud that interoperate
• Extends private cloud(s) by connecting it to other cloud vendors to make use of their
available cloud services
• For example: An organization using a hybrid cloud architecture that utilizes both a
private and public cloud.
7. Pay-per-use monitor (Not include example or case study)
• The pay-per-use monitor mechanism measures cloud-based IT resource usage and generates
usage logs for billing purposes
• Typical monitoring variables are:
 request/response message quantity
 transmitted data volume
 bandwidth consumption
• a pay-per-use monitor implemented as a resource agent to determine the usage period of a virtual
server as shown in Figure 8.12
• a pay-per-use monitor designed as a monitoring agent that transparently intercepts and analyzes
runtime communication with a cloud service as illustrate in Figure 8.13

1. A cloud consumer requests the creation of a new instance of a cloud service

2. The IT resource is instantiated and the pay-per-use monitor receives a “start” event notification
from the resource software
3. The pay-per-use monitor stores the value timestamp in the log database

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 1. A cloud service consumer sends a request message to the cloud service
2. pay-per-use monitor intercepts the message
3a. Forwards it to the cloud service
3b. Stores the usage information in log DB
4. The cloud service forwards the response messages back to the cloud service consumer
8. Scalability in Cloud Computing
• Ability of the IT resource to handle increased or decreased usage (business) demands
• Horizontal scaling (out and in) – same resource type, i.e., add more nodes
• Vertical scaling (up and down) – replace resource with higher or lower capacity or add resources
to a single node

9. Risk Management
• Assessment on potential impacts and challenges due to cloud adoption: cloud consumer performs
risk management strategy

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 • Risk assessment, Risk treatment, and Risk Control Figure 6.16
• Risk assessment: Analyze the Cloud Environment
– Identify potential vulnerabilities and shortcomings that threats can exploit
– Identify the risks according to probability of occurrence
– Evaluate the degree of impact that related to consumer utilize cloud-based IT resources

Figure 6.16. The on-going risk management process, which can be initiated from any of the
three stages.
• Risk treatment
– Mitigation policies and plans are designed
– Mitigation actions: some risk are eliminated, mitigated, other can be deal with via
outsourcing
• Risk control
– Risk monitoring comprise survey the related events, review for determine the
effectiveness of previous assessments and treatments, and identify the necessary any
policy adjustment
10. Load Balancer

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 • A load balancer is programmed or configured with a set of performance and QoS rules and
parameters
• Objectives
– To optimize IT resource usage,
– To avoid overloads, and
– To maximizing throughput
• Load balancer mechanisms:
– multi-layer network switch
– dedicated hardware appliance
– dedicated software-based system (common in server operating systems)
– service agent (usually controlled by cloud management software)
• Load balancer is typically located on the communication path between the workload generating
IT resources and the workload performing IT resources.
• Load balancer is designed as a transparent agent that remains hidden from the cloud service
consumers, or as a proxy component
11. Security benefits of cloud computing
The security benefits of cloud include:

 Cost reductions
 Scalability
 Accessibility
 Improved reliability
 Enhanced security
 Simplified compliance
 Rapid deployment

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12. Data Center Technologies (Name)
• A data center is a specialized IT infrastructure that houses centralized IT resources, such as
servers, databases, and software systems as shown in Fig 5.7
• Data centers are comprised technologies as:
 Virtualization
 Standardization and Modularity
 Automation
 Remote Operation and Management
 High Availability
 Security-Aware Design, Operation, and Management
 Computing Hardware
 Storage Hardware
 Facilities
 Network Hardware
13. Benefits and Challenges of Hybrid Cloud.
Benefits
 Flexibility,
 Scalability,
 Businesses,
 Cost-effective,
 Business continuity and disaster recovery,
 Compliance and regulatory requirements
Challenges of hybrid cloud include
 Complexity,
 Data security and privacy,
 Cloud governance,
 Interoperability and integration,
 Latency and performance)

Virtualization No 4 Virtualization benefit
Quality of service

 Virtualization when managed effectively and efficiently can raise the quality of service
provided by IT organizations.
 By implementing consistent management practices backed up by software systems that track
and manage IT infrastructure, whether physical or virtual, IT organizations can ensure that IT
services avoid outages or uncoordinated activities.
 By raising the quality of services, IT organizations can ensure that the overall business
service delivered to end customers is performed effectively and consistently.

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High Availability

 Server virtualization can help to avoid both planned and unplanned downtime, including the
ability to move live, running virtual servers from the affected host to another host.
 Some shared storage systems feature no-single-point of failure architectures to keep storage
online through a variety of failure scenarios.
 These architectures, when combined with server virtualization high availability capabilities,
minimize downtime without the complexities of traditional server clustering approaches.
Disaster Recovery

 Virtualization is a fantastic solution for disaster recovery.

 Virtual machines can be easily transferred within seconds or minutes to a backup data center; in
tough circumstances, many virtual machines can be run on a smaller number of physical servers,
reducing the cost of physical resources required for disaster recovery.
 Virtual shared storage can be used to replicate data across data centers, ensuring that data is
consistent and making it easier to bring systems back online immediately.