Production and distribution of compressed air

Distribution Network
The network has two basic functions:
1. Communicate the producing source with the consuming equipment.
2. Function as a reservoir to meet local demands.
A perfectly executed distribution system must present
the following requirements:
• Small pressure drop between the compressor and the parts of
consumption.
• No air leaks.
• Demonstrate great capacity to perform condensate separation.
 Distribution Network
Regarding the type of line to be executed, closed loop (circuit
closed) or open circuit, one must analyze the favorable conditions
and the unfavorable aspects of each one.

Generally, the distribution network is in a closed circuit from which it originates.

the branches for the different consumption points.
The closed ring helps maintain a constant pressure, in addition to
to provide a more uniform distribution of compressed air
for intermittent consumption, it complicates however the separation of
humidity, because the flow has no direction.
Distribution Network
 Compressor
Compressors are machines designed to increase the pressure of a certain
volume of air, admitted under atmospheric conditions, up to a
certain pressure, required in the execution of the work performed
by compressed air.
Function:
• Capture the compressed air.
• To imprison the air.
• Increase the pressure.
Single Effect Compressor or Trunk Type Compressor

Compressor esthetic takes its name because it has only one chamber.
of compression, that is, only the upper face of the piston draws in the air and
compress;
 Double Effect Compressor
Crossed Type Compressor
This compressor is so named because it has two chambers, that is,
two faces of the piston inhale and compress. The crankshaft is connected
to a crosshead by a connecting rod; the crosshead, in turn, is connected to
piston by a rod.
 Compressor
Piston compressor with membrane
 Compressor
Blade compressor
 Compressor
Roots or lobe compressor
 Screw Compressor
This compressor is equipped with a casing where two rotors rotate.
helicoidal in opposite directions.
One of the rotors has convex lobes, the other has a depression.
concave and are called, respectively, male rotor and rotor.
female.
The rotors are synchronized through gears.
 Compressor
Irregularities in compression Since the air is heated in compression, it is
normal um aquecimento do compressor. Porém, às vezes o aquecimento
Exaggerated may be due to one of the following causes:
a) Lack of oil in the sump
b) Stuck valves
c) Insufficient ventilation
d) Dirty valves
e) Oil in the crankcase is too viscous
f) Clogged air filter
 Cooler
To effectively solve the initial water problem in
compressed air installations, the most complete equipment is the
rear cooler, located between the compressor outlet and the
reservoir, due to the fact that the compressed air at the outlet reaches its
higher temperature. The rear cooler is simply a heat exchanger
of heat used to cool the compressed air. As a consequence
from this cooling, it allows about 75% to 90% of the vapor to retract
water content in the air, as well as oil vapors;
 Reservoir
The reservoir has the following functions
Store compressed air.
Cool the air assisting in the removal of condensate
Compensate for pressure fluctuations throughout the distribution system.
Stabilize the airflow.
Control the compressor gears, etc.

The reservoirs are constructed in Brazil according to the PNB 109 standard of A.B.N.T, which
No reservoir should operate with a pressure above the Maximum Pressure of
Work is allowed, except when the safety valve is releasing; under this condition, the
pressure should not exceed more than 6% of its value. Maintenance and inspection comply with
standard NR13.
Reservoir
 Elements of pneumatic work
Pneumatic energy is transformed into movement and force through the
work elements.

These movements can be linear or rotational.

Linear movements
single-acting cylinders
double-acting cylinders

Rotational movements
continuous rotation motors
 Pneumatic work elements
Pneumatic energy is transformed into motion and force through the
work elements.

These movements can be linear or rotational.

Linear movements
single-action cylinders
double acting cylinders

Rotational movements
continuous rotation motors
 Mechanical components of a cylinder

1 Camisa 2 Tampa traseira 3 Tampa dianteira 4 Haste 5 Gaxeta 6 Bucha 7 Retentor 8

Seal (the ring) 9 Piston
 Single action cylinders
Single-acting cylinders perform work by receiving compressed air in
only one of its sides.
In general, the forward movement is the most used for operation with air.
compressed, with the return movement executed through a spring or
by the action of a duly applied external force.
 Single action cylinders
The course of single-acting cylinders is limited to the length of the spring.
For this reason, single-acting cylinders are not manufactured with actuation by
mola with more than 100 m. The single action cylinders are especially
used in operations involving fixation, expulsion, extraction and
pressing among others.
 Double-acting cylinders
we perform work receiving compressed air on both sides.
In this way, they work both in the forward movement and in the
return movement.
A control system allows compressed air to reach a chamber of
each time, exhausting the air retained in the opposite chamber.
Double-acting cylinders
 Double-acting cylinders
Thus, when the compressed air reaches the rear chamber, it will be escaping.
the front camera and the cylinder will advance.
In the return movement, the compressed air reaches the front chamber and the
the rear camera will be in escape.
As there is no presence of the spring, the limitations imposed on the cylinders are
double action, are related to the deformations of the rod regarding bending and
flambage.
Double-acting cylinders when subjected to high loads and speeds,
they suffer great impacts, especially between the embolus and the caps
 Rodless cylinder
With this cylinder, work can be done on both sides at the same time.
One side can also be used solely for activating signaling elements.
An important positive point of this cylinder type is that it has two
supports for the poles, it can withstand greater lateral loads, but due to
Having rods on both sides, it has its force capacity reduced in relation to
with conventional cylinders with a single rod.
 Calculation for cylinder sizing
To select a cylinder we must know:

Force
Pressure The forces exerted by the cylinders depend on the air pressure.
of the diameter of the piston and depending on the application that is desired
Maximum course of cylinder.
Time
Type of fixation
Temperature
 Calculation for cylinder sizing
The theoretical force exerted by the cylinder is calculated according to the formula:

Ac = Area of the crown

r = radius
A = effective surface area of the piston (cm2)
P = working pressure (kgf/cm2)
E = embolus
H = haste
 Calculation for cylinder sizing

Type of cylinder: Formula:

Single acting cylinder Fn = (A x p ) x Fc

Double action cylinder advance Fa = (A x p) x Fc
Double action return cylinder Fr = (Ac x p) x Fc

Fn = Effective force
Fa = Thrust force
Fr = Return force
Fc = Fator de correção
 Calculation for cylinder sizing
Correction factors of force:
Speed of rod displacement Example Correction factor %

Slow and with load only at the end of the course Riveting operation 0.25
Slow and with load throughout the course Talha pneumatic 0.35
Fast and with load only at the end of the stroke Stamping operation 0.35
Fast and with power throughout the course Table relocation 0.50
 Calculation for cylinder sizing
Example:
We need to lift a load of 500 Kgf with a hoist.
pneumatics. Knowing that the working pressure is 80 psi. What is the
diameter of the cylinder?

F
P A
Calculation for cylinder sizing
Force = F x Fc (kgf) Fc = Fator de correção = 0,35
Increase - 1.35
Force = 500 X 1.35
F=675 (Kgf)

Force = A x P A = π x r²
F 122 = 3.1416 x r²
675 = A x 5.62
P A 675/5,52 = A 122 / 3.1416 = r²
122 cm² = A 39 = r²
A = 122cm² 39 = r
Pressure = Kgf/cm²
1 PSI (lbf/in²) = 0.0703 kgf/cm² 6.2 cm = r
80psi X 0.0703 = 5.62 Kgf/cm²
R = 6.2 cm
1 bar = 1.0196 kgf/cm² Diameter of the cylinder 13 cm
Cylinder diameter 130mm
Calculation for cylinder sizing
 Exercise
Considering the double-acting cylinder shown in the figure and given the
Below information, calculate the force exerted by the cylinder in (N)
two senses.
Piston diameter d1: 63 mm
Diameter of the rod d2: 20 mm
Course h: 500 mm
Working pressure p1: 6 bar
Number of courses n: 20/min
TemperaturaT1: 30ºC

1 bar = 10N
 Exercise
A = πx D2 A = πx (D2– d2)
4 4

Aembolo Aemb-Haste =

Aembolo= 31,2 cm² Aemb-Haste = 28 cm²

Advancement force = ? Return force = ?

Force = A x P
F
Fa = Pa x Aa Fr = Pr x Ar
P A Fa = 60N/cm² x 31.2cm² Fr = 60N/cm² x 28cm²
Fa = 1872N Fr = 1680N
Calculation for cylinder sizing

Pressure = 6bar

F = 3000N theoretical

F = Fa x Fc

F = 3000n x 1.35

F = 4050N

h=?

h = 100mm
 Exercise
Draw the symbols of:

Conservation unit:

Double-acting cylinder with damping:

Single action cylinders advancing by spring: