1D Heat Transfer
Problems
ME-861 Finite Element Method
Department of Mechanical Engineering
NITK Surathkal, Mangaluru 575 025
Introduction
General 1D Steady State Governing Differential Equation
Principle of balance of energy or First law of thermodynamics
• The rate of change of internal energy is equal to the sum of heat
gained by conduction, convection and internal heat generation.
• For a steady process the time rate of internal energy is zero.
General 1D Steady State Governing Differential Equation
q= heat flux (heat flow per unit area)
K = Co-efficient of thermal conductivity
A = Cross-sectional area
T = Unknown temperature
β = Convection heat transfer co-efficient
P = Perimeter
𝑇∞ = Ambient Temperature
f = Internal heat generation
By energy balance
Net heat flow into the volume + heat flow through the surface into the bar
+ internal heat generation = 0
General 1D Steady State Governing Differential Equation
By Fourier’s law of heat conduction
𝑑𝑇
𝑞 𝑥 = −𝑘
𝑑𝑥
General 1D Steady State Governing Differential Equation
Temperature Boundary Conditions
Heat Conduction:
Specifying either temperature T or the heat flow Q at a point
𝑑𝑇
𝑇 = 𝑇0 𝑜𝑟 𝑞 𝑥 = −𝑘𝐴 = 𝑞0
𝑑𝑥
Heat Convection: When a heated surface is exposed to a cooling medium,
such as air or liquid, the surface will cool faster. The convection heat
transfer between the surface and the medium in contact is governed by
Newton’s law of cooling:
𝑄 = 𝛽𝐴(𝑇𝑠 - 𝑇∞)
Ts – Surface temperature
𝑇∞ – Temperature of the surrounding medium (Ambient temperature)
General 1D Steady State Governing Differential Equation
In the absence of heat generation
The governing differential equation with the boundary conditions
Derivation of Finite Element Matrices
Comparing it with the general equation
Following the general finite element procedure Heat
transfer Axial Bar
a= kA a= AE
c = βP c=0
f = βP𝑇∞ f=F
Ignoring internal heat
generation
Derivation of Finite Element Matrices
Heat Transfer in FINs
Heat Transfer in PLANE WALLs
For Plane Walls, no possibility of heat transfer through convection,
so, A= 1; β = 0
Heat Transfer in Radially Symmetric Systems
For Plane Walls, no possibility of heat transfer through convection,
so, A= 1; β = 0
Introduction
General 1D Steady State Governing Differential Equation
K = Co-efficient of thermal conductivity
A = Cross-sectional area
T = Unknown temperature
H = Convection heat transfer co-efficient
P = Perimeter
𝑇∞ = Ambient Temperature
q = Internal heat generation
Introduction
General 1D Steady State Governing Differential Equation
Following the finite element procedure for two node element, in the absence
of heat generation (q = 0)
at the ends
Load due to
Convection
Load due to
convection
Convection
conduction
at the ends
Convection
𝑇∞𝐿 𝑇∞𝑅
K, A, h, P
ℎ𝐿 𝑢1𝑒 ℎ𝑒 𝑢2𝑒 ℎ𝑅
Problem 1
Source: Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering, Fourth Edition, T. R. Chandrupatla and A D Belegundu
Problem 1
FE Model
Source: Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering, Fourth Edition, T. R. Chandrupatla and A D Belegundu
Problem 1
Element Stiffness Matrices
Assembled Stiffness Matrix
Source: Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering, Fourth Edition, T. R. Chandrupatla and A D Belegundu
Problem 1
Assembled Stiffness Matrix
Load vector
Source: Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering, Fourth Edition, T. R. Chandrupatla and A D Belegundu
Problem 1
As 𝑇4 = 200 C
Source: Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering, Fourth Edition, T. R. Chandrupatla and A D Belegundu
Problem 2
The temperature distribution in the fin, as shown in Figure, is to be
calculated using the finite element method. The fin is rectangular in shape,
8 cm long, 0.4 cm wide, and 1 cm thick. Assume that convection heat loss
occurs from the right end of the fin.
Source: [Link]
Problem 2
FE Model
Source: [Link]
Problem 2
FE Model
For Elements 1, 2 and 3
Source: [Link]
Problem 2
FE Model
For Element 4
Source: [Link]
Problem 2
Element Matrices
Source: [Link]
Problem 3
Find the heat transfer per unit area through the composite wall shown in Figure.
Assume one-dimensional heat flow.
Source: Introduction to Finite Element Method, J N Reddy
Problem 3
Source: Introduction to Finite Element Method, J N Reddy
Problem 3
Source: Introduction to Finite Element Method, J N Reddy
