D.

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1. Answer the following short answer type ( any ten) =10×3=30

QA. Write The Source Of Impurity ( 2023 , 2022)
Ans: Impurities in Pharmaceuticals Substances used in pharmaceutical field should be Almost pure.
Purity of the substances varies with different factors such as

1. their methods of manufacture

2. Types of their purification etc.

3. Impurities may be toxic or non-toxic even if it is non-toxic it may be used intention. Official
pharmacopoeias prescribe limits for particular impurities like sulphate, chloride, iron, heavy metals and
arsenic.

[Link] A Short Note On Different Type Of Dentifrices .

Ans: A Dentifrices Is a Substance Used With A Toothbrush For The Purpose Of Cleaning The Accessible
Surface Of Teeth

Types of Dentifrices It Is Two Types A. Cosmetic Dentifrice B. Therapeutic Dentifrice

Cosmetic Dentifrice: They Effective In Removing Of Extrinsic Staining That Occur On Tooth Surface
Often The End Product Of Bacterial Metabolism, Range From Green To Yellow To Black.

Therapeutic Dentifrice: They Must Reduce Some Disease Process In Mouth Such Caries
Incidence.

Qc. Write The Short Note On Anti –Tubercular Agent ,Write The Notes On Rifampicin.

Ans: Tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most
commonly affects the lungs. M. tuberculosis organisms are also called tubercle bacilli. A major health
problem in developing countries.

CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI-TB DRUGS BASED ON CHEMICAL MOIETY:

1) Salicylic acid derivatives: Para amino salicylic acid.

2) Pyridine derivatives: Iso nicotinic acid, hydrazide Ethionamide.

3) Pyrazine derivatives: Pyrazinamide.

4) Ethylene Di-amino Butanol derivatives: Ethambutol.

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5) Antibiotics: Streptomycin , Rifampicin.

Rifampicin : are a group of macro cyclic antibiotics which are produced by Streptomyces mediterranei.
Eventually 7 rifamycins were developed they are Rifamycin A,B,C,D,E,S,SV. Refampicin is a semi-synthetic
rifamycin made from Rifamycin-B isolated from STREPTOMYCES MEDITERRANEI in 1957. Among the
various rifamycins, rifamycin-B was the first Commercial product. REFAMPICIN.

Rifampicin is used as a first line drug in the treatment of tuberculosis It is used in combination with other
anti-tubercular drugs in the MULTIPLE DRUG THERAPY to minimize the problem.

It is also used the treatment of leprosy.

QD. Define Antifungal Agent And Osmotic Diuretic With Example .

ANS: Antifungal Medicines Are Used To Treat Fungal Infections, Which Most Commonly Affect Your Skin,
Hair And Nails. Fungal Infections Commonly Treated With Antifungals Include:

A. Ringworm

B. Athlete's

C. Fungal Nail Infection

D. Vaginal Thrush E. Some Types Of Severe Dandruff ▪ Some Fungal Infections Can Grow Inside The Body
And Need To Be Treated In Hospital.

Example: Antifungal Antibiotics

1- Polyene Antibiotics :Nystatin& Amphotericin B.

2- Heterocyclic Benzofuran: Griseofulvin.

OSMOTIC DIURETIC : An osmotic diuretic is a type of diuretic that inhibits reabsorption of water and
sodium (Na). They are pharmacologically inert substances that are given intravenously. They increase the
osmolality of blood and renal filtrate. This fluid eventually becomes urine. EXAMPLE : MANNITOL.

Q:E WRITE A NOTE ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF INSULIN

ANS: Fast acting insulin’s :(lispro, apart), given s.c. or i,.v., produce fast action, used to mimic postprandial
insulin.

Short acting insulin: (Regular insulin), given s.c. or i.v. produce rapid action, used to mimic postprandial
insulin.

Intermediate acting insulin: (lente, Isophane) produce slower action, than regular insulin, given s.c. not
i.v.

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Long acting insulins :(glargine, detemir) produce constant circulating insulin over 24 hr with no peak
(peakless profile), s.c. not i.v.

Q:F What The Various Step Involve Precipitation Gravimetry ?

ANS: Gravimetric analysis is one of the most accurate and precise methods of macro- quantitative analysis
. • The analyte is selectively converted to an insoluble form. • The separated precipitate is dried or ignited
possibly to another form, and is accurately weighed.

. Gravimetric Analysis • Steps:--

[Link] of solution. 2. Precipitation (ppt) 3. Digestion 4. Filtration 5. Washing. 6. Drying or igniting.

7. Weighing. 8. Calculation.

QG: WHAT ARE ANTACID? CLASSIFY WITH SUITABLE EXAMPLE .

ANS: An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve heartburn,
indigestion or an upset stomach, sometimes constipation and diarrhea.. They contain ingredients such as
aluminum, calcium, magnesium, or sodium bicarbonate .

CLASSIFICATION:

Systemic (absorbable) antacids: e.g. Sodium bicarbonate Non systemic (Non absorbable) antacids:
Further classified as [Link] containing antacids: e.g. Aluminium hydroxide, Aluminium phosphate,
Basic aluminium carbonate. [Link] containing antacids: e.g. Calcium carbonate, tribasic calcium
phosphate.

[Link] DOWN THE HETEROCYCLIC RING (ANY THREE):

ANS: FURAN, THIAZOLE , INDOLE , PYRROLE , IMIDAZOLE

QIDeffine Antianginal Drug With Example

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ANS: Antianginal drugs: Antianginal drugs are those that prevent, abort or terminate attacks of angina
pectoris. Angina pectoris: It is a pain syndrome due to induction of an adverse oxygen supply/demand
situation in a portion of the myocardium.

CLASSIFICATION:

1. Nitrates:

(a) Short acting: Glyceryl trinitrate

(b) Long acting: Isosorbide dinitrate (short acting by sublingual route),

2. β Blockers: Propranolol, Metoprolol, Atenolol and others.

3. Calcium channel blockers: Verapamil.

QJ:Classify Sulphonamide With Examples

ANS : (A)Short Acting :Sulphadiazine

(B)Intermediate Acting Sulfisoxazole SulfamethizoleSulphacytine

C)Ultra-long acting Sulfadimethoxine Sulfalene, Sulphaphenazole ,Sulfadoxin .

[Link] A NOTE ON BETA LACTUM COMPOUND

ANS: The antibiotics which contain beta lactam ring are beta lactam antibiotics. • Penicillins •
Cephalosporins • Monobactams • Carbapenems

•A beta-lactamase inhibitor is a drug given in conjunction with a beta-lactam antibiotic. •It inhibits activity
of beta-lactamase that causes resistance of beta-lactam antibiotics to bacteria.

QL: DEFFINE ERROR , WRITE DIFFERENT TYPE OF ERROR.

ANS: ERROR: An error may be defined as the difference between the measured value and the actual/true
value. The actual true value is the average value of an infinite number of measured values.

TYPES OF ERROR :

1. Systematic errors: Systematic errors occur due to fault in the measuring device. Usually they are called
as Zero Error – a positive or negative error. These errors can be removed by correcting the measurement
device.

2. Observational Errors: These occur due to wrong observations or reading in the instruments.

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3. Environmental Errors: These occur due to some external conditions of the instrument. (change in
temperature, humidity etc.)

4. Instrumental Errors: These occur due to wrong construction of the measuring instruments.

QM:What Are The Precipitation Tritration ? Give Example And Recation Of A Substances
Assayed By This Method

ANS: Precipitation Titration A special type of titremetric procedure involves the formation of precipitates
during the course of titration. The titrant react with the analyte forming an insoluble material and the
titration continues till the very last amount of analyte is consumed. The first drop of titrant in excess will
react with an indicator resulting in a color change and announcing the termination of the titration.

Example : AgNO3+ NaCl ----  AgCl + NaNO3.

QN: Write The Principle Of Limit Test Of Chloride. Write Down The Barium Sulphate
Reagent .

ANS: Principle Limit Test Of Chlorides Is Based On The Reaction Of Soluble Chlorides With Silver Nitrate In
Presence Of Dilute Nitric Acid To Form Silver Chloride, Which Appears As Turbidity (Opalescence).

BARRIUM SULPHATE REAGENT : 0.05 M Barium Chloride Solution Is Prepared By Dissolving 12 G Of Barium
Chloride In 1000ml Of Water, To The 15 Ml Of The Above Solution Add 55 Ml Of Water, 20 Ml Of Alcohol
And 5ml Of 0.0181% W/V Solution Of Potassium Sulphate And The Final Volume Was Made Up To 100 Ml.

Q.O: GIVE THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE , NOMENCLATURE , USE AND POPULAR BRAND
NAME OF DIAZEPAM .

ANS: DIAZEPAM

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CHEMICAL NAME : 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin 2-one.

USE:1. Diazepam is used to treat status epilepticus and as an adjunct in convulsive disorders Diazepam
depresses all levels of the Central Nervous System through the increased action of gamma-amino butyric
acid (GABA)

2. Diazepam is a benzodiazepine that treats unbalanced chemicals in the brain Diazepam is generally given
in the rectal form for the pediatric population in treatment of status epilepticus.

BRAND NAME : DIAZE , VALLIUM

[Link] Brifley Accuracy And Precision.

ANS: The term accuracy refers to the agreement of experimental result with the true value and it is usually
expressed in terms of error. In scientific experiments it is known that true value is not known. It is simply
the value that has been accepted and is usually a means calculated from the results of several
determinations from many laboratories employing different techniques. Accuracy.

Precision may be defined as the degree of agreement between various results of the same quality. That is
it refers to the reproducibility of a result, good precision are not necessarily accurate. A constant error may
always yield reproducible results yet deviating accuracy. An analytical chemist always attempts for
reproducible results to assure the highest possible accuracy.

Qq: What Are The Sedative And Hypnotic? Write There Pharmaceutical Use.

Ans: sedative are those drug which are reduce excitement and tension and produce calmness and
relaxation .

Hypnotic are those which depress CNS produce normal sleep.

Therapeutic uses Sedative-hypnotic agents:

1. Be used in the emergency treatment of convulsions as in status epilepticus.

2. Anesthetic (or be given before anesthetic)

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3. Combination with antipyretic-analgesic

4. Treatment of hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus in the neonate.

QQ: Give The Chemical Structure And Nomenclature Of Penicillin G And Glibenclamide

Ans: penicillin G

Chemical name : 3,3-Dimethyl-7-oxo-6-(2-phenylacetamido)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-

carboxylic acid.

Glybenclamide

Chemical name: 5-chloro-N-[2-[4-(cyclohexylcarbamoylsulfamoyl) phenyl] ethyl]-2-methoxybenzamide.

[Link] Answer Question ( Any 6) 5×6=30

[Link] are the characteristic of ideal antacid?

Ans:

1. It should not be absorbed in systemic circulation

2. It should not cause systemic alkalosis.

3. It should neither be a constipative nor laxative.

4. It should produce rapid and long lasting effect.

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5. Its reaction with gastric acid should not cause evolution of large quantities of CO2 gas.

QB: Define And Classify Antihypertensive Agent With Examples .

Ans: Hypertension: Hypertension Is A Very Common Disorder, Particularly Past Middle Age. It Is Not A
Disease In Itself, But Is An Important Risk Factor For Cardiovascular Mortality And Morbidity.

Antihypertensive Drugs: These Are Drugs Used To Lower BP In Hypertension.

Classification:

1. Diuretics:
• Thiazides: Hydrochlorothiazide, • Chlorthalidone, Indapamide
• High Ceiling: Furosemide, Etc.
• K+ Sparing: Spironolactone, Amiloride
2. Ace Inhibitors: • Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril,
3. Angiotensin (At1 Receptor) Blockers: Losartan, Candesartan,

4. Direct Renin Inhibitor: • Aliskiren

5. Calcium Channel Blockers: • Verapamil, Diltiazem,

Qc: Write The Note On Topical Agent

ANS: Definition The Topical Agents" Are Those Substances, Which Applied To Body Surface Including
Applications Within The Body Cavities That Open Outside. (E.G. The Oral Vaginal)

These Are The Compound That Act Locally With Skin Or Mucous Membrane Mainly By Mechanical Or
Physical Manner.
Classification
1. Protective : A Protective Is Any Agent That Isolates The Exposed Surface (Skin Or Other Membranes)
From Harmful Or Annoying Stimuli. Substances That Protect By Mechanical Or Other Physical Means
Are Considered To Be Protective. Compounds Most Appropriate For This Purpose Are Insoluble And
Chemically Inert.
2. Talcum, French Chalk, Purified Talc, Soapstone 3mgo, 4sio2, H2O Talc

Talc Very Fine White Powder, Odorless, Tasteless, Adhere To Skin On Touch Source: From Native Talc,
Boiled With Dil Hcl, Washed With Water And Residue Collected Test For Purity : Acidity Or Alkalinity,
Water-Soluble Substances, Acid-Soluble Substances, Iron.

Q:D: Give A Brief Note On Limit Test Of Arsenic.

ANS: Limit Test For Arsenic •
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Principle: Limit test of Arsenic is based on the reaction of arsenic gas with hydrogen ion to form
yellow stain on mercuric chloride paper in presence of reducing agents like potassium iodide. It is also
called as Gutzeit test and requires special apparatus.
CHEMICAL REACTION : H3AsO4 + H2SnO2 H3AsO3 + H2SnO3 H3AsO3 + 3H2 AsH3 + 3H2O •
The depth of yellow stain on mercuric chloride paper will depend upon the quality of arsenic present
in the sample.
. Procedure Test solution:
• the test solution is prepared by dissolving specific amount in water and stagnated HCl (arsenic free)
and kept in a wide mouthed bottle.
• To this solution 1 gm. of KI, 5 ml of stannous chloride acid solution and 10 gm. of zinc is added (all
this reagents must be arsenic free). Keep the solution aside for 40 min and stain obtained on mercuric
chloride paper is compared with standard solution.
Standard solution:
• A known quantity of dilute arsenic solution is kept in wide mouthed bottle and rest procedure is
followed as described in test solution.
QE:Classify Quinolone Antibiotic , Give Example Along With There Use , Dosages Form,
And Storage Condition.
ANS: Classification of Quinolones
1. First-Generation: Cinoxacin, Flumequine ,Nalidixic Acid
2. Second-Generation: Ciprofloxacin, Enoxacin, Fleroxacin
3. Third-Generation :Balofloxacin, Grepafloxacin , Levofloxacin
4. Fourth-Generation: Clinafloxacin , Gatifloxacin

Clinical uses of Quinolones

1. Nalidixic acid is only second-line drug treating urinary infection with gram- negative bacilli (Bacillus
coli, Bacillus proteus , etc.).
2. Pipemidic acid not only is used treating infection of urinary tract but also treating intestinal and
biliary tract infection with sensitive bacteria.
3. Fluoroquinolones are extensively used treating general infection. a. urinary tract infections, even
when caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.

DOSAGE FORM: NORTHFLOXACIN TABLET(IP)

CIPROFLOXACIN TABLET (USP)

STOREGE CONDITION: They require constant storage at controlled temperatures ranging from sub-
zero to 10°C to 25°C. They are inadvertently subjected to harsh environment before administration to
patients with a reduced effective potency.
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QF: Write The Short Note On NSAID With Example .

Ans: Definition
No steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) are a class of medications used primarily to
reduce pain, inflammation, and fever.
They work by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body called prostaglandins,
which are responsible for triggering pain, inflammation, and fever responses.

. Classification
1. Non-selective NSAIDs

 Diclofenac
 Diflunisal
 Etodolac

1. COX-2 Selective NSAIDs

 Celecoxib
 Rofecoxib
 Valdecoxib

QH: Define and Classify Diuretic With Example

ANS: DIURETICS DEFINITION : These are drugs which cause a net loss of Na+ and water
in urine There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics increase the excretion of
water from body.

Classification
Diuretics Are Classified As:

1. High Efficacy Diuretics:

(A) Sulphamoyl Deravatives: Furosemide. Bumetanide. Torasemide.

(B) Phenoxyacetic Acid Derivative: Ethacrynic Acid.

2. Medium Efficacy Diuretics :

A) Thiazide: Chlorthalidone. Metolazone.

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3. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Acetazolamide.

4. Potassium –Sparing Diuretics: Spironolactone Eplerenone. Trimterene.
5. Osmotic Diuretics: Mannitol. Isosorbide.

QG:Write Down The Short Note On” Oxyzen As Medical Gas” .

Ans: Medical Gas Properties And Uses •
1. Oxygen : Oxygen Is The Most Basic Gas For Life, And It Is Used Medically To Supplement Oxygen
To Oxygen-Deficient Patients. Direct Inhalation Of High Purity Oxygen Is Harmful To The Human
Body. Long-Term Use Of Oxygen Concentration Generally Does Not Exceed 30-40%.
2. Oxygen is also used in high-pressure tanks to treat diving, gas poisoning, and for drug
nebulization.

QH. Describe The Process Of Limit Test For Chloride .

Ans: Test Sample Standard Compound Specific Weight Of Compound Is Dissolved In Water Or
Solution Is Prepared As Directed In The Pharmacopoeia And Transferred In Nessler Cylinder.

standard sample
Take 1ml Of 0.05845 % W/V Solution Of Sodium Chloride In Nessler Cylinder Add 1ml Of Nitric Acid
Add 1ml Of Nitric Acid Dilute To 50ml In Nessler Cylinder Dilute To 50ml In Nessler Cylinder Add 1ml Of
Agno3 Solution Add 1ml Of Agno3 Solution Keep Aside For 5 Min Keep Aside For 5 Min Observe The
Opalescence/Turbidity Observe The Opalescence/Turbidity.

QI: Define And Classify Antiarrithmic Agent With Example .Name One Of The
Antiarrythmic Agent Which Are Used Treatment Of Malaria And Local Anaesthetic .

Ans: Definition: – Disturbances In The Heart Rate, Rhythm, Impulse Generation Or Conduction Of
Electrical Impulses Responsible For Membrane Depolarization – These Disturbances Can Lead To
Alterations In Overall Cardiac Function That Can Be Life Threatening.
• Antiarrhythmic Drugs: – Compounds Used To Prevent Or Treat Cardiac Arrhythmias.

Classification
1. Class I: Sodium Channel Blockers :- procainamide , quinidine
2. Class Ii: Β-Adrenergic Blockers – Propranolol, Acebutolol, Esmolol
3. Class Iii: Potassium Channel Blockers – Amiodarone, Bretylium, Sotalol
4. Class Iv: Calcium Channel Blockers – Verapamil, Diltiazem •
5. Miscellaneous –Atropine.

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Lidocain And Quinidine Are Those Antiarrythmic Agent Those Used As Antimalarial And And Local
Anesthetic.

QJ: Define Antibiotic Classify Them Give A Brief Acount Of Amoxicillilin

Ans: Antibiotics: Chemical Substances Produced By Microorganisms That Inhibits The

Growth Or Kills Other Microorganisms .

Antimicrobial Agents: Chemical Substances From A Biological Source Or Produced By

Chemical Synthesis That Kills Or Inhibits The Growth Of Microorganisms.

Classification:

1. Sulfonamides :- - Dapsone (Dds)

2. Diaminopyrimidines:- Trimethoprim,Pyrimethamine
3. Quinolones: - Nalidixic Acid, Ofloxacin , Ciprofloxacin, Prulifloxacin
4. Β-Lactam Antibiotics:- Penicillin’s ,Cephalosporin’s , Monobactams ,Carbapenems.

Amoxicillin*

Chemical Name:

6-*D(−)Β-Amino-P-Hydroxyphenyl-Acetamido]-3-Hydroxy-7-Oxo-4-Thia-1-
Azabicyclo[3.2.0]Heptane-2- Carboxylic Acid.

Uses:

Amoxicillin Is Used To Treat A Variety Of Bacterial Infections, Including:

1. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (E.G., Sinusitis, Bronchitis, Pneumonia)

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Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (E.G., Acute Otitis Media, Acute Exacerbations Of
Chronic Bronchitis)

2. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

3. Urinary Tract Infections

4. Gonorrhea

Stability and Storage Condition:

It Is A Stable Drug That Can Be Stored At Room Temperature. However, It Should Be

Protected From Light And Moisture.

Type of Formulation:

Capsules

Tablets

Suspension

Brand name : Amoxil ,Polymox

Qk: Write About Antineoplastic Agent Classify With Example .

Ans: Antineoplastic Agents, Also Known As Anticancer Drugs Or Chemotherapy, Are

Medications Used To Treat Cancer. They Work By Targeting And Killing Rapidly Dividing
Cancerous Cells.

Anti-Neoplastic Agents Can Be Used As The Primary Treatment For Cancer, Or They
May Be Combined With Other Therapies Such As Surgery Or Radiation Therapy.

Classification Of Anti-Neoplastic Agents:

Alkylating Agents: Cyclophosphamide, Chlorambucil, Melphalan

Antimetabolites: Methotrexate, Cytarabine, Fluorouracil

Natural Products: Vincristine, Vinblastine, Paclitaxel

Hormonal Agents: Tamoxifen, Raloxifene,

Immunomodulatory Agents: Rituximab, Ipilimumab,

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Q:L Write Down Chemical Structure And Chemical Name Of Furasamide And Aspirin

Ans:

Frusemide*

Chemical Name: 4-Chloro-2-[(Furan-2-Ylmethyl)Amino]-5-Sulfamoylbenzoic Acid

Aspirin*(Acetylsalicylic Acid)

Chemical Name: 2-Acetyloxybenzoic Acid

Chemical Structure:

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2Q
a) Write the storage condition physical properties and formulation of nor epinephrine
/atropine sulphate (2024)
Ans:- Norepinephrine Bitartrate Injection
Physical Properties: It is a clear, colorless or yellowish solution. The concentrated solution usually has a
pH of 3.0 to 4.0. If the solution is pinkish, darker than slightly yellow, or contains a precipitate, it should not
be used. Norepinephrine itself is a white to pale yellowish-white crystalline powder in its dry form.

Storage Conditions:
Store the unopened vials or ampoules at controlled room temperature, typically 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F),
with permitted excursions between 15°C and 30°C.
Protect from light; store in the outer carton until use.
Atropine Sulfate Injection
Physical Properties: It is a clear, colorless solution, free from visible particles. The salt form is a white or
almost white, odorless, crystalline powder or colorless crystals, which are very soluble in water. A 2%
solution in water has a pH of 4.5 to 6.2.
Storage Conditions:
Store at controlled room temperature, typically 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F), with excursions permitted
between 15°C and 30°C.
Protect from light and store in airtight containers.
b) Write a note on nitrous oxide as medicinal gas
Ans: Nitrous oxide is an inhaled medicinal gas used as a short-acting pain reliever and anesthetic, often
mixed with oxygen. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines and is commonly
used during childbirth, after trauma, and in end-of-life care
Uses and administration
Pain relief and anesthesia: It is used for its analgesic (pain-relieving) and anesthetic effects, often combined
with other medications for anesthesia.
Delivery: It is typically administered as an inhaled gas, often in a 50/50 mixture with oxygen. Demand valve
devices are available for self-administration.
Common applications: It is frequently used for pain management during childbirth, after trauma, and in
palliative or end-of-life care.
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c) Write a short note on limit test of iron

Ans: Principle :- Iron is converted into a stable, colored complex, ferrous thioglycollate, in an alkaline
medium.
Reducing agent: Thioglycollic acid reduces any ferric iron (\(Fe{3+}\)) to ferrous iron (\(Fe{2+}\)).

Complexing agent: Citric acid is added to complex with other metal cations, preventing them from
interfering with the test.

Color formation: In an alkaline solution, ferrous iron (\(Fe{2+}\)) reacts with thioglycollic acid to form a
stable, purple colored complex, ferrous thioglycollate.

d)write down the structure use and nomenclature of captopril

Ans:-

Use:-
Captopril is an oral medication with a variety of clinical applications:
Hypertension (high blood pressure): It can be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive
agents like diuretics.
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF): It is typically used with diuretics and digitalis to improve outcomes.
Left Ventricular Dysfunction after Myocardial Infarction (heart attack): It is indicated to improve survival
rates and reduce the incidence of subsequent heart failure.

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e)write down the structure and nomenclature of ofloxacin

Ans:-

IUPAC NAME:- 7-fluoro-2-methyl-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-10-oxo-4-oxa-

azatricyclo[[Link]{5,13}\)]trideca-5(13),6,8,11-tetraene-11-carboxylic acid.

f) Write a properties and use of chlorhexidine gluconate

Ans:- Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) is a powerful, broad-spectrum, cationic antimicrobial agent used as
an antiseptic and disinfectant in medical and dental fields.
Properties of Chlorhexidine Gluconate
Antimicrobial Action: CHG is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, including Gram-positive
bacteria (highly effective), Gram-negative bacteria, facultative anaerobes, aerobes, yeasts, and some
enveloped viruses.

Mechanism: It is positively charged and works by binding to the negatively charged microbial cell walls
and membranes. At low concentrations, it is bacteriostatic (inhibits growth); at higher concentrations, it is
bactericidal (kills the cells) by causing the leakage and coagulation of intracellular components.

Substantively: A unique property where approximately 30% of the active ingredient can be retained in the
oral cavity for up to 12 hours after rinsing, or on the skin for several hours, providing a sustained effect.
Physical Form: It is a salt form of chlorhexidine and gluconic acid, typically found as a white crystalline
powder, and is highly water-soluble.

Uses:
Skin Disinfection: Used as a surgical hand scrub and for patient skin preparation before surgery or
injections to prevent surgical site infections.

Wound Care: Applied to clean skin and wound areas to treat and prevent infections.

g) Write a short note on oral hypoglycemic agent . Mention the structure and chemical name
of metformin
Ans:- Oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) are a class of medications used to manage blood glucose levels in
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Classification :-
[Link] Secretagogues: (e.g., sulfonylureas, meglitinides)
2. Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors (e.g., acarbose)
3. DPP-4 Inhibitors :(e.g., sitagliptin, linagliptin)
4. SGLT2 Inhibitors (e.g., canagliflozin, empagliflozin)

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IUPAC NAME:- 1,1-dimethylguanidine;hydrochloride

h) Write the chemical formula synonym, properties use and storage condition of ferrous
sulphate
Ans: - Chemical Formula: FeSo4.7H2O
Synonyms: Iron (II) sulfate, Green vitriol, Copper

Properties
Appearance: Pale blue-green crystals (when hydrated, especially heptahydrate) or a white solid (when
anhydrous).
Odor: Odorless.
Solubility: Highly soluble in water, producing a light green solution; negligible in alcohol.
Melting Point: Decomposes at 56-64°C (heptahydrate) or above 300°C (anhydrous).

i)Draw The Structure

a)cyclophosphamide

b)propranolol

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Pharmaceutical chemistry

c)cisplantin

19