Introduction

In the Gardening and Landscaping Course

we will learn what the main characteristics are of
the plant elements, both botanical and aesthetic, and
to manage them efficiently through techniques of
planning and design of natural spaces.

We leave you a thought that we want to share with

all of you:

The love for working in the garden is a seed that

once sown, it never disappears.
Gertrude Jekyll, Landscape Designer.

Let's get to work!

Course Objectives:

The course aims to provide the student with all the

variants that can arise at the moment of
intervene in a natural landscape, train it in the study and
the recognition of outer space such as gardens
fronts, backs, terraces and balconies and in the area
public parks and squares, learning to analyze the
natural components and possible materials to use.
It will also provide you with various knowledge about the
plant species, the care they require and the styles
of design.

Contenido:
Landscaping and Gardening Course

History of landscaping
What is landscaping?
What is a principal?
Styles of landscapes
Topiary Art
Design process
Technical plans
Scales
Perspective
Sketch
Color theory
Land analysis
Plant Material 1
Vegetal Material 2
Materials for outdoors
Artificial lighting
Inner Garden
Front Garden
Vertical Garden
Balcony Design
Fountains and walls of water
Serene waters
Presentation of the works.

Live Classes

Introductionto the Landscape

htps://[Link]/R9yUchBfqTU
htps://[Link]/18SgcuZ2GX8
History of Landscaping

The history of landscaping is long and full of details. If

well, outdoor spaces have meant things
different for each society over time,
many have recognized the calming effect that the
nature generates. For thousands of years, people
they have been altered through the remodeling of the
nature. As a form of art, the creations of
architectural landscapes are stamped like footprints
unique social environments for their surroundings and place in time.

The history of landscaping begins with the emergence of the

first gardens in Egypt and Mesopotamia. The Egyptians
they based their gardening on utility. This means that
they created gardens for a specific purpose, whether to
to nourish oneself, or as shade producers through the
alignment of palm trees, or through ponds where
abundant edible fish. Their designs were very
geometric. However, the Egyptians were not the
unique exponents in the history of this art.

In the twentieth century, the main concern of landscapers.

changed. Now it was necessary to integrate the gardens into the
big cities, creating large green spaces in the
cities to combine great constructions with the
nature. These contribute all their aesthetics and constitute a
recreation and oxygenation place for the highly populated
cities of this century.
The leading figures of this period, and who form
part of the history of landscaping thanks to its visions
who broke with the traditional, are: Andrè Le Notre,
who was in charge of the gardens of the Palace of Versailles,
Frederick Law Olmsted, designer of Central Park, in
New York, Gertrude Jekyll, designer of more than
four hundred gardens in the United Kingdom, Europe and States
United, and Alan Fred Titchmarsh, famous in the field of
gardening.
Latin America is not left behind and has its own
exponents who have marked the history of landscaping in
the continent, like Luis Barragán, creator of the gardens
from Pedregal and those from the Cabrío Land in the City of
Mexico. Although throughout history, this has changed
its shape always maintained a line. This means that
never gave up its main characteristics, just the
has improved

Planning, creativity, organization, and imagination.

Gardens of Mesopotamia

The long Mesopotamian civilization had the garden as a

key element both religious and political or aesthetic.
Almost all Mediterranean towns of Antiquity
they valued the tree as a divine motive, associating it with their
sacred places.

The hanging gardens.

Mesopotamia is constituted as a vast plain.
alluvial formed by the sedimentation of contributions from
the Euphrates and Tigris rivers (river of Western Asia). Their
landscape, therefore, is a constant horizontality that
it soon began to be countered by
ziggurat (a construction in the shape of a stepped pyramid).

Some researchers say that these ziggurats would include

vegetation on its different terraces, thus creating the model
of hanging or tiered garden that would later influence the
Islamic art.

To reach the upper terraces, the water was raised from the
Euphrates through large waterwheels driven by
animals or slaves, making it rise through the interior of
certain hollow columns.

I leave a very interesting link where it talks about the city of

Babylon and the Hanging Gardens.

[Link]
Greek Gardens
Greece is a collection of diverse landscapes marked
mainly due to geographical accidents such as
mountains (chains) and the sea (many islands). The scarcity
the lack of land motivated the few existing gardens.
This type of culture did not have designs in their gardens. The
art and nature were related to mythology
(gods).

Some gardens were public or semi-public places,

patios or gardens, groves, sacred fountains and Academies.

Public or semi-public gardens were parks

tree-lined, probably adorned with sculptures
classics, columns, and sacred or mythical constructions. It
I used them to hold political meetings, organize the
original Olympic games and as a field of
training of athletes.
The climate is divided into 3 classes: Mediterranean–Alpine–
temperate. So their plant species vary from
the alpine conifers to the Mediterranean vegetation.

On the continent, primarily the fig tree was cultivated,

poplar, laurel (synonym for triumph), elms, planes and
juncos.

The Mediterranean trio: wheat-olive-vine, the best of these.

products are found in this area and were
exchanged for cereals
Roman Gardens

The first was created by Pompey the Great. It was a

public park that was part of a theater (it
built in the year 55 BC.
In the Roman landscape, the contractions were integrated with
the environment. In this period, gardens are born. They were
composed of vegetables, herbs, and fruits for the
homes.

In the Roman landscape, the contractions were integrated with

the environment, during this period the Gardens are born.
Roman houses were similar to Greek ones, they used to
incluir en el fondo de las estancias un jardín techado por
pergolas or eaves called Hortus.

In the Roman gardens, we find a spacious area,

harmonious, with geometric shapes, accompanied by
fountains, statues, and ponds.
Landscape Design in the History of Art
FRAGONARD
MONET
Paul Albert Laurens
VAN GOGH

MANUEL GARCIA AND RODRIGUEZ

FERDINAND KNAB

Watch video: Gardening and Landscaping

[Link]
What is landscaping?
Many times we confuse gardening with landscaping.
Although both concepts are closely linked,
landscaping goes beyond the care and maintenance of
gardens.
The gardening service is responsible for pruning and watering.
phytosanitary treatment of the different species that it
component and the planting of new species. Also
prepare the soil for this planting and measure and mark the
different terrains for it. And, of course, it takes care of
mow the grass and remove the weeds and unwanted plants
that diminish the beauty of the gardens.

The landscaper is that professional who, through a

preliminary study, modifies the visible characteristics of
the gardens and green areas, modification that includes
all living beings that make it up (fauna and flora)
but also the environment (riverbeds, housing,
etc) to create a new space where it flows the
harmony and aesthetics.
The European Foundation for Landscape Architecture
EFLA/FEAP defines landscaping as 'the planning and the
design of urban and rural landscapes over time and in the
space, based on natural characteristics and on
the historical and cultural values of the place. In order to achieve
this weekend the professional uses appropriate techniques and
natural and/or artificial materials, guided by principles
aesthetic, functional, scientific, and planning.

Landscape designers therefore encompass a large amount of

knowledge that enables them to carry out projects
ranging from the small private garden to the
large projects of periurban parks or in the
land use planning.

The role and profile of a landscape architect

The landscaper combines psychology, structure, and design.
to create exteriors that are not just attractive places
but also that they are functional.
One of the main functions is to plan, together with its
clients, the distribution of vegetation and the
corresponding accessories presenting a project
according to the needs plan that each one presents,
preferences and budget.
The landscape designer must have knowledge of various branches and
themes, as it must be prepared for any type
of the client, these are some of the knowledge:

Profile of a landscaper:

Knowledge about color and shape

Patience and perseverance.

Stay up to date on design innovations

Work with delivery deadlines and budgets

limited.
Know how to work independently and as part of a team.

Having knowledge of plants

Having knowledge of pests

Create plans (for greater ease and speed

I recommend taking an AutoCAD course.

Make 3D drawings (either freehand or

digital form

Graphic and verbal communication

Analysis of the land and possible problems

Design Theory
- History of landscaping

Decorative arts

Use of light

Creativity

Activities and job opportunities:

The job market is often one of the reasons why

which decide whether to take the course or not.

The work field of a landscaper is very broad, they

they can do activities such as:

Working independently on gardening projects,

design and landscaping.

Advisor and sales in nurseries or some sales house

urban design or landscaping articles.

Be part of a team of landscapers and work on a

study.

Work in organizations related to the landscape and

environment

Design of squares or other public spaces

Use it as knowledge for an application

personal in your home to be able to carry it out in one
more effective and professional way.

What is a client?

The client is our customer, it is the person to whom it...

we are going to be the design project.
It is extremely important to know it, in order to be able to carry out
a design that matches your tastes and needs.

What is the needs plan?

The first meeting with the client is essential.

to talk to him, to know him, to understand him through
questions one asks to form the plan of
need.

The needs plan is the first step that one must

do before starting to project, as it gives you guidelines
to start designing.

To formulate a needs plan, it is necessary to have

It counts that it won't always be the same nor will it have the
the same questions will vary depending on the
client and the landscape to be designed.

- Last name and first name:

- Edad:

- Where to intervene (this can be an indoor garden,

backyard, front yard, balcony, terrace, etc.)

- Location of the work

- Orientation of the work

- What activities do you enjoy or would you like to do?

- Preference for any style of landscape (if there is one)

knows, but I always recommend having a gallery of
images
- Preference for any particular plant.

- Any plant that you DO NOT want

- Use of pots?

- Sources or ponds?

Exercise No. 1:
Develop the needs plan with some
friend, acquaintance or relative.

Download Sample File(Example TP No. 1

[Link]
Landscape design styles

There are different styles of landscape design, some

used more frequently than others, as follows
we will see: Japanese Gardens, Minimalist, Tuscan
["Desert","Tropical","Vintage","Spanish"]

Japanese Garden Style

For the Japanese, the garden is an integral part of the

tradition of families, and it is an unavoidable entity in the
neighborhood, in the parks of the cities, in the
Buddhist temples and wherever it is appropriate for that
end, including historical places, like old ones
castles, for example.
The gardens are composed of three levels of "background":

First: main elements.

- Segundo: elementos secundarios.

Third: the garden enclosure (Japanese gardens
they are generally enclosed gardens).

Room: Some elements of the outside landscape are used.

related to the place to include them in the perception
from the garden (for example, the crowns of the trees that
stand out above the garden wall). The composition of
the interior of the garden can be organized based on these
elements, through visual relationships, but they do not
modify directly.

The Japanese style is characterized by the use of stones.

of various sizes and colors that represent the mountains,
small bridges (the sound of water is essential) and
Japanese elements.
They usually use various shades of green and a color that
I accompany, they usually don't mix many colors.
The plant elements of Japanese Gardens are:
bamboo, and other related, evergreen plants,
like the Japanese black pine, and deciduous trees such
like the maple that allows to develop underneath them a
carpet of ferns and mosses.

Some of the most well-known gardens:

The Japanese garden of Adachi Museum.
Isui-en, in Nara, Nara Prefecture

Minimalist Garden Style

Current minimalist gardens occupy patios,
urban terraces and outdoor areas of houses. They have
popular works, also for their aesthetic vision, because
they are easy to maintain and do not require large
land extensions. It is a feasible option
despite the usual lack of space widespread today in
day, and turns any corner into a source of
good vibrations from the care of a
sequence of details and aesthetic choices.
Timeless spaces are created with them, for which it is
recommended to use evergreen trees, stone and
moss or other durable plant variants, so that it
remain stable over time.

These designs show a nature on a scale

smaller, using natural materials. The stone
limestone, steel, granite, and natural wood are some
of the fundamentals to create this type of gardens.
These materials are used to create boundaries and the
different areas. The range of colors that are used in
these types of gardens are the neutral colors (whites
blacks and grays) and in terms of textures they are very subtle
these help to maintain an aesthetic balance.
It is not common to find a variety of flowers and plants or with
very bright tones, because the main objective is to give a
feeling of tranquility, discretion, harmony, and peace.

The fundamental characteristics are:

Simple and geometric lines.

Wooden floors.

Simplicity and economy of forms.

Order in space.
Well-defined separations and finishes.
Simplicity and absence of all that is superfluous.

Minimalist gardens are composed of three

fundamental elements: plants, water, and the
furniture.

Some of the most commonly used plants that are used for
ornamental are the Calamagrostis, papyrus and bamboo
last for the ease of maintaining its green tone most
of the year and reach great dimensions in little
time. Deciduous trees like the Birch,
when they lose their leaves they also fit the profile
minimalist.

Calamagrostis

Bamboo
Papyrus
Features: In this image we can see a
indoor garden with a pathway made of stones
medium/small white ones and in the center
succulents of various species. On the other hand, in the
in the background we see the presence of larger vegetation
both in height and in foliage.
Space is not characterized by having a variety of colors and
textures, white and gray prevail.

Features: In this image we can appreciate a

outdoor garden, we see a path again in the
perimeter made of stones in shades of gray
small size and a variety of vegetation in the center
foliage. The space has a vertical limit (party wall)
it is black, apparently metallic, as for the limit
the floor is of very short grass.
Characteristics: In this image we can appreciate a
outdoor garden with a larger area than the images
previous ones with many more elements to analyze. For
on one side (left side) the path is present along
composed of: floor light signaling, and two levels
of foliage one at the bottom very thick and behind
this is the plant commonly called grass of
bison with very fine and long leaves. In the center
we see a combination of three materials (Wood,
ceramics and grass) playing with an interlocking plot and by
last the right sector that just like the side
left also with a variety of foliage but much more
stupid, the area is accompanied by an Acapulco chair.

Exercise No. 2:

Search for an image of each of the styles.

images must be different from those in the theoretical material
analyze them taking into account their design, layout,
materials etc.
Download example file(Example TP No. 2
[Link]

Vintage Style

The vintage style has spread in recent years to

all areas of design, fashion, decoration and
landscape. Inspired by the 30s-40s, it is a style of air
romantic, based on old-fashioned style designs but
using avant-garde and modern accessories.
The base color is white or off-white, while
accessories and furniture can wear bright colors or
pastel tones. Floral prints are the
absolute protagonists.

Some of the most commonly used elements in this style are:

Metal watering can: with a base of white paint

ancient, or grayish blue; with flower designs
romantic, butterflies, or characteristic objects. Arrange
in some part of the garden, or at the foot of a tree
lush.
Cistern: this, although out of use, will be perfect for bringing
the magic of yesterday to beautify the place

Lanterns with metal carpentry: The lanterns can

find in antique shops, they can be used
rusted or can be painted in pastel colors. In your
interiors often use candles or plants.
Decorating the pots: with beige paint,
celestial, pink; with designs that can be copied from a
frame, or make them using the stencil technique.

Old cages: Cages are often used in colors

clear, coral or aquamarine, regarding the finish
it can be completely painted or if
they look aged better. They can be hung from some
column or vine, where can we place them
pots, flowers, or simply to leave them as decoration.
Old sinks or toilets: The toilets and
Sink units that are no longer in use, old or broken, are usually recycled.
and used as planters or decorative elements.
They usually do not have any type of treatment,
they simply have the traditional ending of the time.

Features: In this image we can appreciate a

outdoor garden consisting of a wooden pergola
rustic, regarding the horizontal limit is composed of
three different types of materials (describing of
left to right) marbled pottery, wood and
pasture.
As we have seen in the characteristics, it has a
great diversity of decorative elements, pots, tables
chairs etc. As for the vegetation, it is more peripheral,
diversity of vines.

Desert Style
This style of garden is mainly characterized by
the presence of xerophytic plants (these are those
species that have developed the ability to reduce the
water loss and accumulate during periods of drought.
The desert-type garden can be informal, it is accepted.
sinuous lines, variations in heights and especially in
textures.
In this garden, there are few accessories or almost none at all.
rather respects a "wild" or rugged aspect. It admits
all shapes and contains daring elements, such as
broken and overturned vases, stones and accessories with
innovative formats and new materials.

One of the main advantages of this type of gardens is

which is very easy to maintain, since we are talking about plants
naturally "suffered" that they have developed by themselves
mechanisms for survival especially regarding the
water shortage.

Features: In this image we see a well-designed space.

rectilinear with small gray stones,
some larger stones in earth colors and
diversity of Cactaceae.
Features: In this image an outdoor garden
focused on the right side of the image, taking from
refer to the structure of the house. As vertical limits
it is the house that is covered in gray stone, like
The horizontal limit has two levels, one of which is higher.
of wood that is signaling where one should go
to transit and the second lowest level that is composed of
through grass and small stones, on them a variety
of cacti.
Features: In this image, an outdoor garden
focalized in the center of the space forming another sector
elevated through many pots with different shapes
and sizes but respecting the material. Everything in its
perimeter has large-sized stones.

Features: In this image of an outdoor garden, we see a

a completely different space from the rest, with a strong presence
of water through the pools, the horizontal limits in white and
the cacti are scattered in space.

Tropical Styles

A tropical garden is dedicated to tropical plants, for

what requires good rains or adequate irrigation,
by sprinklers or another similar system.
The main characteristics of a well-designed tropical garden
designed are the plants with large leaves where the
vegetation forms a compact background as a setting,
creating a dense foliage. Large plants are used and
small trees to allow sunlight to enter
to the ground.

A tropical garden is one of the most difficult to build and

to maintain, and it is more difficult the more the climate differs
local belonging to the natural habitat of plants
cultivated. The key to a healthy garden is the abundance of
light and water.

Some of the plants that are used

son:Acanthusmollis,Caña, Crocosmia,Pasiflora
caeruleayTrachycarpus

Acanthus mollis

Crocosmia
Passiflora caerulea

Trachycarpus
Features: In this image an outdoor garden with
vegetation on both sides, which accompanies everything
the tour of the place. The presence of vegetation is in
large scale as it gives the feeling of being in a
jungle
The font is another important element for this style, it
give freshness to the space.
Spanish style

The Spanish garden is a type of garden developed

in Spain that incorporates principles and elements of the garden
Persian, the Roman garden, the Islamic garden.
As we had already mentioned, the Spanish gardens
they stand out according to the cultural influence with which they were
designed, but generally, they present the following
characteristics:

Water as a fundamental base in creation

Spanish gardens: This characteristic is evident in all
the designs, due to the dry climate of Spain. Its premise
is to create tributaries that allow for the generation of fresh spaces and
help in certain cases with the maintenance of the plants.
This element is primarily used through
fuentes y estanques. En el diseño, mayormente, las fuentes
they have circular or elliptical shapes with fine details,
figures and even statues. For the ponds, they predominate
the square or rectangular structures; with a
surface covered by ceramic or decorative tiles.

- Use of enclosed or fenced spaces: This is a

merely Islamic touch, supported by the search for
privacidad. Según su cultura, se intenta recrear similitudes
with paradise as described in the Quran. These
spaces are finely detailed, with columns
rounded and high walls with tiles. They can also be
appreciate large-sized porticoes.

Use of fruit plants such as the olive (Olea europaea)

orange trees (Citrus X sinensis), lemon trees (Citrus × lemon)
among other fruit trees whose fruit is edible.
Also, the use of aromatic plants and
blooming like rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis),
Jasmine (Jasminum), Rose (rosa), among others.

Features: In this image, a large outdoor garden.

immensity, these gardens are characterized by the use of
of mazes composed of shrub-type vegetation that
it makes it easier to generate smooth surfaces. As we see in the
Image uses sources and statues within it.
labyrinth.

Features: In this image, just like the previous one, it is

present the maze but with lesser height and presence
from the fountain in the center and the paths of material
concrete.

Exercise No. 3:

Look for an image of each of the styles (the

images must be different from those in the theoretical material
analyzing them considering their design, distribution,
materials etc.

Download Example File(Example TP No. 3

[Link]