SNC1WY1Exam Notes
ECOLOGY UNIT
iotic Species- Living (ex. plants, animals)
B
Abiotic Species- Non-living (ex. Rocks, sun)
roducers- obtains energy directly from the Abioticenvironment (make their food)
P
ex. Plants
Consumers- can’t make their food, so they must obtainit ex. a rabbit, a fox, etc
Types of Consumers
1. Carnivore- eats animals
2. Herbivore- eats plants
3. Omnivore- eats both plants and animals
4. Scavengers- eat dead animals
5. Decomposers- break down dead organisms & releasethese nutrients back into
the ecosystem.
Food Chains- Group of organisms linked in order ofthe food they eat
Food Web- Several interconnected food chains
Tropic levels- position organism holds in the food chain
he Carbon cycle
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Photosynthesis- process plants use to make energy(glucose)
ellular respiration- process all living things undergothat breaks down sugar into
C
energy
Symbiosis- interactions between two different speciesliving in the same area
efenses:
D
1- quills
2- camouflage
3-mimicry- animal that looks like another animalto protect themselves from preys
ertilizers- (containing phosphorus and nitrogen)chemicals used to supply plants w/
F
nutrients
Pesticides- chemical used to kill pests
eavy metals- metal elements that are very dense(heavy) and are toxic at low
H
concentrations
bioaccumulation- gradual build-up of a toxin in anorganism’s body throughout their
lifetime.
biomagnification- concentrations of toxins in a foodchain
cid rain- Pollutants containingnitrogenandsulphurcombine w/ water vapor in the
A
air and form acids → fall as acid precipitation (rain/snow)
pH scale→ measures the acidity levels of a substance
pH of 7 isneutral
low pH (<7), it isacidic
high pH (>7), it’salkaline (basic)
Oxygen gets dissolved in the water by:
Diffusion from atmosphere
plant photosynthesis
If O2 levels fall below a certain level, organisms start to die.
I nvasive species - A non-native species that negativelyimpacts the natural
environment.
- spread quickly
- Cause harm to the environment, the economy or to human health
e x-situ conservation- conserves species by removingthem from their natural habitat
→ last resort strategy!
○ e.g. zoos, botanical gardens, aquariums
in-situ conservation- conserves species in theirnatural habitat
○ e.g. nature reserves
cological footprint- an estimate of how much landand water is needed to support
E
your lifestyle. This includes:
○ land/water needed to grow food
○ manufacturing & waste disposal
○ pollution produced
nvironmental stewards- those who take care of ournatural resource to ensure that
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they are used in sustainable ways for future generations
Sustainability- interaction b/w organisms in oneenvironment
CHEMISTRY UNIT
Matter- Anything that has mass and takes up space(volume)
Classifying matter
Homogeneous- same throughout
Heterogeneous- various
Density- the amount of mass in a given volume ofa substance
Atoms- make up everything that has matter
Molecules-smallest unit of matter of a pure substancemade up of 2 or more atoms
Parts of an Atom
Dalton atomic Theory :
- All matter is made of small,indivisibleparticlescalled atoms
- All atoms of an element are identical in properties such as size and mass
- Atoms of different elements have different properties
- Atoms of diff elements can combine in specific ways to form new substances
J .J Tomson- discovered protons and neutrons
Ernest Rutherford- discovered the nucleus, containsprotons
James Chadwick- The nucleus contains protons andneutrons
Niel Bohr- Electrons are on the outside of the nucleusin shells
● Atomic number = number of protons
● Atomic mass = number of protons + number of neutrons
● Number of protons = Number of electrons
Valence shell- outer most shell
Valence electron- electrons in outermost shell
Bohr Diagram
Period- horizontal row on periodic table
Group- Vertical column on periodic table
hemical Families
C
The Noble Gases (Group 18)
- outer shells are “full”
- very unreactive/inert/stable - they do not form compounds
- stable octet- 8 electrons in outer shell
-
The Halogens (Group 17)
- all have 7 valence electrons
- very unstable, reactive b/c they are 1 electron short of a stable octet
The Alkali Metals (Group 1)
- they all haveone outer electron
- very unstable & reactive b/c one electron beyond a stable octet
Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)
- they all have2 electrons in outer shell
- reactive (but not as reactive as the alkali metals) b/c they have 2
electrons beyond a stable octet
-
Ions have a full valence shell /octet shell
Gas Tests
Oxygen- relight
Carbon Dioxide- burn out
Hydrogen- make a pop sound and turn limewater intocloudy white
Molecular Compounds- consists of two or more non-metals(sharing electrons)
a.k.a. →covalent compound
Covalent bond- the sharing of pairs of electrons
Molecular (Covalent) Compounds Ionic
Compounds
Elements involved: nonmetal & nonmetal metal & nonmetal
transferof e-s
How bonds form: sharingof e-s
(give & take)
Naming Compounds: ● Use greek prefixes for both elements ● metal + nonmetal
Change ending to -ide
● (change nonmetal ending
● Don’t use “mono” if the firstelementonly to -ide)
has one atom.
Covalent naming:
1. name the first element and only use greek prefixes if it's more than 1 atom
2. name the seconds element and end it with -ide and use greek prefixes
1- mono 2- di 3- tri 4- tetra 5- penta 6- hexa 7- hepta 8- octa 9-nona 10- deca
Polyatomic- more than one atom
1. Add an ‘ide’ to the end of the second element’s name
● Forboth molecular and ioniccompounds, change thename of the second
element so itends in ‘ide’
2. Is it an Ionic Compound or a Molecular Compound?
● It isIonicif it has ametal→ go to step 3
● It isMolecularif it hastwo nonmetals→ go to step4
3. If it’s an ionic compound
● Does it have more than 2 elements? If yes, it's a polyatomicion. Refer to
polyatomic chart to name compound.
● Does it contain atransition metal(multivalent ion).If yes,insert a roman
numeralafter the name of the metal toindicate thetransition metal’s
charge
e.g. FeCl = Iron (I) Chloride or FeCl2 = Iron (II) Chloride
4. If it’s a covalent/molecular compound
● You need to useprefixes (e.g. N2O
5 = dinitrogenpentoxide)
● If the first element is a singular atom, youdon’tneedto say‘mono’
(e.g. CO = carbon monoxide)
ELECTRICITY UNIT
I nsulators- Don’t allow charges to move easily, holdtightly to electrons, ex. Rubber,
glass
Conductor- hold loosely to electrons, allow electronsto move,
Static electricity- a stationary electric chargethat's built up on a material
lectrostatic series- a list of substances (in orderof their electron affinity) happens
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when 2 objects are brought together
Laws of attraction and repulsion
1. Opposite charges attract
2. Like charges repel
3. Charged objects attract neutral objects
4. Neutral objects don't interact
Charging by Friction, induction, and contact
Friction- Rubbing 2 objects together
I nduction- temporarily charging an object withouttouching (induces a temporary
opposite charge)
ontact- A charged object comes into contact witha neutral object, and electrons
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move from a high concentration to a low concentration
Grounding (neutralizing)- movement of electrons tomake an object neutral
Current electricity- the continuous flow of electronsin a circuit
Circuit- pathway for electrons to flow
Circuit symbol
Current(I) is measured in ampere (A)
Potential difference(V) measured in voltage
Resistanceis measured in ohms (Ω)
Factors affecting resistance:
- Material
- Temperature
- Wire length
Ohm's Law- V=IR
Series & Parallel Circuit
Series circuit- one pathway
Parallel circuit- multiple pathways
Series Circuit Parallel Circuit
Current (I)
Is = I1 = I2 Is = I1 + I2
Potential Difference (V)
Vs = V1 + V2 Vs = V1 = V2
Resistance (Ω)
RT = R1 + R2
power calculations(P=IV and P = E/t)
Alternate current & potential diff calculations(I=Q/tand V = E/Q)
- =
P
- I = Current
- V = voltage
- Q =
- t= time
nergy consumption– the total amount of energy usedin a given period of time
E
(Kw*h)
Percent Efficiency =Useful Energy Output x 100%
Total Energy Input
ASTRONOMY UNIT
olar system- the planet and other celestial objectsthat orbit the sun (due to
S
gravitational attraction)
ustomicaal unit (AU)- a unit of measurement thatequals the average between the
A
sun and earth (~150 million km)
ight year (ly)- equals the distance that a beamof light can travel through space in 1
L
year
Supernova- exploding star
Nebula- a large cloud of dust and gas from whichnew stars develop
lack hole- a region in space where gravity is sostrong that nothing, not even light,
B
can escape
he Big Bang theory- states that all of the currentand past matter came in roughly
T
13.8 million years ago when a dense point expanded
Electromagnetic energy (EM)- waves of energy and light moving all around us
Blueshift- when something moves toward you, it compressesthe signal wavelength
Redshift- when something moves away from you it willstretch the wavelength
s olar wind- a thin but steady stream of subatomicparticles, caused by solar flares,
that streams out of the Sun’s surface in all directions.
Aurora Borealis(a.k.a. Northern Lights) - light displaycreated by the solar wind near
Earth’s northern region
Inner planets- rocky planets
Outer planets- gas planets (hydrogen and helium)
eteor- a chunk of rock, upon entering Earth’s atmosphere,begins to burn up as a
M
result of friction. Commonly called “shooting stars.”
Meteorite- a meteor that did not burn up completelyand strike’s Earth’s surface
otation- one complete spin of Earth on its axis;creating day and night (1 rotation =
R
1 day)
evolution(a.k.a. Orbital Period) - one completeorbit of Earth around the Sun;
R
creating seasons (1 revolution = 1 year)
olar eclipse- occurs when the Moon lies directlybetween Earth and the Sun. The
S
Moon blocks the Sun’s light to viewers on Earth – causing the Sun to “disappear.”
unar eclipse- occurs when Earth lies directly betweenthe Moon and the Sun. Earth
L
blocks out the Sun’s light shining on the Moon, making the Moon briefly “disappear.”
- The Moon has a rocky composition and orbits around Earth.
ides- The gravitational pull of the Moon (and Sun)on Earth’s oceans causes the
T
water bodies to bulge on both sides of Earth. The two bulges result in two high tides
and two low tides every day.
satellite- something that orbits a planet. e.g. themoon is a satellite of Earth
artificial satellite- device placed in orbit aroundEarth or another celestial body
lobal Positioning System(GPS) - most widely availabletracking device relies on a
G
group of satellites that transmit microwave signals.
