Power Factor Correction Techniques
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ScribdTranslationsPOLYTECHNIC SCHOOL OF THE ARMY
LATACUNGA EXTENSION
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
Practice N.- 18
Topic: Power Factor Correction.
Objectives:
a. Check the influence of the power factor on the utilization of useful power or
active. Familiarize yourself with the terms apparent power and active power.
Theoretical framework
Power Factor
We refer to power factor as the quotient between active power and apparent power, which
it coincides with the cosine of the angle between the voltage and the current when the waveform is
pure sinusoidal, etc.
This means that the power factor should be treated to match the cosine phi, but they are not the same.
It is advisable that in an electrical installation the power factor is high and some companies
electrical service requires values of 0.8 and above. Or is it simply the name given to the
relationship of the active power used in a circuit, expressed in watts or kilowatts (KW), to the
apparent power obtained from the power lines, expressed in volt-amperes or
kilovolt-amperes (KVA).
Industrial loads in their electrical nature are reactive due to the presence
mainly refrigeration equipment, engines, etc.
This reactive character requires that alongside the active power (KW) there exists a power called
reactive (KVAR), which together determine the operational behavior of these
equipment and motors. This reactive power has traditionally been supplied by companies.
of electricity, although it can be supplied by the industries themselves. When supplied by
electricity companies must be produced and transported by the networks, causing
investment needs for greater capacity of transport equipment and networks.
All these industrial loads require reactive currents for their operation. The nature
of these currents is described below, showing that they are the main cause of the low
power factor.
Why is there a low power factor?
The reactive power, which does not produce direct physical work in the equipment, is necessary for
produce the electromagnetic flow that activates elements such as: motors,
transformers, fluorescent lamps, refrigeration equipment and other similar items. When the
the amount of these equipment is considerable the requirements for reactive power are also made
significant, which results in an exaggerated decrease in the power factor. A high
reactive energy consumption can occur mainly as a result of:
A large number of engines.
Presence of refrigeration and air conditioning equipment.
An underutilization of the installed capacity in electromechanical equipment due to poor
planning and operation in the electrical system of the industry.
A poor physical condition of the electrical network and industry equipment.
Purely resistive loads, such as incandescent lighting, heating resistances,
etc. They do not cause this type of problem since they do not require reactive current.
Why it is harmful and costly to maintain a low power factor.
The fact that there is a low power factor in your industry produces the following
inconveniences:
To the subscriber:
Increase in current intensity.
Losses in the conductors and strong voltage drops
Power increases of plants, transformers, reduction of their useful life and
reduction of the carrying capacity of the conductors.
The temperature of the conductors increases and this decreases the life of their insulation.
Increases in your electricity bill due to consumption.
To the energy distribution company:
Greater investment in generation equipment, as their capacity in KVA must be
greater, in order to deliver additional reactive power.
Greater capacities in transmission and distribution lines as well as in transformers
for the transport and transformation of this reactive energy.
High voltage drops and low voltage regulation, which can affect stability.
from the power grid.
One way for electricity companies at the national and international level to reflect on
the industries on the convenience of generating or controlling their reactive energy consumption has been
through a demand charge, billed in Bs./ KVA, that is charging for capacity
supplied in KVA. Factor where the consumption of the KVAR that is delivered is included.
industry.
4. How can I improve the Power Factor?
Improving the power factor is practical and economical through the installation of
static electric capacitors, or using synchronous motors available in the industry
(somewhat less economical if they are not available).
The following will be explained in a simple manner and without complicated equations or
terms, the principle of how the power factor is improved:
The consumption in KW and KVAR (KVA) in an industry remains unchanged before and after the
reactive compensation (installation of capacitors), the difference lies in that at the beginning the
KVAR that the plant was requiring, should be produced, transported, and delivered by the
electricity distribution company, which as mentioned earlier, it
produce negative consequences.
But this reactive power can be generated and delivered economically for each one.
from the industries that require it, through capacitor banks and/or synchronous motors,
avoiding the electric energy distribution company, generating it, transporting it, and distributing it
through the networks.
Team:
1 AC Voltmeter
1 AC Ammeter
1 AC wattmeter
1 AC Variac
1 Resistor of 30 Ω.
1 resistor of 5 Ω.
2 capacitor banks of 11 μF each.
1 coil of 4.8 H.
1 Single-phase source of 115 V and 60 Hz.
Theoretical Foundations:
In many residential and industrial installations, there are inductive loads with a low
power factor. For the best use of electrical energy, it is important that we
improve the power factor especially in electrical systems that operate with loads of type
inductive (such as engines). The purpose of this essay is then to see how it can be
improved this by connecting capacitors in parallel with the load.
Procedure:
Connect in parallel the group of resistors and the coil with the capacitor field,
intercalate a wattmeter, a voltmeter, and an ammeter in this circuit so that you can read
the total power, the applied voltage, and the supply current to the respective load.
Feed this circuit from the variac through its terminals with a voltage of 115 V
a 60 Hz.
2. Tomando en cuenta que todos los interruptores de los capacitores se encuentran en la
open position took readings of power, voltage, and supply current at
circuit.
3. Increase the capacitance from 0 to 66 μF. In steps of 11 μF. In each case read and
register the power, voltage, current, and capacity.
Report:
1. Tabulate the data in the format indicated in Table 1.
CAPACITY VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER FACTOR OF
(uF) (V) (A) (W) POWER
2.2 120 0.55 18 0.63
4.4 120 0.47 18 0.28
6.6 120 0.44 18 0.22
8.8 120 0.42 18 0.17
11 120 0.43 18 0.13
For 2.2 µF
∗
1=
1= 120 ∗ 0.55
1= 66 (VA)
1=
1
18
1=
66
1= 0.27 (en retraso)
cos θ1= 0.27
0
174.33
1= 1∗ 1
1= (
66 * sin74.33 )
1= 63.54 ( () )
1= 18 + j63.54
For 4.4 uF
∗
2=
2= 120 ∗ 0.47
2= 56.4 (VA)
2=
2
18
2=
56.4
2= 0.31( )
cos θ2= 0.31
2= 71.380
2= 2∗ 2
2= (
56.4 * sin71.38 )
2= 53.44 ( () )
2= 18 + j53.44
For 6.6 uF
∗
3=
3= 120 ∗ 0.44
3= 52.8 (VA)
3=
1
18
3=
52.8
3= 0.34(en retrazo)
cos θ3= 0.34
3= 70.06
3= 3∗ 3
3= (
52.8 * sin70.06 )
3 49.63 ( ( ) )
3= 18 + 49.63
1= 66.04/74.18
For 8.8 uF
S4VI∗
(
S4= 120 )(
0.42 )
S450.4 (VA)
4=
S4
18
4=
50.4
4= 0.35 (en retracement)
cos θ40.35
4= 69.07°
4= 4* sin θ4
4= (
50.4 )*sin(69.07)
4= 47.07 ( () )
S4= 18 + 47.07
For 11 uF
S5VI∗
(
S5= 120 )(
0.43 )
S5= 51.6 (VA)
5=
S5
18
5=
51.6
5= 0.34 (en retraso)
cos θ50.34
5= 69.58
5= 5* sin θ5
5= (
51.6 )∗ sin(69.58)
5= 48.35 ( () )
S5= 18 + 48.35
2. On the same sheet of paper and in a single coordinate system, draw the values.
of power, power factor, and line current of the circuit as a function of the capacity.
Indicate the value of the capacity at which the power factor becomes equal to one and
the areas of the curve in which it is advanced or delayed (Record in the above box
in each of the values of the power factor, if it is leading or lagging.
= . / . °
= . / . °
= . / . °
= . / . °
= . / . °
3. Draw on the same sheet and using only one coordinate axis system, the diagram
Rial phase for each capacity case based on the supply voltage.
4. Determine the powers: inductive, capacitive, and total (VA) for each step of the
Procedure 3. From here, calculate the power factor. Fill in Box 2.
= 1− 2+ 3− 5+ 4
Q = 63.54 - 53.44 + 49.63 - 48.35 + 47.07
Q = 58.45(VAR)(in retracement)
= +
= 18 + j58.45
= 61.15 / 72.880
18
=
58.45
fp = 0.3 (en retrato)
CAPACITY ACTIVA INDUCTIVE CAPACITIVE TOTAL fp (Delayed or
(uF) (W) (VAR) (VAR) (VA) advanced
66 18 61.01 0 61.01 0.29 in delay
5. Mathematically determine the value of the capacitor for which the power factor of the
the circuit is equal to 1.
( 1− 2)
= 2
18(tg 50.94)
=
2 * π * 60120)2
22.18
=
5428672.1
C = 4.08 µF
6. In what other ways can the power factor be improved in practice?
industrial installation.
Improving the power factor is practical and economical, through the installation of
static electric capacitors, or using synchronous motors available in the
industry (somewhat less economical if they are not available).
The consumption in KW and KVAR (KVA) in an industry remains unchanged before and after.
from reactive compensation (installation of capacitors), the difference lies in that when
initially the KVAR that the plant was requiring had to be produced, transported and
delivered by the electric power distribution company, which as it has been
mentioned earlier, it has negative consequences.
But this reactive power can be generated and delivered economically, for each
one of the industries that require it, through capacitor banks and/or motors
synchronous, avoiding the electricity distribution company, generating it.
transport it and distribute it through the networks.
7. Indicate what the power factor is:
A lamp.
An ideal capacitor.
a small motor.
A series connection of inductance and resistance.
In addition, indicate for each case whether the power factor is leading, lagging, or in...
phase.
S (VA)* VOLTAJE(V) INTENSIDAD(A) P F.p.
(W) Advance Delay
LÁMPARA 20.5 111 0.1846 19.8 0.99 Delay
CONDENSED 3.3 111 0.0297 0 0 Advance
R IDEAL
MOTOR 120 111 1.08 85 0.78 delay
SMALL
CONNECTION 8 111 0.072 5 0.625 delay
SERIES
CONDUCTANCE
AY
RESISTANCE
Lamp
= 111* 0.1846
S = 20.5
19.8
=
20.5
= 0.99
Ideal Capacitor
= 1110.0297
= 3.3
0
=
3.3
fp = 0
Small motor
=
= 111∗ 1.08
= 120
85
=
120
fp = 0.78
Series Connection Conductance and Resistance
= 111∗ 0.072
S=8
5
=
8
fp = 0.625
Bibliography:
Electrical Circuits.-Schaum's Collection.
General Electrotechnics - Ceac of Electricity.
Treatise on Electricity.- Chester. Dawes (Volume II).
Basic Circuit Analysis in Engineering - Irwin.
Performed by:
