This topic is mapped with CO3, CO4 and CO5 of course
HOLOGRAPHY
Producing 3-D image of an object is known as holography
Two step process
Recording of hologram
Reconstruction of image
INTRODUCTION:
Holography from the Greek, whole+ write) is the science of
producing holograms”
It is an advanced form of photography that allows an image to be
recorded in three dimensions
“Holography is a method of producing a visual three-dimensional (3-
D) image of an object by means of light wave patterns recorded on a
photographic plate.”
Dennis Gabor…Father of holography
Fig. 1. Dennis Gabor-Father of holography[1]
HOLOGRAM:
Photograph of an interference pattern which, when suitably
illuminated by laser light, produces a three-dimensional image.
If you look at these holograms from different angles, you see
objects from different perspectives, just like you would if you were
looking at a real object
It shows Divisible property i.e If you cut one in half, each half
contains whole views of the entire holographic image
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HOLOGRAPHY AND PHOTOGRAPHY
Fig.2. Difference between holograph and photograph[2]
Table 1: Difference between photography and holography
CONSTRUCTION OF HOLOGRAM:
To create a hologram, a laser beam (coherent light) is split in two
beams :
Reference beam: that stays undisturbed
Object beam: strikes the object and then bounces onto the plate
Working of holography is divided into two phases:
1. Recording
2. Reconstruction
RECORDING OF HOLOGRAM
Fig. 2. Recording of hologram[3]
Laser light as a source of light is used
Beam divider device that use mirrors and prisms to split laser beam into two
beams
1. Object beam
2. Reference beam
Mirrors…Direct the beams of light to correct locations
It is based upon interference
Holographic Film…to record image very high resolution
RECONSTRUCTION OF IMAGE:
Fig. 3. Reconstruction of image[3]
When a hologram is later illuminated with coherent light of the same
frequency that created it, a three-dimensional image of the subject appears.
Hologram acts as diffraction grating and diffracts the laser in different
directions.
The real image is formed where rays actually meet while a 3-D virtual image
is formed behind the hologram.
Can be seen through naked eye
Image floats in free space
APPLICATIONS:
3-D Photography
Bio-medical Applications
Compact disk
Grocery store
Holographic Interfero-metry
Holographic Scanners
APPLICATIONS OF LASER
Communication: Modulated laser beams are being used for transmitting
messages. Due to high degree of coherence, the loss of transmitted energy
is comparatively much less.
Fig.4. Laser in communication[4]
Surgery: Laser beam has been used successfully for bloodless [Link]
Example: It can be used to weld the detected retinas. The Laser beam can be
used for drilling the teeth, removal of tumors, removal of infected cell etc. It
can further be used fro preventing the tooth decay by depositing hard
materials on the surface of the tooth.
Fig.5. Laser in surgery[5]
Industry: Laser can be focus into very fine beam, resulting in raising of
temperature to about 1000 K and can be used for drilling holes and fusing
and melting of metals
Fig.6. Laser in industry[6]
Measurement of Long Distances: During Apollo flight no 11, on July 20, 1969,
Armstrong and Aldrin planted a previously designed array of triple prisms on
the [Link] laser beam sent from the earth was reflected from these
prisms and was received on the earth. It enables us to determine the
distance of the moon from the earth with an error within 6 m. Later,
experiments lowered the error to within 30 cm.
Nuclear Fusion: Laser beam can be used to induce the nuclear fusion. By
concentrating the laser beam to a very narrow spot, temperature may rise to
about 108 K and nuclear fusion can occur at this temperature.
Scientific Research: Used in Michelson Morley Experiment. This experiment
was conducted to test ether drift.
Lasers in military: A laser beam can be bounced off a target such as enemy
air plane or ship, to determine its distance and speed. Laser can serve as a
war weapon. High energy lasers are being employed to destroy enemy air
crafts and missiles.
Fig.7. Laser in military[7]
Summary
[Link]-recording and reconstruction of image
[Link] of laser in various fields.
Relevant Books for this topic
[Link] B.B., Laser and Non -Linear Optics, Edition 1st, (1991), Wiley Eastern
Ltd.
[Link]
Laud/dp/8122430562/ref=sr_1_2?
dchild=1&keywords=laser+and+nonlinear+optics&qid=1592948185&s=boo
ks&sr=1-2
[Link]. (2012) Optics, McGraw Hill Education. ISBN: 978-1259004346.
[Link]
Relevant Web links for this topic
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space-lasers
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6. [Link]
laser-to-cut-materials-and-is-typically-used-for-bb0a36d86f83
7. [Link]
8. [Link]
Relevant Videos for this topic
1. [Link]
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