Asian Law College, Noida

Lesson Plan Session Plan for

BHARATIYA SAKSHYA ADHINIYAM (BSA), 2023

Program: B.A. LL.B. Semester: IX Paper Code: BL-9003(New) Academic Year- 2025-26

No. of sessions allotted to complete the syllabus: 40 Duration of each session: 60 Minutes

Program Outcome for B.A. LL.B. Course

1. PO1: Comprehensive legal knowledge: Graduates will possess a strong foundation in various areas of law, including constitutional law, criminal law, contract law, property law,
family law, and more. They will have a deep understanding of legal principles, concepts, and theories.
2. PO2: Interdisciplinary perspective: The integration of arts and humanities subjects in the [Link].B. program enables students to view legal issues through a broader lens.
Graduates will have the ability to analyze legal problems in the context of social, cultural, historical, and philosophical frameworks.
3. PO3: Critical thinking and analytical skills: [Link].B. graduates develop excellent critical thinking and analytical skills, enabling them to assess complex legal scenarios, identify
relevant facts, evaluate arguments, and apply legal principles to reach sound conclusions. They can effectively analyze legal texts, cases, and statutes.
4. PO4: Legal Research, writing and technology proficiency: Graduates are equipped with the necessary skills to conduct comprehensive legal research, and the ability to articulate
legal arguments in a clear and persuasive manner. This includes drafting legal documents, such as contracts, memoranda, and opinions. Effectively communicate their findings through
proficient writing, and leverage technology tools and resources to enhance their research and legal practice.
5. PO5: Promoting Integrity, Cultural Competence, Ethical Conduct and Social Context Awareness in Legal Practice: [Link].B. programs emphasize on understanding and
application of ethical principles in the legal profession and social upliftment, while fostering their awareness of the social and cultural factors that influence legal practice, ensuring
they can navigate diverse contexts with integrity
and sensitivity.
6. PO6: Communication, understanding of legal systems and advocacy skills: [Link].B. graduates develop excellent oral and written communication skills, enabling them to
present legal arguments persuasively. They learn the legal system, processes, effective advocacy techniques and gain experience in moot court competitions, debates, negotiations,
and other forms of legal advocacy.

Course Outcomes: After going through the course, students shall be able to
CO1: Learn definitions of subject-specific terms, memorize & recall important sections and list types of evidence.
CO2: Understand and explain different ideas & concepts, interpret legal language and relate it to real-life cases.
CO3: Apply provisions to solve legal problems, use rules on burden of proof, estoppel in hypothetical situations, draft admissibility arguments in a moot court.
CO4: Compare & contrast the new laws with the old laws; analyze how the different sections interact, break down concepts, examine relationships and identify implications to see
how multiple evidentiary rules apply.
CO5: Critically assess the effectiveness of legal provisions; evaluate whether the BSA 2023 enhances fairness in trials; evaluate the judicial approach to dying declarations and expert
opinions; argue for or against the new presumptions relating to electronic records.
 Course Outcomes Program Outcomes (PO)
(CO)
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6
Comprehensive Legal Inter–disciplinary Critical Thinking & Legal Research, Promoting Integrity, Communication,
Knowledge Perspective Analytical Skills Writing & Technology Cultural Competence, Understanding of
Proficiency Ethical Conduct and Legal Systems and
Social Context Advocacy Skills
Awareness in Legal
Practice
CO1 High Low High High Low High
CO2 High Medium High High High High
CO3 High Medium High High High High
CO4 High High High High High High
CO5 High High High High High High

Detailed Curriculum
LAW OF EVIDENCE – BHARATIYA SAKSHYA ADHINIYAM (BSA), 2023
(Paper Code: BL-9003)

The course shall comprise of the following:

Chapter I – Preliminary – History of the Law of Evidence in India and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), 2023 – Short title, extent and commencement; Definitions –
(Sections 1 and 2)

Chapter II – Relevancy of Facts – (Section 3 – 50)

Chapter III – Facts which need not be proved – (Sections 51 – 53)

Chapter IV – Oral Evidence – (Sections 54 and 55)

Chapter V – Documentary Evidence – (Sections 56 – 93)

Chapter VI – Execution of Oral by Documentary Evidence – (Sections 94 – 103)

Chapter VII – Production and Effect of Evidence – The Burden of Proof – (Sections 104 – 120)

Chapter VIII – Estoppel – (Sections 121 – 123)

Chapter IX – Witnesses – (Sections 124 – 139)

Chapter X – Examination of Witnesses – (Sections 140 – 168)

Chapter XI – Improper Admission and Rejection of Evidence – (Section 169)

Chapter XII – Repeal and Savings – (Section 170)

The completion of syllabus will also be accompanied by Unit Tests after completion of every unit as well as Assignments for all students.

Lesson Plan

No. of sessions allotted to complete the syllabus: 40 Duration of each session: 60 Minutes Course Credits:

Unit Topics Sessions CO

Unit I Introduction & Core Concepts (Sections 1 and 2): CO1

Session 1: Introduction to BSA, 2023 – Objectives, Structure, Repeal of 1872 Act, Chapter I (Preliminary). CO2
Session 2: Definitions (Section 2) – Fact, Document, Evidence, Court, etc. 4 CO3
Session 3: Relevance v Admissibility – Foundational Doctrines CO4
Session 4: UNIT I TEST
Unit II Relevancy of Facts (Sections 3 – 50): CO1
Session 5: Overview of Chapter II – Relevant Facts, Motive, Preparation, Conduct, Conspiracy – Chapter II – 8 CO2
(Sections 3 – 8) CO3
Session 6: Relevancy of Facts – Chapter II – (Sections 9 – 14) CO4
Session 7: Admissions – Chapter II – (Sections 15 – 21 and 25)
Session 8: Confessions – Chapter II – (Sections 22 – 24)
Session 9: Statements of Unavailable Witnesses – Chapter II – (Sections 26 – 27)
Session 10: Statements in Special Circumstances – Chapter II – (Sections 28 – 32) How much of a statement must
be proved – Chapter II – (Section 33)
Session 11: Relevance of Judgments, Expert Opinions and Character – Chapter II – (Sections 34 – 50)
Session 12: UNIT II TEST
Unit III Proof and Types of Evidence (Sections 51 – 103)
Session 13: Judicial Notice, facts admitted between parties and Facts which need not be proved – Chapter III – Facts CO1
which need not be proved (Sections 51 – 53) 10 CO2
Session 14: Oral Evidence (direct, sense-based testimony, limited exceptions) – Chapter IV – (Sections 54 and 55) CO3
Session 15: Documentary Evidence (includes proof by primary and secondary evidence) – Chapter V – (Sections 56 CO4
– 60)
Session 16: Provisions on Electronic Evidence/ records and their admissibility – Chapter V – (Sections 61 – 63)
Session 17: Expert and ordinary opinion, proof of electronic signature, etc – Chapter V – (Sections 64 – 73)
Session 18: Public vs Private Documents – Chapter V – (Sections 74 – 77)
 Session 19: Presumptions Regarding Documents – Chapter V – (Sections 78 – 85)
Session 20: Digital Signatures, Emails and Presumptions – Chapter V – (Sections 86 – 93)
Session 21: Exclusion of Oral Evidence when documentary evidence is available – Chapter VI – (Sections 94 – 103)
Session 22: UNIT III TEST
Unit IV Burden of Proof, Estoppel (Sections 104 – 139) CO1
Session 23: Introduction to Burden of Proof – Chapter VII – Production and Effect of evidence – (Sections 104 – 7 CO2
108) CO3
Session 24: Presumptions in Burden – Relationship, Possession, etc. – Chapter VII – Production and Effect of CO4
evidence – (Sections 109 – 115) CO5
Session 25: Production and Effect of evidence – Chapter VII – (Sections 116 – 120)
Session 26: Estoppel– Chapter VIII – (Sections 121 – 123)
Session 27: Witness Competency and Privileges – Communications & Privileged Relationships – Chapter IX –
(Sections 124 – 132)
Session 28: Accomplice Testimony & Children – Chapter IX – (Sections 133 – 139)
Session 29: UNIT IV TEST
Unit V Examination of Witnesses (Sections 140 – 170) CO1
Session 30: Examination-In-Chief, Cross, Re-Examination – Chapter X – (Section 140) 11 CO2
Session 31: Leading Questions, Hostile Witnesses – Chapter X – (Sections 141 – 145) CO3
Session 32: Refreshing Memory & Document Use – Chapter X – (Sections 146 – 150) CO4
Session 33: Witness Protection, Judge’s Power – Chapter X – (Sections 151 – 158) CO5
Session 34: Compulsion & Conduct of Witness – Chapter X – (Sections 159 – 162)
Session 35: Improper Questions, Production – Chapter X – (Sections 163 – 166)
Session 36: Final Provisions on Witness Handling – Chapter X – (Sections 167 and 168)
Session 37: Improper Admission/ Rejection – Chapter XI – (Section 169) Repeal and Transition – Chapter XII –
(Section 170)
Session 38: Comparative Analysis of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), 2023 and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Session 39: Revision, discussion, doubt-solving session
Session 40: UNIT V TEST
END-TERM EXAMINATION
Total Sessions 40
The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA 2023), which replaces the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, modernizes the law of evidence in India. To study this subject
comprehensively, one needs to understand the theoretical concepts, doctrines, legal principles and latin maxims that underlie its provisions.

Theoretical concepts Doctrines Legal Principles Latin maxims New/ Modern concepts under
BSA, 2023
 Relevancy vs  Doctrine of Res  Lex Fori vs Lex Loci "Acta  Admissibility of
Admissibility Gestae – Facts  Principles of Res Gestae External actions show Electronic and Digital
exteriora
 forming part of the internal secrets (used Records
Presumptions of Law  The Panchsheel indicant
and Fact same transaction (Sec. in circumstantial o Includes
Principles of interiora
6 of IEA → similar in evidence) metadata, logs,
 Burden of Proof Circumstantial Evidence secreta"
 Standard of Proof BSA)  "Evidence must be "Audi emails, video
(Civil vs Criminal)  Doctrine of Estoppel relevant to be Hear the other side – recordings, etc.
alteram
 Direct vs – A person cannot admissible" fair trial principle o Use of hash
partem"
Circumstantial deny something  "He who asserts must values, block-
already asserted if "Nemo A man will not meet his chain for
Evidence prove" (Burden of
another relied on it moriturus maker with a lie – integrity
 Primary vs Secondary proof lies on the one
(linked with Section praesumitur relates to dying  Witness Protection &
Evidence who alleges)
on estoppel) mentiri" declaration Hostile Witness
 Hearsay Rule  Presumption of
 Best Evidence Rule  Doctrine of innocence The thing speaks for Handling
Admissions –  Privilege against self- "Res ipsa itself – relevant in torts  QR Codes, Digital
 Judicial Notice
Admissions are not incrimination (Article loquitur" and evidentiary Signatures, E-
 Electronic and Digital
conclusive proof but 20(3) of the inferences Signatures
Evidence
 Conclusive Proof can shift the burden Constitution) False in one thing, false  Cloud-based document
"Falsus in
 Dying Declaration  Doctrine of  Confession must be in everything – not storage and
uno, falsus in
Presumption voluntary strictly followed in admissibility
 Privilege and omnibus"
– Includes:  Illegally obtained Indian law  Admissibility of Call
Confidentiality
evidence may still be "Onus Data Records (CDRs)
 Testimonial Burden of proof
Competence and  Presumption of admissible (based on probandi"
Compellability innocence judicial discretion) "Ei incumbit The burden of proof
 Cross-Examination  Presumption as to  The right to cross- probatio qui lies on the one who
Techniques legitimacy examine dicit non qui affirms, not on the one
 Doctrine of Estoppel  Presumption  Oath and competency of negat" who denies
(as applicable in regarding documents witnesses
(e.g. 30-year-old The law does not
evidence)  Credibility and "Lex non
documents) compel the impossible
demeanour of witnesses cogit ad
– relevant in proof
 Proof beyond impossibilia"
standards
 Doctrine of Recent reasonable doubt
Possession – Used in (criminal law) "Innocentia
Innocence need not be
non est
proved – tied to
probanda"
 theft/robbery cases to presumption of
infer guilt innocence
 Doctrine of Words are to be taken
Corroboration – "Verba
most strongly against
Especially in sexual fortius
the person who uses
offence cases or cases accipiuntur
them (contract law but
involving approvers contra
relevant in
 Doctrine of Last proferentem"
admissions/confession)
Seen Together –
"Nemo No one is bound to
Circumstantial
tenetur se accuse himself – ties
evidence principle
ipsum with Article 20(3) and
 Doctrine of Hostile
accusare" confession rules
Witness
"Semper
necessitas The necessity of proof
probandi lies with the one who
incumbit ei sues
qui agit"

Professional skill development activities – During the course session, i.e. sessions pertaining to BSA, 2023, the students will be –
i. Studying Bare Act,
ii. Reading & reviewing Case laws,
iii. Preparing Case summaries & Case analysis,
iv. Giving Class Presentations,
v. Practicing answer writing,
These activities will help students improve their analytical reasoning & research abilities, along with their application of law, enhance argumentative skills, prepare for competitive
examinations like Judicial services, Bar Exams, Govt. Prosecution, etc.

ASSIGNMENT
There will be one separate assignment for this semester for each student, i.e. all the students will be assigned one case law each relating to one or more theoretical concept/ legal
principle, for reviewing and analyzing the case. The assignment will comprise of – (i) A written submission of the assigned case review and analysis, and (ii) A class presentation for
the same.

LIST OF EVALUATIVE EXERCISES

1. Unit Tests – After completion of every Unit
2. Written assignment submission
3. Class Presentation
4. Class participation
 REFERENCES
ARTICLES
Reference Number Title
A1 Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), 2023 ([Link]
A2 Insights into civil law and criminal law ([Link]
A3 New Criminal Laws in India ([Link]
A4 India’s Three Criminal Laws: Key Elements & Features ([Link]
A5 Strict rules of evidence are not applicable to a departmental enquiry; SC permits to exhibit case diary as a document in a departmental proceeding
([Link]
A6 Electronic Evidence in Focus: navigating Legal Shifts in the Law on Electronic Evidence under the BSA, 2023
([Link]
under-the-bsa-2023/)
A7 What is Evidence and different kind of evidences under Indian Evidence Act ([Link]
A8 Indian Evidence Act, 1872: an exhaustive overview
([Link]
A9 Ocular Evidence vs Medical Evidence
([Link]
A10 All about digital evidence
([Link]
A11 All you need to know about planted evidence
([Link]
A12 Recognition of false evidence under IPC and possible consequences it holds ([Link]
possible-consequences-it-holds/)
A13 All about the legal aspects of medical evidence
 ([Link]
A14 Prima facie evidence
([Link]
A15 All you need to know about physical evidence
([Link]
A16 All you need to know about section 3 of IEA (Section 2(1) – (a), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (i), (j), (k) of BSA) ([Link]
know-about-section-3-of-the-indian-evidence-act-1872/)
A17 Ex-parte evidence
([Link]
A18 Five Golden Rules governing cases based only on circumstantial evidence ([Link]
golden-principles-governing-cases-based-only-on-circumstantial-evidence/)
A19 Sniffer dog evidence in Indian law: Admissibility and Significance ([Link]
A20 Admissibility of evidence under Part III of Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
([Link]
A21 Relevancy of Character in Evidence Act ([Link]
A22 Section 8 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (Section 6, BSA 2023) ([Link]
A23 Section 9 of IEA (Section 7, BSA) ([Link]

A24 Test Identification Parade (TIP) in Criminal Investigation

([Link]
A25 Relationship between Section 25 and 27, IEA (Section 23(1) & 23(2), BSA) ([Link]
the-indian-evidence-act/)
A26 Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 ([Link]
previous-or-subsequent-conduct/)
A27 Relevancy and Admissibility ([Link]
A28 Admission – Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 ([Link]
 adhiniyam-2023-1087104)
A29 Statement of co-accused under Section 25 of IEA (Sec 23(1) of BSA) ([Link]
indian-evidence-act-1872/)
A30 Essentials of a Dying Declaration ([Link]
A31 Landmark Supreme Court Judgments on Dying Declarations in India ([Link]
declarations-in-india/)
A32 Difference between Dying declaration and dying deposition ([Link]
A33 Judgment of courts when relevant ([Link]
A34 Facts which need not be proved under the Indian Evidence Act ([Link]
evidence-act/)
A35 Oral and Documentary Evidence ([Link]
A36 All you need to know about Section 65 of IEA (Section 60, BSA) ([Link]
evidence-act-1872/)
A37 Secondary evidence ([Link]
A38 Primary and secondary evidence ([Link]
A39 Circumstances when notice is not required to be made before adducing the secondary evidence
([Link]
A40 Expert opinion under IEA ([Link]
A41 Documents of Public and Private nature under the Indian Evidence Act ([Link]
A42 Concealment of facts and doctrine of clean hands ([Link]
A43 Data handling and Digital evidence processing ([Link]
A44 Adducing secondary and digital evidence in the court: an insight ([Link]
an-insight/)
A45 Best evidence rule: an overview ([Link]
A46 Rules relating to the burden of proof under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 ([Link]
adhiniyam/rules-relating-to-the-burden-of-proof-under-the-bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam)
A47 Landmark cases on burden of proof ([Link]
A48 Preponderance of Probability: A Legal Perspective ([Link]
A49 Last Seen Theory ([Link]
A50 Law demands proof, not moral certainty: The flaws of Last Seen Theory ([Link]
proof-not-moral-certainty-the-flaws-of-last-seen-theory)
A51 All you need to know about the burden of proof in anti-rape laws under the IEA ([Link]
burden-of-proof-in-anti-rape-laws-under-the-indian-evidence-act/)
A52 Impact of DNA evidence on criminal investigation – an overview ([Link]
overview/)
A53 Can a registered will be presumed genuine without additional proof? ([Link]
will-be-presumed-genuine-without-additional-proof-1165192)
A54 All you need to know about Section 114 IEA (Section 119, BSA) ([Link]
evidence-act-1872/)
A55 Evidence required to prove Section 498A, IPC (Section 85, BNS) ([Link]
A56 Does Estoppel apply when a party’s conduct has induced the other to alter its position? ([Link]
adhiniyam/does-estoppel-apply-when-a-partys-conduct-has-induced-the-other-to-alter-its-position)
A57 Kinds of witnesses Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 ([Link]
sakshya-adhiniyam-2023)
A58 Who is an interested witness? ([Link]
Landmark Judgments on interested witness ([Link]
A59 Legal scrutiny of child witness testimony in India ([Link]
testimony-in-india)
A60 What is the legal weight of a plea of improbability against eye witness testimony? ([Link]
is-the-legal-weight-of-a-plea-of-improbability-against-eyewitness-testimony)
A61 Witnesses under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 ([Link]
A62 Dumb Witness in Indian Evidence Act ([Link]
 A63 Accomplice in Evidence Act ([Link]
A64 Examination-in-Chief ([Link]
A65 Leading Questions ([Link] ([Link]
A66 Hostile Witness ([Link]
A67 Refreshing Memory ([Link]
A68 Judge’s power to put questions or order production ([Link]
A69 All you need to know about examination of witnesses ([Link]
A70 Admissibility of Xerox copy as evidence ([Link]
A71 Judge’s power to put questions or order production in Evidence Act ([Link]
A72 Improper Admission & Rejection of Evidence under the Indian Evidence Act ([Link]
A73 A comparative study between Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam v Indian Evidence Act ([Link]
comparative-study-between-bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam-v-indian-evidence-act)
A74 Paradigm Shift in India’s Criminal Justice System: Dissecting Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
([Link]
A75 Decoding Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023: Comparative Insights & Study with Indian Evidence Act. 1872
([Link]

BARE ACTS/ BOOKS

Reference Number Title
B1 Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), 2023 – Bare Act
B2 Information Technology Act, 2000 (21 of 2000) – Bare Act
B3 Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 – Bare Act
B4 Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 – Bare Act
B5 Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, LexisNexis, 28th ed. (2025)
 B6 Batuk Lal, The Law of Evidence, Central Law Agency
B7 Nayan Joshi, Electronic Evidence, Kamal Publishers
B8 Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, The Law of Evidence
B9 Commentary – Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, N. Vijayaraghavan Sharath Chandran, Vol. 1 (Section 1 to 50) & Vol. 2
(Section 51 to 170), LexisNexis, 27th ed., (2025)

CASE LAWS
Reference Number Title & Citation
C1 Kanwar Amninder Singh v High Court of Uttarakhand, [Special Leave to Appeal (C) No(s).2507/2021, 17-09-2021]
C2 Kalyan Kumar Gogoi v Ashutosh Agnihotri, [(2011) 2 SCC 532]
C3 Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra, [(1984) 4 SCC 116]
C4 Dharambir v Central Bureau of Investigation, [(2008) 2 KHC 488] – Hard Disc
C5 Gopalakrishnan P. @Dileep v State of Kerala, [AIR (2020) SC 1] – Memory card/ pen drive
C6 Jisak Rasak v State of Kerala, [(2019) 4 KHC 928] – CCTV Footage
C7 Utpal Das v State of West Bengal
C8 Abdul Rajak v State of Maharashtra, [AIR (1970) SC 283]
C9 R v Foster, [(1992) CanLII 118 (SCC); (1992) 1 SCR 339]
C10 Sawal Das v State of Bihar, [(1974) 4 SCC 193]
C11 Rattan v Queen, [PC 1 Jul (1971)]
C12 R v Beddingfield, [(1879) 14 Cox. C.C. 341]
C13 G V Rao v State of Andhra Pradesh, [(1996) 6 SCC 241]
C14 R v Richardson, [(1999) QB 444; (1999) Crim. L.R. 62]
C15 Queen Empress v Abdullah
C16 Ram Kishan v State of Punjab, [(1995) CRILJ 2892]
C17 R v Black & Tye, [(2018) SCC 10]
C18 Mirza Akbar v Emperor, [AIR (1940) PC 176]
C19 Badri Rai v State of Bihar, [AIR (1958) SC 953]
C20 Mukesh v State (NCT of Delhi), [(2017) 6 SCC 1]
C21 R, M. Malkani v State of Maharashtra, [AIR (1973) SC 157]
C22 Dudhnath Pandey v State of UP, [(1981) SCC(CRI) 379: [1981] 2 SCC 166]
C23 Makin v Attorney General of New South Wales, [(1894) AC 57]
C24 Jayantibhai Bhenkerbhai v State of Gujarat, [(2002) 8 SCC 165]
C25 Mukesh v State (NCT of Delhi), [(2017) 6 SCC 1]
C26 Pakala Narayana Swami v Emperor, [(1939) PC 47]
C27 Palvinder Kaur v State of Punjab, [AIR (1952) SC 354]
C28 Nishikanth Jha v State of Bihar, [AIR (1969) SC 422]
C29 Sahoo v State of UP, [AIR (1966) SC 40]
C30 Mohd. Khalid v State of West Bengal, [(2002) 7 SCC 334]
C31 Bishwanath Prasad v Dwarka Prasad, [AIR (1974) SC 117]
C32 Central Bureau of Investigation v V C Shukla, [AIR (1998) SC 1406]
C33 Dalip Singh v State of Punjab [AIR (1953) SC 364]
C34 Aghnoo Nagesia v State of Bihar, [AIR (1996) SC 119]
C35 Mukesh v State (NCT of Delhi), [(2017) 6 SCC 1]
C36 P Kottaya v Emperor, [AIR (1947) PC 67]
C37 Makhan Singh v State of Punjab [AIR (1988) SC 1705]
C38 Queen E,mpress v Babulal, [(1899) ILR 21 ALL 106]
C39 State of NCT of Delhi v Navjot Sandhu, [(2005) 11 SCC 600]
C40 State of UP v Singhara Singh, [AIR (1963) SC 358]
C41 Deoman Upadhyay v State of Uttar Pradesh, [AIR (1960) ALL 1]
C42 Mohd. Inayatullah v State of Maharashtra, [(1976) 1 SCC 828]
C43 Bodh Raj v State of J&K, [(2002) 7 SCC 334]
C44 Bhuboni Sahu v The King, [AIR (1949) PC 257]
C45 Kashmira Singh v The State of Madhya Pradesh, [AIR (1952) SC 159]
C46 State of Bombay v Kathi Kalu Oghad, [AIR (1961) SC 1808]
C47 Bodhraj v State of J&K, [(2002) 8 SCC 45]
C48 Dharam Deo Yadav v State of UP, [(2014) 5 SCC 509]
C49 Haroon Haji Abdulla v State of Maharashtra, [AIR (1975) SC 856]
C50 Ravinder Singh v State of Haryana, [AIR (1975) SC 856]
C51 Veera Ibrahim v State of Maharashtra, [AIR (1976) SC 1167]
C52 Kushal Rao v State of Bombay [AIR (1958) SC 22]
C53 Queen Empress v Abdullah [(1885) ILR 7 All 385]
C54 Jagbir Singh v State of NCT, [(2019) 3 SCC(CRI) 657]
C55 Dalip Singh v State of Punjab [AIR (1953) SC 364]
C56 Laxman v State of Maharashtra, [(2002) 6 SCC 710]
C57 Patel Hirala Joitaram v State of Gujarat, [(2002) 1 SCC 22]
C58 Sudhakar v State of Maharashtra, [(2000) 6 SCC 671]
C59 Prasad v. Narendranath Sen (1953)
C60 K. Ramachandra Reddy v. The Public Prosecutor (1976)
C61 Central Bureau of Investigation v V C Shukla, [AIR (1998) SC 1406]
C62 Shrinivas Krishnarao Kango v Narayan Devji Kango (1954)
C63 Mukesh v State (NCT of Delhi), [(2017) 6 SCC 1]
C64 Syed Askari Hadi Ali v State (Delhi Administration) (2009)
C65 Emperor v Bhagwan Tulsidas (1945)
C66 Murari Lal v State of MP, [(1980) 2 SCR 249]
C67 Kanchan Singh v State of MP, [(2023) 9 MPCK 68]
C68 Abdul Rehman v State of Mysore, [(1957) 8 SCT 205 (KAR)]
C69 Raghu Nath Pandey v Bobby Bedi, [(2006) SCC Online Delhi 221]
C70 Habeeb Mohammad v The State of Hyderabad, [AIR (1954) SC 51; (1953) SCR 661]
C71 Mukesh v State (NCT of Delhi), [(2017) 6 SCC 1]
C72 Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v Kailash Kushanrai Gorantyak, [AIR (2020) SC 4908]
C73 State of Maharashtra v Prafulla B. Desai (Dr.), [(2003) 4 SCC 601]
C74 Shreya Singhal v Union of India, [(2015) 5 SCC 1]
C75 Anwar PV v PK Basheer, [(2014) 10 SCC 473]
C76 Mukesh v State (NCT of Delhi), [(2017) 6 SCC 1]
C77 Ram Jas v Surendra Nath, [AIR (1980) ALL 385]
C78 Roop Kumar v Section Mohan Thedani, [AIR (2003) SC 2418]
C79 Mangala Waman Karandikar (D) tr. L.R Section v Section Prakash Damodar Ranade, [AIR (2021) SC 2272]
C80 State of Odisha v Banabihari Mohapatra
C81 State of UP v Deoman Upadhyaya, [AIR (1960) SC 1125]
C82 Rabindra Kumar Day v State of Odisha, [(1976) 4 SCC 233]
C83 K M Nanavati v State of Maharashtra, [AIR (1962) SC 605]
C84 Palani v Sethu, [(1924) 47 MLJ 155]
C85 Mukesh v State (NCT of Delhi), [(2017) 6 SCC 1]
C86 Gautam Kundu v State of West Bengal, [AIR (1993) SC 2295]
C87 Nandlal Vasudev Badvaik v Lata Nandlal Badvaik, [(2014) 2 SCC 576]
C88 Tukaram v State of Maharashtra, [AIR (1979) SC 185; (1979) SCR (1) 810]
C89 Dipanwita Roy v Ronobroto Roy, [AIR (2015) SC 418]
C90 Pickard v Shears, [(1848) 2 Ex. 654]
C91 Madhuri Patel v Addl. Commissioner, Tribal Development, [AIR (1995) SC 94]
C92 R S Maddanappa v Chandramma, [(1965) 3 SCR 283]
C93 Sanatan Gauda v Berhampur University, [AIR (1990) SC 1075]
C94 M G Verghese v T J Ponnan, [AIR (1970) SC 1876]
C95 Ram Bharose v State of UP, [AIR (1954) SC 704]
C96 Raj Narain v State of UP, [AIR (1973) SC 2200; (1973) 2 SCC 86]
C97 State of UP v Raj Narain, [AIR (1975) SC 865]
C98 Rameshwar v State of Rajasthan, [(1952) AIR 54; (1952) SCR 377]
C99 Dagdu v State of Maharashtra, [(1977) 3 SCC 68]
C100 Bhagat Singh v Emperor, [(1931) 33 BOMLR 950]
C101 Haroon Haji Abdulla v State of Maharashtra, [AIR (1975) SC 856]
C102 Bishwanath Prasad v Dwarka Prasad, [AIR (1974) SC 117]
C103 Mahender Chawla v Union of India (Supreme Court – W.P. (Criminal) No. 156/ 2016)
C104 Zahira Habibulla H Sheikh v State of Gujarat (Best Bakery case), [AIR (2002) SC 3114; (2004) 4 SCC 158]
C105 State of Bihar v Laloo Prasad, [(2002) 9 SCC 626]