ENGLISH FOR LAW 2

PRACTICE TEST

Make the best choice

1. What is a counter-offer in contract law?

A. A condition added to an original offer
B. A rejection of an original offer and proposal of new terms
C. A withdrawal of an original offer before acceptance
D. A direct acceptance of all terms in the original offer

2. Which of the following best defines the term “sovereignty”?

A. The ability to influence others through persuasion
B. Supreme power or authority over a territory
C. A system of shared leadership among nations
[Link] practice of democratic voting procedures

3. In which scenario is coercive behavior (hành vi đe doạ) most clearly

demonstrated?
A. A professor extending an assignment deadline after students request
more time
B. A customer service representative offering a discount for future
purchases
C. A manager threatening to fire employees who don't work unpaid
overtime
D. Students collaboratively deciding on presentation topics

4. In which type of misrepresentation does the party make an untrue

statement while honestly believing it to be true?
A. Negligent misrepresentation
B. Innocent misrepresentation
C. Fraudulent misrepresentation
D. Willful misrepresentation

Deliberately
Knowingly => Fraudulent
Conceal
Lie/ tell lies

5. Negligent misrepresentation occurs when a party:

A. Makes a statement they know to be false
B. Makes a false statement due to a failure to exercise reasonable care
C. Deliberately conceals material information
D. Makes a false statement with reckless disregard for the truth

6. How are arrears of pay(tiền lương còn nợ lại) usually handled in payroll
accounting?
A. They are ignored until the next fiscal year
B. They are recorded as a liability until paid
C. They are treated as a bonus
[Link] are deducted from future earnings
 7. What does the term "tripartite" most commonly refer to?
A. A group of four entities
B. A dual partnership
C. A division into three parts
D.A single unified system

8. Justice must ______ over corruption for society to thrive.

A. ignore
B. prevail + over: chiến thắng/ vượt lên
C. vanish
D. collapse
9. Which of the following best illustrates a situation that is "subject to
contract"? (trong tình trạng dự thảo)
A. A signed lease agreement
B. A verbal promise with no written follow-up
C. A draft agreement exchanged during negotiations
D.A court judgment enforcing a contract

10. What does "constructive dismissal" refer to in the context of employment

tribunals?
A. When an employer terminates an employee with proper notice
B. When an employee is dismissed for misconduct
C. When an employee resigns due to the employer's conduct
D. When a fixed-term contract expires without renewal

11. What is typically the first formal step in most disciplinary procedures?
A. Suspension without pay
B. Performance improvement plan
C. Termination warning
D. Verbal warning

12. What is the main goal of a disciplinary procedure in the workplace?

A. To punish employees for mistakes
B. To reduce company expenses
C. To correct behavior and improve performance
[Link] increase employee turnover
13. Which of the following situations best exemplifies someone acting "under
duress"?
A. A student submitting an assignment just before the deadline
B. An athlete competing despite having a minor injury
C. A person confessing to a crime after being threatened
D. A doctor making a quick decision during an emergency

14. Which of the following is an example of coercive behavior?

A. Offering a bonus for good performance
B. Listening to someone’s opinion
C. Threatening to fire someone unless they comply
D. Allowing employees to set their own schedules
15. Which of the following services is offered by ACAS?
A. Legal representation in court
B. Tax filing for businesses
C. Recruitment services for job seekers
D. Conciliation in employment disputes

16. To reduce pollution, governments around the world are implementing

stricter regulations to …………… vehicle emissions.
A. enhance
B. curb
C. ignore
D. promote

17. If someone is “in custody (bị tạm giữ),” what is most likely true?
A. They are being detained for identity verification
B. They are under arrest or being held by police
C. They are attending a court hearing
D. They are working in a government office

18. What remedy allows a court to cancel a contract and restore parties to their
pre-contractual positions in cases of fraudulent misrepresentation?
A. Specific performance
B. Injunction
C. Rescission=damages
D. Liquidated damages

19. Which of the following terms describes a situation where a person

deliberately conceals important facts that they have a duty to disclose?
A. Constructive fraud
B. Innocent misrepresentation
C. Fraudulent misrepresentation
D. Puffery

20. Which element is NOT required to prove fraudulent misrepresentation?

A. The statement was false
B. The defendant knew the statement was false
C. The plaintiff suffered damages
D. The contract was in writing
21. She confessed to the crime ______, stating that she was threatened by the
actual perpetrator.
A. under duress
B. under suspicion
C. under arrest
D. under supervision

22. What distinguishes first-degree murder from other types of homicide?

A. It is committed accidentally
B. It involves premeditation and intent
C. It results from negligence
D. It occurs during self-defense
23. Which of the following scenarios most likely qualifies as second-degree
murder?
A. A person plans for weeks to kill a rival
B. A person kills someone in a car accident
C. A person reacts violently and kills during a sudden argument
D. A person kills while defending themselves from an attack

24. In criminal law, “malice aforethought” is most closely associated with which
crime?
A. Second-degree murder
B. Involuntary manslaughter
C. First-degree murder
D. Justifiable homicide

25. What is a key characteristic of innocent misrepresentation?

A. The statement is made with knowledge of its falsity
B. The statement is made without reasonable grounds for belief in its truth
C. The statement is made with an honest belief in its truth
D. The statement is made with intent to deceive

26. What term refers to a situation where an employer deliberately makes

working conditions so intolerable that an employee is forced to resign?
A. Hostile workplace
B. Forced resignation
C. Constructive dismissal
D. Involuntary separation

27. Which of the following is an example of coercive behavior?

A. Offering someone a choice of options
B. Encouraging open discussion
C. Threatening someone to make them comply
D. Listening patiently to concerns

Sobriety test: tạm giữ lại để test nồng độ cồn, chất kthich

28. Which of the following best illustrates an unqualified agreement (nguyên

vẹn, chấp nhận vô điều kiện, không thay đổi gì hết)?
A. “I agree, but only if the deadline is extended.”
B. “I accept all the terms as they are.”
C. “I’ll sign once my lawyer reviews it.”
D. “I agree, provided (có đk là…) we renegotiate the payment.”

29. Which of the following is a valid ground for an unfair dismissal claim?
A. Being dismissed for joining a trade union.
B. Being dismissed after repeated misconduct with proper warnings.
C. Being dismissed due to company restructuring with consultation.
D. Being dismissed after failing a probation period.

30. In some legal agreements, parties use a __________ such as $1 to satisfy the
requirement of consideration.
 A. real value
B. estimated value
C. residual value
D. nominal value ( giá trị tượng trưng)

READING

Voluntary Severance and Mutual Termination

Adapted from Principles of Employment Law (Hartley & Quinn, 2021)
Voluntary severance schemes are frequently employed by organizations
seeking to restructure or downsize without resorting to compulsory
redundancies. These schemes typically offer financial incentives beyond
statutory entitlements, encouraging employees to leave on mutually agreed
terms. Such arrangements are framed as consensual, though the legal
interpretation may hinge on the surrounding circumstances.
A notable example is found in Dawson v Midlands Health Trust, where the
employer initiated a voluntary severance program targeting administrative
staff. Dawson applied under the scheme and was accepted, receiving an
enhanced severance package. However, she later claimed entitlement to a
statutory redundancy payment, arguing that her departure constituted a
dismissal.
The Employment Tribunal initially sided with the employer, emphasizing the
voluntary nature of the severance. However, on appeal, the Employment
Appeal Tribunal (EAT) scrutinized the process more closely. It was noted that
the employer retained discretion over which applications to accept, and that
Dawson’s termination date was determined unilaterally by the Trust. The EAT
concluded that this amounted to a dismissal, despite the outward appearance
of mutual agreement.
The Court of Appeal upheld this view, stressing that genuine mutual consent
requires both parties to have equal agency in ending the contract. Lord Justice
Bennett remarked: “Where the employer controls the terms and timing of
departure, the notion of free agreement becomes illusory.” The case reaffirmed
that mutual termination must be distinguished from employer-led initiatives,
even when framed as voluntary.
 Make the best choice
1. What is the primary purpose of voluntary severance schemes?
A. To punish underperforming employees
B. To encourage staff to retire early
C. To restructure or downsize organizations
D. To avoid paying statutory entitlements

2. What did Dawson receive upon leaving the Midlands Health Trust?
A. A statutory redundancy payment
B. An enhanced severance package
 C. A promotion
D. A pension

3. Why did Dawson later claim a statutory redundancy payment?

A. She was forced to resign
B. She believed her departure was a dismissal
C. She was not paid severance
D. She was rehired

4. What was the initial ruling of the Employment Tribunal?

A. Dawson had been dismissed
B. The severance was involuntary
C. The severance was voluntary
D. The employer acted unlawfully

5. What factor led the EAT to reconsider the case?

A. Dawson’s age
B. The employer’s control over timing
C. The amount of severance
D. The lack of written agreement

6. What did the Court of Appeal emphasize about mutual consent?

A. It must be documented
B. It requires equal agency
C. It must include financial incentives
[Link] applies only to retirement

7. Who made the final judgment in the Court of Appeal?

A. Lord Justice Bennett
B. Dawson
C. Midlands Health Trust
D. The Employment Tribunal

8. What did Lord Justice Bennett say about employer control?

A. It ensures fairness
B. It invalidates mutual agreement
C. It is necessary for severance
[Link] benefits employees

9. Which legal body reversed (=overturned) the initial tribunal

decision?
A. The Supreme Court
B. The Employment Appeal Tribunal
C. The House of Lords
D. The European Court of Justice

10. What does the case of Dawson v Midlands Health Trust illustrate?
A. The importance of retirement planning
B. The complexity of employment contracts
C. The legal limits of voluntary severance
[Link] benefits of mutual termination
 True / False / Not Given
1. Voluntary severance schemes are only offered to senior staff.
Answer: F
2. Dawson was forced to leave her job against her will.
Answer: F
3. The employer had the final say in accepting severance applications.
Answer: T
4. Dawson’s severance package was less than the statutory entitlement.
Answer: F
5. The Employment Tribunal ruled in favor of Dawson initially.
Answer: F
6. The EAT found that the employer’s control over timing constituted dismissal.
Answer: T
7. Lord Justice Bennett believed mutual consent must involve equal decision-
making power.
Answer:
8. The Court of Appeal reversed the EAT’s decision.
Answer: F
9. Dawson was rehired after the legal proceedings.
Answer: NG
10. The case set a precedent for future severance disputes.
Answer: NG
[Link]
 Fill in each gap of the following sentences with ONE suitable word
from the above reading passage.

1. After ten years at the company, Maria received a generous …… severance

……… package when her position was eliminated.
2. Access to the confidential files is granted solely at the manager’s ……
discretion ………, meaning only she can decide.
3. The promise of endless wealth from the scheme proved ……… illusory ……,
vanishing once investors looked closer
4. Due to budget cuts, several employees faced redundancy when their roles
were no longer needed.
5. The professor pointed out the …… redundancy ……….. in the student’s
essay, where the same idea was repeated multiple times.