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Ethical Implications of Digital Surveillance

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Ethical Implications of Digital Surveillance

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MGP 2025

Test Code : 814403

Solution
Instruction to Students

Answers provided in this booklet exceed the word limit so as to also act as source of
good notes on the topic.

Candidates must focus on the keywords mentioned in the answers and build
answers around them. Elaborate answers are given with the purpose that candidates
understand the topic better.

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which is not to be considered a part of the answer.

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Page 1 of 25

Section - A

Q.1) a) The increasing use of digital surveillance technologies for maintaining law and order is a debatable issue.
Critically examine the statement from the ethical point of view.

Approach: Introduce by highlighting the increasing use of digital surveillance technologies in the criminal justice
system. In the body first identify its potential benefits, followed by ethical concerns involved and measures to
address them. Conclude with underscoring the need for balancing individual freedom with public safety.

The growing adoption of technologies like CCTV cameras, facial recognition, automatic license plate readers,
drones, and data analysis software by law enforcement agencies to monitor public spaces, track potential
suspects, and gather evidence has various potential benefits, such as:
1. Enhances public safety (categorical imperative of law enforcement agencies) by enabling better crime
prevention and detection thereby serving the "utilitarian" goals; allows rapid response to security
threats, fulfilling the social contract of the government to ensure the well-being of its citizen; supports
procedural justice by enhancing objectivity (digital evidence) in criminal investigations while upholding
the principles of justice and fairness.
2. Acts as a deterrent to criminal activities (in line with the harm principle) e.g. even the signs that
cameras are present can deter criminals; increases transparency and accountability of police actions
through recorded evidence (e.g. body cameras), building public trust in law enforcement; protects the
vulnerable population (women, children, disabled) through monitoring of high-risk areas (schools,
hospitals, dimly-lit public places) aligning with the principle of beneficence.

However, it also raises ethical concerns:

1. Infringement of fundamental right to privacy and human dignity (Article 21); creates fear of mass
surveillance which can have chilling effect on freedom of expression and assembly (e.g. change in
browsing habits of Americans post Snowden revelations – Pew Survey, 2015); risk of unauthorized
access and misuse of personal data (autonomy infringement); may lead to social profiling and
discrimination based on collected data (e.g. racial bias by the COMPAS, a predictive policing software
of USA).
2. Erodes trust between citizens and law enforcement creating an atmosphere of suspicion and mistrust;
may reduce human judgment and compassion in policing; associated risk of over-reliance on
technology at the expense of community policing; treating citizens as means (data points) rather than
ends in themselves; universal application would create an oppressive surveillance state
(universalizability principle); prone to abuse by insiders (IT workers, government officials).

These concerned can be addressed through following measures:

1. Establishing clear legal and ethical guidelines (involving data collection, storage, and usage) for the use
of surveillance technologies to mitigate potential abuses; instituting independent oversight bodies to
ensure that surveillance practices comply with ethical standards (civil liberties and privacy rights).
2. Implementing technological safeguards such as robust data protection measures (data minimization
and purpose limitation) to provide safeguard against misuse and unauthorized access (Privacy-by-
Design approach, consent mechanism); developing and deploying algorithms that are regularly
audited for bias to reduce discriminatory outcomes.
3. Engaging with the public about the use and purpose of surveillance technologies to build trust and
ensure that their deployment aligns with societal values; involving community representatives in
decision-making processes to ensure that surveillance practices are fair and equitable; creating robust
feedback mechanism that provides efficient grievance-redressal to promote accountability.

Balancing security and privacy through the doctrine of proportionality ensures the responsible deployment of
digital surveillance technologies, safeguarding individual rights while maintaining public safety. (477 words)

b) “An individual's values are shaped by various institutions like family, society, and educational
establishments”. Discuss with examples.

Approach: Begin the answer by defining values. In the body, discuss the role of family, society, and educational
institutions in shaping an individual's values. Conclude by emphasizing the contributions of diverse social
institutions in building value-driven citizenship.

Values represent the beliefs and standards that individuals consider important and worthwhile. These values
shape how individuals interact with others and contribute to society. The development of values is a complex,
multifaceted process influenced by various social agents such as the family, society, and educational
establishments:
A. Family:
1. The family is the first agent of socialization, where children learn basic values, norms, and behaviors.
For e.g., the value of respect for elders is deeply ingrained from a young age by teaching children to
greet elders with appropriate gestures, such as touching feet or offering salutations.
2. Provides a secure environment and emotional support for children to understand and internalize
values. E.g., Parents encouraging their children to help others in need, fostering values of empathy
and compassion.
3. Transfer of cultural and traditional values that shape the child's identity and worldview. E.g., Families
celebrate festivals like Diwali, Eid, etc., teaching children about cultural heritage.
4. Parents impart moral and ethical guidelines that help children distinguish right from wrong. For e.g.,
teaching children the importance of honesty.

B. Society:
1. Society defines and enforces norms that influence individual behaviors and values. E.g., Social
expectations regarding gender roles can shape how individuals view themselves and others.
2. Peers play a significant role in shaping values through social interactions and group dynamics. E.g.,
Adolescents developing values related to teamwork and cooperation through participation in sports
teams.
3. Media and public discourse contribute to shaping societal values by highlighting important issues and
promoting them. E.g., Campaigns for environmental sustainability in media influence public values
towards eco-friendliness and conservation.
4. Community activities provide opportunities to practice and reinforce values such as civic
responsibility and volunteerism. E.g., Participating in local cleanliness drives (SBM) fosters a sense of
responsibility as a citizen.

C. Educational establishments:
1. Schools and educational institutions develop values through their curricula. E.g., Lessons on
democracy and civic rights in Social Science; classes help students understand and value democratic
principles.
2. Teachers act as role models and mentors, influencing students' value systems through their behavior
and teaching methods. E.g., A teacher encouraging questions in the classroom helps students develop
critical thinking.

3. Activities such as sports and cultural events provide opportunities for students to develop values like
teamwork, leadership, and discipline. E.g., Participation in debate clubs or student councils
encourages the value of effective communication and leadership.
4. Some educational institutions have dedicated programs focusing on character education, which
emphasize ethical behavior and social responsibility. E.g. subjects like Moral Science.
Each of these components plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' moral and ethical frameworks, preparing
them for responsible and value-driven citizenship. (455 words)

Q.2) a) While scientific research drives technological progress and societal development, its funding often
raises ethical questions. What ethical concerns arise from corporate sponsorship of scientific research, and
how can these be addressed?

Approach: Introduce with highlighting the key ethical dilemma associated with corporate sponsorship of
scientific research. In the body, first identify the ethical concerns associated with corporate sponsorship of
scientific research followed by suggestion to address these concerns. Conclude by highlighting the role that the
corporate can play in advancing scientific research.

Corporate sponsorships fund innovative research, accelerate commercialization, develop talent, and support
societal goals through long-term, targeted investment, but they also introduce nuanced ethical considerations
about the ultimate beneficiaries of such research, such as:
1. Potential bias and conflict of interest due to the risk of research being influenced by commercial
interests (e.g. Some scientists who attribute obesity to factors other than poor diets receive funding
from Coca-Cola); tendency to suppress unfavorable findings that might negatively impact the
sponsoring company's products or reputation(e.g. the tobacco industry's historical influence on
research regarding smoking health risks); selection of research topics guided by profit motives rather
than curiosity-driven science.
2. Compromised research integrity owing to pressure to produce results aligned with sponsor interests
(E.g., Studies funded by pharmaceutical companies being more likely to report favorable outcomes for
their drugs); risk of selective reporting of data to highlight beneficial findings; potential manipulation of
study design to achieve desired outcomes (e.g. sugar industries funding scientist to downplay the role
of sugar in heart diseases).
3. Compromised academic freedom with restrictions on researchers' ability to publish findings freely
(power asymmetry); limitations on sharing data and methodologies due to proprietary concerns;
erosion of public confidence in scientific research owing to skepticism over the credibility and
independence of findings (e.g. Exxon misleading public on the issue of “climate change”).

However, infusion of ethics in the corporate-research dynamics could alleviate these concerns, through
comprehensive measures:
1. Maintaining transparency through mandatory disclosure of funding sources (CSIR-Industry
Collaboration guidelines) and potential conflicts of interest; providing clear communication of
sponsorship agreements and any restrictions (Coca-Cola's Research Funding Disclosure); facilitating
open access to research protocols and methodologies (GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Clinical Trial Registry).
2. Providing institutional safeguards through establishment of independent review boards to oversee
corporate-funded research (Executive Council of ANRF); developing clear ethical guidelines for
industry-academia partnerships (ICMR Guidelines for industry-sponsored biomedical research);
implementing robust conflict of interest policies (Harvard Medical School Conflict of Interest Policy).
3. Ensuring research independence through creation of buffer mechanisms between funders and
researchers (establishing Trusts); ensuring robust accountability measures such as regular ethical

audits of sponsored research programs; implementing whistleblower protection policies; providing

regular training for researchers on ethical conduct in sponsored research.
Academia-industry partnerships should leverage corporate resources while maintaining scientific integrity and
serving the public interest, ensuring credible and effective research that advances knowledge and societal well-
being. (403 words)

b) Integrity involves standing up for what you believe is right, even in the face of adversity. Illustrate with
examples.

Approach: Introduce the answer by defining integrity. In the body, demonstrate through relevant examples how
integrity involves standing up in the face of adversity. Conclude with highlighting the benefits of practicing
integrity.

Integrity is the practice of being honest and showing a consistent and uncompromising adherence to strong
moral and ethical principles and values.
Integrity involves standing up for what’s right, even in the face of adversity:
1. Maintaining personal integrity, i.e. behavior consistent with one’s value system, improves personal
conviction and provides the ability to resist society’s accepted morals. e.g. Rosa Park not giving up her
seat for a white man against the established convention and taking a stand for racial equality.
2. Being honest even when no one's watching inculcates a habit of actions influenced by internal
principles rather than external circumstances. This in turn guides the way during an adversity, where
one only considers the right path without the fear of adverse consequences. E.g. IAS officer Ashok
Khemka’s unwavering commitment to honesty and integrity even after facing over 50 transfers.
3. Actions based on internally consistent framework of principles aids in decision-making in a complex
situation, especially when the decision doesn’t align with the popular sentiments. E.g. Mahatma
Gandhi’s decision to call off the Non-cooperation Movement over the Chauri-Chaura incident, in
adherence with his belief in non-violence.
4. “Speaking truth to power” is a facet of integrity, even when it leads to tremendous personal loss, and
must be undertaken for the greater good e.g. Edward Snowden’s act of whistleblowing on unethical
surveillance program, while being aware of the negative repercussion (legal prosecution, exile).
5. One of the truest tests of integrity is its blunt refusal to compromise, not just in the face of adversity
but also during revel e.g. even after spending 27 years in prison, Nelson Mandela favored reconciliation
and forgiveness over retribution.
It is easy to preach high-sounding principles but difficult to demonstrate them through actions. Acting in
accordance with one’s preached value requires courage e.g. Keshab Chandra Sen, preached against child
marriage but arranged his underage daughter’s marriage, highlighting the challenge of living by one’s
principles.”
Practicing integrity builds trust and confidence (through consistent and reliable actions) among people and
encourages ethical behavior (by setting example) in society. (343 words).

Q.3) Given below are three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the
present context?

a) “The greatest glory in living lies not in never failing, but in rising every time we fail.”- Nelson Mandela

Approach: Introduce the answer by describing the essence of the quote. In the body, explain with relevant
examples, how rising from failure could lead to glory. Conclude with underlining the importance of adhering to
this perspective.

The quote emphasizes that true achievement lies not in avoiding failure but in demonstrating resilience and the
capacity to overcome setbacks. This perspective challenges the common misconception that success is
measured by an absence of failures.
1. Facing and overcoming failures builds moral courage i.e. the capacity to persist in ethical conduct
despite adversity e.g., failures in early life prepared Abraham Lincoln for his unwavering pursuit of
abolishing slavery (social evil), despite insurmountable obstacles (American Civil War).
2. A society that values resilience over perfection creates a more innovative and progressive environment
e.g., Silicon Valley's "fail fast, fail forward" culture has led to numerous technological breakthroughs;
the metamorphosis of failed ventures into successful enterprises through strategic pivoting
exemplifies the generative potential of commercial setbacks (e.g. YouTube, a successful video-sharing
platform, initially failed as a video-dating site).
3. Each failure provides opportunities for ethical reflection and moral development (“aapda me avasar”).
The process of recovering from failure necessitates critical self-examination and often leads to
enhanced ethical awareness e.g. The Bhopal Gas Tragedy led to comprehensive industrial safety
regulations and corporate accountability measures.
4. Failures in public service can lead to systemic improvements and better governance practices as
analysis of policy failures often results in more equitable and effective public programs e.g. persistent
leakage and corruption in the PDS (human contact), addressed through integration of AEPS
(digitization).
5. The acceptance of failure as a learning opportunity rather than a stigma promotes mental health and
psychological well-being in communities e.g. addiction recovery groups encouraging conversation
over lapses; the systemic incorporation of failure tolerance through institutional mechanisms (e.g.
bankruptcy provisions) facilitates entrepreneurial dynamism and economic resilience.
6. The process of training inherently involves repeated failure before mastery; athletes' comebacks after
injuries or defeats often inspire millions (e.g. cricketer Rishabh Pant playing for the national team after
surviving a fatal car accident).

The concept of productive failure (e.g., valuing process over perfection) can be used to reconceptualize the
contemporary paradigm based on the traditional binary success-failure models, which has a crushing effect on
the budding generation. (e.g. students committing suicide after failing competitive exams).

Such perspective promotes a growth mindset that values continuous improvement over perfection, fostering
both individual development and societal progress. As Mahatma Gandhi noted, "My imperfections and failures
are as much a blessing from God as my successes and my talents." (468 Words)

b) “Where do the evils like corruption arise from? It comes from the never-ending greed. The fight for corruption-
free ethical society will have to be fought against this greed and replace it with 'what can I give' spirit.”- A.P.J.
Abdul Kalam

Approach: Introduce the answer by defining greed. In the body, highlight how greed leads to corruption. Next,
underline the need for the ’what can I give’ spirit. Conclude by outlining the other measures that can be taken to
control corruption.

Greed is the desire to have more of something beyond what is necessary or fair. It is an insatiable drive for
material gain (food, money, real estate) or intangible needs (power, recognition, fame), often at the expense of
others. In the above quote, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam has identified it as the prime driver of corruption:

1. Greed creates insatiable desires, which may not be fulfilled with the means at one’s disposal; one may
resort to corruption as an easy and quick way to acquire the means to satisfy those desires. (Harshad
Mehta’s greed created a network of corrupt officials)
2. As a result of greed, individuals tend to prioritize self-interest over public interest; their concern about
the impact of their behavior on others reduces. (doctors prescribing unnecessary tests and costly
medicines)
3. A greedy individual is more inclined to take risks (openly flouting rules, abuse of office) to maximize
monetary gain and may tend to justify all sorts of actions (fraud, lying, cheating) in order to achieve the
desired outcomes.
4. Greed poisons the minds of individuals who come to see success only in material terms (more rich,
more successful); a greedy individual develops envy of other’s social status/wealth and looks at
corruption as the easy way to match the same.

Replacing greed with a ‘what can I give’ spirit will help the fight against corruption:
1. It can detach one from the fruits of one’s labour (Nishkam Karma), thus promoting selflessness. One
can develop self-awareness (“The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others”);
this allows one to find her moral inclinations (religion, family values) that had been, pulling her away
from corrupt behavior.
2. With the mindset of ‘what can I give’, the individual will be able to build trust in her relationships,
leading to better networks of social support (family, friends, colleagues); these networks may prevent
her from inclining towards corrupt behavior (persuasion, attitude formation).
3. When an individual starts giving (philanthropy), she becomes a role model for others who may be still
bearing an attachment to material wealth. Through philanthropy by witnessing the suffering of others
(empathy) individuals may desist corruptive practices by understanding the ill effects of corruption.
4. It can mark a shift from dominant social norms (self-obsession, excessive individualism) and may pave
way for a more collective spirit that will highlight the social costs of corruption (corruption in medical
profession can have life-threatening consequences).
However, the ‘what can I give’ spirit needs to be complemented with other measures including legislative
changes, stricter enforcement and developing an atmosphere of aversion towards corruption. (435 words)

c) “The world will not be destroyed by those who do evil, but by those who watch them without doing anything.”-
Albert Einstein.

Approach: Introduce the answer by briefly explaining the quote. In the body, firstly mention how the world
suffers on account of ignoring the wrongdoing. Next, highlight the actions that can be taken to counter evil.
Conclude by highlighting the need for vigil against threats to human rights and dignity.

The above quote highlights the perils of inaction in the face of wrongdoing. It underscores the moral
responsibility of individuals and societies in confronting evil, injustice and corruption. The world suffers
immensely on account of ignoring the wrongdoing of the evil:
1. Ignoring evil leads to collective desensitization (drug menace overlooked) as the wrongs become
normalized and acquire cultural acceptance; victims are often condemned to suffering in silence for
generations altogether (Sati practice).
2. Lack of accountability leads to impunity among the perpetrators to proliferate the unethical behaviour
unchecked (the disabilities under the caste system progressively increased over time as they were
mostly unchallenged).

3. When the wrongs perpetrated on one section of the society are not contested by the other, it
undermines trust between communities and leads to breakdown of social relations, fomenting
violence (reaction to Kokrajhar riots in Bengaluru).
4. Not acting against evil often results in reactionary ideas (racism, xenophobia, extremism) taking root
in the society; not only does it perpetuates the systemic inequalities against certain groups, but also
results in their de-humanization (Nazi propaganda against Jews).
5. Evil going unchallenged encourages vigilantism among the adherents of the evil ideology (moral
policing); this undermines institutional authority and rule of law (mob lynching); evil actions may
culminate in crimes against humanity (Rwandan genocide, Operation Searchlight).

Following steps can be taken to counter evil;

1. Instilling core ethical values (integrity, honesty, respect for diversity, secularism, constitutionalism)
among the people; empowerment of the vulnerable communities (economic, social, political) so that
they develop the capacity to resist any wrong being committed against them.
2. Strengthening institutional mechanisms (courts, legislatures, laws) to enforce the rule of law and
prevent evil from any wrongdoing (BNS Section 103(2)).
3. Building social cohesion through inter-community dialogue and cultural exchange activities (Kashi-
Tamil Sangam); encouraging and supporting volunteer activities at the grassroots level as they are the
first points of contact.
4. Promoting awareness among the people about the threats posed by evil; educating them about their
rights (domestic and international) and bringing to their notice the perils of inaction against the
wrongdoer; rehabilitating and restoring the displaced persons.
5. Aiding the victims in coming out with the stories of their oppression by evil (#MeToo movement) and
showing empathy for their unique circumstances (liberal refugee policies); achieving international
cooperation in the fight against evil (sanctions by major economies against Russia due to Ukraine war)

One should never accept toleration towards policies, attitudes and values that goes against the basic ideas of
human rights. Conscious people should protest threats to freedom and justice. Accepting wrong acts will only
make things worse and reduce faith in humanity and oneness. (440 words)

Q.4) a) In the ever-evolving landscape of academic institutions, administrators must not only manage academic
issues but also emotional and interpersonal dynamics. In this context, discuss the significance of emotionally
intelligent administrators in higher education.

Approach: Introduce the answer with a definition of emotional intelligence. In the body describe the significance
of emotionally intelligent administrator in higher education. Conclude with emphasizing the need for integration
of emotional intelligence in the administration of ever-evolving landscape of academic institution.

Emotional Intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to recognize, understand, manage, and effectively use emotions
to facilitate organizational performance and enhance interpersonal relationships.
The significance of emotionally intelligent administrators in higher education can be analyzed through various
dimensions:
1. Address the consequences (cultural shock, difficulty in adjusting) of a sudden transition from a
controlled environment of school to a more open campus atmosphere; deal with sensitivity in
instances of abusive on-campus behaviour (ragging, sexual harassment).
2. Identify the special circumstances of students from marginalized sections of the society (SCs, STs);
help tackle discriminatory behaviour against them on campus (casteist abuse) and potential for self-
harm (high suicide rates among SC/ST students in higher education institutes).

3. Manage the stresses emerging out of the inability to balance academic obligations (semester
examinations, attendance requirements, timely project submission) and personal commitments
(family, relationships, friends).
4. Prevent proliferation of harmful behaviours (substance abuse, alcoholism) among students by
understanding the psychological aspects behind the same; satisfactory resolution of conflicts on the
campus (between students and staff, among staff and students).
5. Safeguard the culture of academic freedom, diversity of thought and innovation on the campus; uphold
standards of progressive and decent behaviour on the campus (alleged transgressions by the VC of
RGNUL on campus).
6. Balance the competing (sometimes antagonistic) demands emerging from diverse stakeholders in the
higher education ecosystem (students, teachers, policymakers); building a positive campus culture to
cultivate a sense of belonging among all.
7. Respond effectively to crisis situations on the campus keeping in mind the values of the institution and
the need to uphold inclusivity and fairness, while keeping aside one’s personal biases (Penn University
President resigned after failing to tackle anti-Semitism on the Harvard university campus).
The integration of emotional intelligence in educational administration can initiate a paradigm shift from
traditional bureaucratic approaches to more adaptive, human-centered leadership models essential for 21st-
century academic institutions. (313 words)

b) “The Right to Information Act not only empowers citizens but also fundamentally transforms the concept of
accountability.” Discuss.

Approach: Introduce the answer by giving a brief background of the RTI Act. In the body, discuss how it not only
empowers the citizens but transforms the concept of accountability. Next, highlight some challenges
associated with the Act. Conclude suitably.

Right to Information Act (2005) is a landmark legislation that has granted legal recognition to the right of the
citizens to access information in the possession of any public authority. It has been said that the RTI Act not only
empowers the citizens but transforms the concept of accountability:
1. It allows the citizens to access any such information from government departments which can be
placed on the floor of the Parliament/State Legislature ensuring accountability of the government not
only to the representatives, but directly to the people themselves.
2. By facilitating access to authenticated information, it fosters informed public discourse on the issues
of governance; elaborate appellate mechanisms (up to the level of the Central Information
Commission) ensure instances of wrongful denial of information are appropriately dealt with.
3. The RTI Act ensures that the bureaucrats are accountable not only to the elected officials but also to
the citizens; by subjecting their decisions to citizen examination, it establishes the foundations of
ethical governance.
4. Provisions for strict timelines (reply within 30 days) fosters a general culture of prioritizing citizen
engagement; encourages the public authorities to be more responsive to citizen needs (information
concerning life and liberty to be provided within 48 hours).
5. It mandates improvements (computerization) in record keeping practices to facilitate the right to
information (Section 4, Section 19); by promoting suomotu disclosures of information, it enhances
government accountability and reduces the need to repeatedly use the Act (Section 4(2)).
6. By having an overriding effect over the provisions of the Official Secrets Act 1923 (under Section 22),it
breaks the culture of secrecy in government functioning; disclosures under the RTI Act provide the
basis for whistleblowing and activism, thereby helping expose instances of wrongdoing (Adarsh
Housing Society Scam).

However, in nearly 2 decades of its operation, several challenges related to Act have come to the fore:
1. High rates of pendency (> 22000 appeals pending as of 2024-25); unfilled vacancies in the Information
Commissions (8 vacancies in CIC as of Oct 2024); amendments to the Act that threatened the
independence of the Commissions (RTI Amendment Act 2019); lack of any power with the
Commissions to enforce their decisions.
2. Low levels of awareness, especially among vulnerable communities; insufficient efforts from the
public authorities in this regard, despite legislative mandate to ensure the same (Section 26); hurdles
in filing applications (glitches in RTI portal, unexplained emergency maintenance (March 2024)).
3. Non-friendly attitude of public authorities (inadequate levels of training, double burden of work) and
the quality of information (incomplete/inaccurate) provided under the Act discourage citizens from
seeking more information; insufficient voluntary disclosures of information as per the legal mandate.

Despite the operational challenges that it faces, the RTI Act, in its 20 th year, continues to remain a pre-requisite
for ensuring transparency and accountability in governance in India. (469 words)

Q.5) a) The onset of modernity has altered our traditional bond with nature. In what ways can a shift in
‘environmental attitude’ help resolve sustainability challenges?

Approach: Introduce the answer by briefly describing human's traditional bond with nature. In the body, first
discuss how modernity has altered this bond. Then briefly mention various sustainability challenges. Next,
highlight the importance of changing environmental attitude in addressing these issues. Conclude by
emphasizing the need for a balanced approach to environmental conservation and economic development.

The evolution of humankind has had an intricate relationship with nature. Animistic practices or nature worship
have been the defining features of several civilizations. Nature was worshipped as mother goddess by
Harappans and several tribes such as Santhal, Oraon, Juang, Saora still continue this practice.

The onset of modernity altered the traditional bond with nature. This can be observed in the following ways:
1. With the start of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries, the attitude changed from
environmental determinism to possibilism; this resulted in excessive usage of resources, extensive
deforestation, irrational mineral exploitation, and large-scale emissions; about 1.3 billion hectares of
forest land was lost in the last 200 years (FAO data); CO2 levels increased by 50% from pre-industrial
levels (280 ppm to 416 ppm).
2. From the 20th century onwards, attitudes have become more regressive and opportunistic, with
humans transforming from nature worshippers to nature destroyers; urbanization caused changes in
land use patterns, water body encroachments, depletion of water levels, light and sound pollution, and
plastic waste generation.
3. Anthropocentrism, the idea that humans are superior beings, and that nature is subservient to humans
and present only to meet human ends, has come to be the defining attitude of the new millennium;
globalization provided a boost for the extensive marketing of animal leather-based fashion products;
environmental tourism creates stress on wildlife habitats etc.,

This change in attitude and relationship with nature has resulted in several sustainability challenges such as
environmental degradation, species exploitation, deteriorating human health, poverty and hunger and irrational
use of natural resources.

These issues call for a change in the environmental attitude for a long-term solution. Significance of change in
environmental attitude:

1. Priority to environmental ethics helps reduce plastic usage, reverse land degradation, and promote
afforestation measures, contributing to environmental preservation, e.g., banning single-use plastic,
Bonn Challenge, Earth Day initiative, etc.
2. Creates citizen, Government and international pressure to effectively implement regulations dealing
with biodiversity conservation, wildlife trade etc., contributes towards species conservation, e.g.,
TRAFFIC, IUCN, CITES initiatives; promotes natural farming and organic farming which helps in soil
conservation and input rationalization, e.g., Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi Padhati (BPKP).
3. The thought "The ecological crisis is a social crisis" helps address food availability issues, water
conservation, and nutrition imbalance; nudges in making a transition towards a circular economy from
a linear economy, enabling wise use of resources.

Earth’s recuperative ability is decreasing with every year (Overshoot Day), this calls for urgent re-sacralization
of nature and Ecocentrism. An all-encompassing attitude that nature and humans are one single organic entity
should become central to developmental agenda. Lifestyle For Environment (LiFE) which calls for change in
attitude can be the guiding philosophy to balance economic development and environmental conservation.
( 454 words)

b) While empathy is considered a vital human value, an intricate relationship exists between empathy and
objectivity. Discuss with suitable illustrations.

Approach: Begin the answer by defining empathy and objectivity. In the body, first discuss the intricate
relationship between empathy and objectivity. Also, discuss how they can be balanced. Conclude by
highlighting how the balance between the two can enable fair and just decisions.

Empathy involves understanding the emotions and experiences of others without losing one's own sense of
balance. It forms the basis of compassion, social cohesion, and moral decision-making.
However, empathy can be a double-edged sword and may interfere with objectivity which requires making
judgments based on factual evidence and rational analysis rather than subjective opinions or emotional
reactions.

There exists an intricate relationship between empathy and objectivity:

1. Empathizing with someone may lead to confirmation bias where one unconsciously seeks out
information that confirms her perspective while overlooking contradictory evidence; empathy aids in
understanding the causes of crime and rehabilitation, but excessive empathy towards victims or the
accused can compromise the impartiality of judges, juries, and law enforcement agencies, e.g.,
alleged leniency by the judge in granting bail to accused in Pune Porsche case.
2. Empathy is vital for doctor-patient relationships and compassionate care, yet it can sometimes cloud
clinical judgment. At the workplace, empathy is valuable for team cohesion and leadership, but it can
interfere with fair management practices, e.g. when a manager gives more leniency to a team member
facing personal challenges, potentially disadvantaging others and impacting project schedule.
3. Support for affirmative action policies often arises from empathy toward historically disadvantaged
groups. However, balancing this empathy with the objectivity of admissions policies and the principles
of a meritocratic system can pose significant challenges.
4. In journalism, empathy helps tell compelling human stories, but it can also result in biased reporting.
For e.g., coverage of communal violence can inadvertently reinforce stereotypes about communities,
impacting neutrality and objectivity in journalism.

However, empathy and objectivity are not inherently contradictory. In many cases, empathy can enhance our
understanding of complex situations and lead to more nuanced, fair decisions. There is need to strike a balance
between the two by:

1. Seeking diverse perspectives by actively obtaining information from multiple sources to avoid
confirmation bias; developing self-awareness to recognize when empathy might cloud judgment.
2. Maintaining emotional distance, as it's crucial to keep a professional distance when objectivity is
paramount. For e.g., the Hathras tragedy requires empathy for victims while objectively assessing
crowd management, safety measures, and cultural factors to prevent future incidents.
3. Using data and evidence-based approaches alongside empathetic understanding; establishing clear
guidelines and ethical frameworks for decision-making in various fields; ensuring transparency in
decision-making processes to allow for public scrutiny and accountability.
Thus, there is a need for balance to cultivate empathy without losing objectivity, enabling fair and just decisions
that serve the greater good. (415 words)

Q.6) a) Space exploration has the potential to benefit all of humanity, yet it is currently dominated by a few
powerful nations and private corporations. In this context, discuss the ethical issues arising from this imbalance
in control and access to space resources.

Approach: Introduce the answer by providing facts regarding the dominance of a few in the domain of space
exploration. In the body highlight the ethical issues arising from this dominance and imbalance in control of
space resources. Conclude by outlining an approach to address these issues.

The 21st century has witnessed the emergence of the new space race whereby apart from the traditional space
powers (USA, Russia, Europe) are being challenged by new actors- both state (India, Japan, UAE) and non-state
(SpaceX).
Space exploration has the potential to benefit the entire humanity, but its domination by a few powerful nations
and private corporations raises several ethical issues:
1. Huge expenditure on space exploration activities is in the nature of a trade off as that money could be
spent on improving the well-being of billions of people (health, education, nutrition); creates a
dependency challenge of space resources as only a few wealthy nations are able to undertake it, and
the rest depend on them.
2. With the proliferation of private entities in space domain, there could be trade-off between scientific
(planetary defence), strategic (military communications) and commercial interests (space tourism); as
result of emergence of private entities, it is likely that cost-cutting and profit motives overcome
sustainability considerations in space operations.
3. Dual-use nature of space technologies (global satellite navigation systems having civilian and military
use) creates military disadvantages for the countries not possessing them; concerns have been raised
about the sustainability of satellite operations due to over-crowding of the Low Earth Orbit and the
proliferation of space debris (Kesseler syndrome) that cause space pollution (non-accountability to
the Outer Space Treaty).
4. Fears of weaponization of space (anti-satellite weapons technology) and politicization of space assets
(politics over the International Space Station, countries developing their separate space stations);
space exploration activities pose risks for astronauts (long-term health impacts, death in crashes),
adversely affecting their natural right to life.
5. Fears of monopolization emerge from the ownership (space colonization) and commercialization
(asteroid mining) of celestial resources, particularly when these resources could benefit the humanity
as a whole (Helium-3 on the Moon); undermining the cultural/religious beliefs of some groups through

space activities that may not translate into tangible outcomes for them (Peregrine lander mission to
place human cremains on moon).
6. Forward (introduction of earthly microbes in outside worlds) and backward (introduction of extra-
terrestrial organisms in Earth’s biosphere) contamination violating the Outer Space treaty (‘States shall
avoid harmful contamination of space’); efforts to establish contact with extra-terrestrial life (SETI) may
expose the humanity to uninvited harm (may amount to maleficence).

Addressing these ethical issues requires an approach to space exploration that emphasizes equity,
sustainability and responsible stewardship of space resources for the benefit of the future generations. (407
words)

b) “The growing reach and influence of social media present both opportunities and challenges for ethical
governance.” Examine the statement with suitable examples.

Approach: Introduce the answer by highlighting the growing reach and influence of social media. In the body,
highlight the opportunities and challenges that it poses for ethical governance. Conclude by emphasizing the
need for multi stakeholder cooperation. Provide a suitable conclusion.

In India, more than 460 million people have been identified as active social media users. As a result,
Governments have increasingly come to use social media as a tool of governance, opening new opportunities:
1. Social media platforms offer the possibility of enhanced outreach for the government organization thus
ensuring citizen engagement (Sahaaya App by Bengaluru Municipal Corporation) and participation in
the process of governance (MyGov platform).
2. They connect the policy makers to diverse stakeholders in real time offering immense opportunities;
can aid in emergency communication (MEA’s MADAD X handle to help Indians in distress abroad), on-
the-spot grievance redressal (social media handles of police departments resolving citizen grievances)
and individual engagement (former Railway Minister’s engagement on Quora with a citizen on bullet
train project).
3. By leveraging social media platforms, governments can counter the propagation of unverified facts and
rumours and present the facts to enable informed decision making (PIB Fact Check X handle); social
media campaigns enable governments to generate awareness regarding critical social issues (Selfie
with Daughter campaign).
4. Citizens can use social media platforms to demand government accountability (Arab Spring protests);
they offer an avenue to citizens to bring to light issues of social importance which have been neglected
by the policy makers and seek their response over the same (Petitions platform in UK).

However, several challenges have arisen for ethical governance due to the growing reach of social media:
1. Despite the growing reach and influence, there continue to remain significant disparities in social
media usage, especially in developing countries like India (>60% population); over-reliance of
governments on social media to deliver services can pose questions of equity (digital divide).
2. Variations in digital literacy levels (elderly) translate into variations in the ability of citizens to access
government services, jeopardizing inclusivity in governance; skewed distribution of digital
infrastructure (low penetration in remote areas, rural areas) raises issues of fairness in access.
3. Excessive reliance of social media in governance can pose challenges for the privacy of citizens and
data sovereignty (servers located outside national jurisdiction); vast amounts of data collected by
governments (real-time location, browsing history), raises the threat of state surveillance over citizens.
4. Anonymity offered by social media can create identification challenges for government departments
and citizens alike (identifying the official account/intended beneficiary); with the proliferation of social

media use in governance, the instances of fraud have grown significantly (digital arrest by posing as
government officials).
5. Some officials may come to use government work for self-promotion and engagement cultivation over
social media (suspension of IAS officer Abhishek Singh).

Growing reach and influence of social media raises complex and multifaceted challenges for ethical
governance requiring coordinated efforts from multiple stakeholders to address them effectively. (451 words)

Section - B

Q.7) You are the District Magistrate in a region characterized by strong adherence to traditional social norms.
While there has been significant legal progress in terms of recognizing the rights of the LGBTQIA+ community,
including the decriminalization of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, societal acceptance of this community
remains limited. A group of LGBTQIA+ activists recently approached your office, seeking permission to organize
a public awareness campaign aimed at promoting acceptance and understanding of gender diversity. The
campaign would involve several activities, including seminars in educational institutions to raise awareness
about the rights and challenges faced by the LGBTQIA+ community, a Pride march to celebrate diversity, and
the distribution of educational material to promote better understanding of gender identity and sexual
orientation. The activists argue that their campaign is in line with the legal developments and human rights
frameworks endorsed by the Indian Constitution, and they believe such efforts are essential to promote
inclusivity. This initiative is also a way to address stigma and discrimination, fostering a more inclusive
environment for the LGBTQIA+ community, which has long been marginalized in society.
However, significant opposition to this initiative has emerged, particularly from local religious and community
leaders. These leaders argue that such a campaign challenges the deeply rooted cultural and religious values
of the region. They fear that openly promoting LGBTQIA+ rights and gender diversity might encourage practices
that they believe contradict their traditional beliefs. Some leaders even warned that the campaign could lead to
unrest, disrupt social harmony, and provoke protests within the district. The arguments put forth by the
opponents of the campaign are grounded in their belief that the recognition and celebration of LGBTQIA+ rights
could have a destabilizing effect on the social cohesion of the community. Many of them hold conservative views
about gender roles and sexuality, considering the campaign as an affront to their customs and ethos. These
concerns are widespread among older generations, and religious bodies fear that such activities could influence
younger minds and lead to cultural erosion.
On the other hand, a younger and more progressive section of the community has expressed strong support for
the initiative. They argue that embracing diversity and promoting equality is essential for a modern and inclusive
society. This group believes that public campaigns, such as the one proposed, are crucial for educating the
masses and eliminating prejudices. They see the campaign as a positive step toward equality and acceptance,
aligned with the constitutional values of non-discrimination and equal rights.
a. What are the ethical dilemmas being faced by you?
b. Evaluate the options available to you, being District Magistrate of the area.
c. How would you manage and mold the attitudes of conservative groups to ensure harmony in the district while
promoting acceptance of the LGBTQIA+ community?

Approach: Introduce by a summary of the case. In the body, first analyze the ethical dilemmas being faced. Then,
identify the options available along with their merits and demerits. Next, suggest strategies to mold conservative
attitudes while promoting LGBTQIA+ acceptance. Conclude by highlighting a balance approached and its
significance.

As the District Magistrate I’m faced with a complex situation involving the proposed public awareness campaign
by LGBTQIA+ activists and significant opposition from local religious and community leaders.
a) This scenario presents several complex ethical dilemmas as discussed:
1. Cultural sensitivity (respecting the beliefs and values of the region) vs progressive attitudes (promoting
inclusivity, diversity, equality); safeguarding the freedom of expression of the LGBTQIA+ community
(civil liberties) vs maintaining social harmony in society.
2. Categorical imperative (duty as a public official) of securing legal and constitutional rights of the
LGBTQIA+ community or utilitarian dictate of maintaining social harmony; maintain short-term peace
by restricting the campaign or seek long-term attitudinal shift by promoting acceptance.
3. State neutrality (let public opinion shape the societal values) or active support (induce social change);
protect minority interests or adhere to democratic values of respecting the majority opinion.

a) Options available:
Options Merits Demerits
1. Approve the campaign without a. Upholds constitutional a. May provoke unrest or
restrictions. rights of equality and backlash from
freedom of assembly. conservative groups.
b. Sends a message of b. Risk of alienating
inclusivity and progress. community leaders,
c. Sets a precedent for future disrupting social harmony.
LGBTQIA+ campaigns and c. Potential for protests or
movements. violence, which could
strain district resources.
2. Deny the campaign a. Maintains immediate a. May perpetuate
social harmony and discrimination; creates a
prevents potential unrest. perception of government
b. Respects the concerns of bias, undermining trust in
conservative groups. administration.
b. Hinders progress toward
social inclusivity and
constitutional values of
non-discrimination.
3. Approve with conditions a. Balances rights of a. Risk of imposing excessive
LGBTQIA+ activists with restrictions, which may be
concerns about public perceived as censorship.
order. b. May still face opposition
b. Reduces the likelihood of from both.
unrest by limiting c. Could be seen as a
provocative activities. compromise that satisfies
c. Allows controlled neither side fully.
advocacy of inclusivity and
rights.

A comprehensive strategy to mold conservative attitudes while promoting LGBTQIA+ acceptance integrates
multiple approaches to implement wide-ranging measures such as:
1. Launch educational initiatives to reduce prejudice among conservative section e.g. "Living Library"
sessions, where LGBTQIA+ individuals share personal narratives, fostering empathy and challenging
preconceptions.
2. Engage religious leaders in interfaith dialogues focusing on shared principles of compassion and
human dignity, bridging ideological divides and promoting cognitive flexibility among conservative
groups.
3. Organize legal awareness sessions to highlight the constitutional and legal protections for all citizens,
including LGBTQIA+ individuals.
4. Implement a gradual approach, starting with non-controversial measures like workplace non-
discrimination policies. It can create a domino effect of acceptance by influencing broader societal
norms without triggering immediate resistance.
5. Employ cognitive behavioral techniques (cognitive restructuring) to address specific concerns and
misconceptions. E.g. "Myth-Busting" campaigns, like those used in public health initiatives (AIDS and
TB awareness)

6. Identify and promote local role models who embody both traditional values and acceptance of
diversity; carry out youth engagement initiatives (e.g. supporting LGBTQIA+ ally groups in colleges) to
invest in long-term societal change.

The path forward requires a delicate balance of respect for tradition, commitment to progress, and a nuanced
understanding of community dynamics. By fostering dialogue, promoting education, and implementing gradual
change, it may be possible to guide the community towards greater acceptance and inclusivity while minimizing
conflict and preserving social cohesion. (550 words)

Q.8) Arijit, a recent graduate from a top marketing institute, has joined a prominent multinational corporation
(MNC) in the “personal care and wellness” sector. The MNC is globally known for its commitment to eco-
friendly, natural, and sustainable products, which was a major reason for Arijit being drawn to the job. He sees
this as a chance to work on campaigns that promote health-conscious and environmentally sustainable choices
worldwide.
Arijit enjoys the organization’s work culture and the nature of his new job. Within just a month, his creativity and
fresh approach have earned him praise from his manager. Soon, he is assigned a high-stakes project to design
an international campaign for the MNC’s new skincare product—a role typically reserved for more experienced
team members. Excited, Arijit begins researching for the campaign but soon discovers an uncomfortable truth.
Despite its “100% natural” branding, the product contains a significant percentage of synthetic ingredients,
some of which are known to harm the environment and may also pose risks to human health. Arijit feels this
contradicts the brand’s supposed commitment to environmental and health standards.
When Arijit raises these concerns, his manager rebukes him and sternly instructs him to follow the company’s
approved messaging. The manager emphasizes that the product meets all regulatory standards and that similar
claims are widely used by other competitors in the market. Arijit is told to focus on his marketing responsibilities
and avoid scrutinizing the product’s formulation. However, he still feels this is a manipulative practice that could
mislead environmentally and health-conscious consumers into believing they are choosing a completely
natural product.
Arijit worries that pressing the issue further could harm his career prospects, especially since he is still on
probation. As the sole breadwinner with a large education loan to repay, he can’t afford to lose his job. He tries
to reason that this might simply be “how business is done” and considers dropping the matter. However, his
conscience continues to urge him to take action.
a. Analyze the conduct of the MNC from an ethical point of view.
b. What are the options available to Arijit under the given situation? Evaluate each of the options and suggest
the best course of action.

Approach: Introduce with a summary of the case. In the body, first analyze the MNC’s conduct from an ethical
point of view. Then, identify the options available with Arijit along with their merits and demerits in a tabled
format followed by a course of action guided by the evaluation. Conclude by highlighting the benefits of pursuing
the said course of action.

A new marketing graduate Arijit discovers that his company's skincare product is falsely advertised as "100%
natural". He faces a moral dilemma between upholding truth in advertising and environmental values versus
job security and financial stability.
a) Analysis of MNC's conduct from ethical perspective:
1. The MNC's conduct reveals several ethical breaches and demonstrates corporate malfeasance such
as greenwashing by deliberate misrepresentation through false environmental claims ("100% natural),
which violates the principles of corporate transparency and environmental stewardship; disregard for
environmental ethics by using harmful synthetic ingredients; breach of stakeholder trust through

deceptive marketing practices; prioritizing profit maximization over social and environmental
obligations (consumer health, carbon footprint).
2. Concerning organizational culture reflected in the manager's response (ethical compromise);
suppression of employee’s concerns (toxic work environment), indicating weak ethical leadership;
demonstrates moral disengagement through justification based on industry practices; corporate
governance failures including lack of internal checks and balances; absence of whistleblower
protection mechanisms.

b) Given the complexities, Arijit has several options as discussed:

Options Merit Demerit
1. Comply with management 1. Maintains job security and 1. Moral compromise, leading
directive. fulfills financial obligations to cognitive dissonance.
(sole breadwinner, loan 2. Complicity in consumer
repayment). deception and institutional
2. Strengthen position in the corruption.
company (may be leveraged to 3. Violation of personal
institute reforms later). integrity (action
3. Gain experience in a high- contradicting internal
profile project while avoiding values) and professional
organizational conflict. ethics (perpetuation of
unethical corporate
behavior).
2. Escalate concerns to higher 1. Maintains professional 1. Risk of career setback and
management. integrity (long-term benefit). workplace retaliation.
2. Potential for systemic change 2. Financial insecurity due to
(opportunity to act as moral possible job loss, affecting
entrepreneur within mental health.
organization). 3. Strain on professional
3. Upholds consumer rights and relationships and hostile
environmental protection. work environment.
3. Report to external regulatory 1. Ensures regulatory compliance 1. High risk of immediate
authorities. (Consumer Protection Act, termination along with
2019). possible reduced hiring
2. Protects public interest potential (“troublemaker”
(informed consumers, label).
environment protection). 2. Legal complications and
3. Contributes to market potential litigation (e.g.
transparency and encourages breach of non-disclosure
discussion on ethical agreement)
marketing standards. 3. Livelihood implications on
other employees over
uncertain business
prospects for the company.

Here, Arijit should adopt a combination of Option 2 and Option 3, a strategic ethical approach, that involves a
balanced course of action:
1. Document evidence (demonstrates moral courage with strategic prudence): maintain detailed
records of product composition; collect relevant regulatory standards and marketing claims.

2. Internal escalation (maintains organizational loyalty while pursuing reform): submit formal written
concerns to immediate supervisor; escalate to HR/Ethics Committee through proper channels;
persuade for alternative production strategy.

If this does not achieve the required objectives, Arijit can fulfill his civic responsibility as a citizen by
whistleblowing about the company’s unethical business practices to the appropriate regulatory authorities.

The recommended course allows Arijit to act as an ethical change agent while protecting his economic interests
and career prospects. It reflects the principle of responsible dissent in corporate settings and acknowledges
the need for both moral conviction and practical wisdom in addressing ethical challenges. (519 words)

Q.9) The Upper Brahmaputra Hydropower Project (UBHP) is proposed on a river in a northeastern state of India,
a recognized biodiversity hotspot. Covered in dense forests, this region harbors a rich diversity of flora and
fauna, including numerous endemic species. Although sparsely populated, the region’s communities have
livelihoods and cultural practices deeply intertwined with the natural landscape. Its ecological wealth has been
preserved over the years due to its environmental significance and cultural heritage. Additionally, the Upper
Brahmaputra basin holds immense strategic importance due to its proximity to international borders, offering
potential leverage in regional security and resource management.
The UBHP aims to harness the river’s energy for economic growth, proposing infrastructure that includes an
11,000 MW “mega dam,” power stations, and transmission lines that could transform the state into a renewable
energy hub. Proponents argue that the project will boost the state’s economy through power generation,
employment, and enhanced infrastructure while also helping meet the country’s clean energy targets.
However, a local NGO has raised concerns about the ecological and social costs of UBHP. The project would
require extensive forest clearance, which plays a crucial role in carbon sequestration. Additionally, experts warn
that construction activities could disturb the region’s delicate ecosystems. This may affect riverine biodiversity,
and increase the risk of soil erosion and sedimentation, with potential downstream effects on agriculture and
water quality. Another major issue raised is the potential displacement and cultural impact on local
communities. This could threaten their subsistence-based livelihoods and disrupt their way of life. Critics also
highlight that the project may contradict India’s commitments to sustainable development.
Despite these concerns, supporters of the project argue that UBHP’s strategic importance and clean energy
potential cannot be ignored. Moreover, they emphasize the project’s strategic location, which would strengthen
energy security, reduce regional inequalities, and contribute to the country’s long-term development goals. They
argue that amidst rising energy demands, the country cannot afford to forgo such an opportunity, especially
given the presence of hydroelectric projects across borders that could shift regional control over water
resources.
a. What are the ethical issues involved in the above case?
b. In your opinion, which should take priority between development and conservation, and why?

Approach: Introduce the answer by highlighting the ethical values at stake. In the body, first identify the key
issues involved in the case. Then analyze the benefits of prioritizing conservation and development over each
other in a tabled format followed by a description of a middle path. Conclude with underlining the concept of
ecological modernization that theorizes a balanced approach.

The Upper Brahmaputra Hydropower Project (UBHP) presents multiple ethical dilemmas involving
environmental ethics, social justice, human rights, strategic and national interests.
a) Key ethical issues involved in the case:
1. Tension between preserving a biodiversity hotspot and harnessing renewable energy (anthropocentric
vs. biocentric approaches); potential disruption of ecological balance affecting both human and non-
human life forms (environmental justice).

2. Compromise on sustainable development i.e. balancing clean energy goals with environmental
preservation (intergenerational equity); holistic environmental ethics considering the
interconnectedness of ecosystems.
3. Right to development (Article 21 - right to life with dignity) vs. right to cultural preservation (traditional
lifestyle, sacred sites, ancestral lands); distributive justice issues related to displacement and
rehabilitation (fair compensation mechanisms, alternative livelihood options).
4. Procedural justice in decision-making affecting indigenous communities; question of informed
consent and stakeholder participation.
5. National development (utilitarianism) vs. local rights (Gandhi’s Talisman); sovereignty over natural
resources vs. ecological responsibility; environmental economics considerations (valuation of
ecosystem services).

b) Prioritizing either conservation or development has its own merit as discussed:

Conservation Development
1. Ecological integrity: preservation of biodiversity; 1. Economic growth: employment potential;
carbon sequestration; ecosystem stability; infrastructure development; regional economic
species protection. upliftment; poverty alleviation.
2. Environmental security: climate change 2. Energy security: clean energy production;
mitigation; water resource protection; soil reduced fossil dependence; grid stability.
conservation; natural disaster prevention. 3. Strategic advantages: regional power dynamics;
3. Cultural heritage: indigenous knowledge cross-border leverage; infrastructure
systems; traditional practices; community modernization in sensitive areas; technology
cohesion; preservation of sacred landscapes. advancement.
4. Long-term benefits: ecosystem services; 4. Immediate benefits: revenue generation; local
research potential; climate resilience; skill development; enhanced connectivity;
sustainable and inclusive development. modern amenities.

The complexity of the UBHP case demands a synergistic approach that transcends the binary of conservation
versus development. This middle path represents a pragmatic synthesis of competing imperatives that involves:
1. Deploying an adaptive management framework through phased implementation (allowing ecological
monitoring);using flexible design that accommodate modifications based on environmental feedback
(e.g. fish passage structure facilitating natural migration); integrated planning approach that includes
strategic environmental assessment, going beyond project-level impacts (basin-wide assessment);
cumulative impact assessment, considering regional dynamics (Iceland's Master Plan for Hydro and
Geothermal Energy Resources).
2. Innovative solutions such as “run-of-river" alternatives to mega dams (distributed energy generation);
green infrastructure development (afforestation under CAMPA); nature-based solutions for flood
control (e.g. the Netherlands' Room for the River program); community benefit-sharing arrangement
(Nagoya Protocol); cultural heritage preservation programs; skill development for alternative
livelihoods; traditional knowledge integration in project design; participatory decision-making
processes(EIA- public hearing).
Environmental protection and development can be reconciled through careful planning and adaptation. It aligns
with the concept of ecological modernization, where technological innovation and environmental protection are
seen as mutually reinforcing rather than antagonistic goals. This creates a framework for development that is
both ecologically sensitive and socially inclusive. (466 words)

Q.10) You are the Operations Manager at a fast-growing technology startup, NexGen Solutions, known for its
innovative projects and timely delivery. The startup’s environment is fast-paced, with tight deadlines and high
expectations from clients and investors. Your current project, creating a cutting-edge AI based application, is
critical for securing upcoming funding and partnerships. Your small, capable team includes four software
developers and two project coordinators, with an equal number of men and women.
Recently, the team has encountered major challenges. Priya, one of the female developers, has requested leave
to care for her ailing mother. Meanwhile, another team member, Ayesha, is struggling to manage her workload
along with caring for her infant child. As a result, other team members have taken on extra tasks, impacting their
work-life balance and causing heightened stress. With the project deadline looming, tensions in the team have
become visible. During a crucial project meeting, Karan, a senior developer, voices his frustration, saying,
“Perhaps it’s not ideal to have team members who can’t fully commit during critical stages.”
Karan’s remark triggers an immediate reaction. Neha, a project coordinator, finds his comment offensive and
reports it to the Human Resources (HR) Department. She also hints that she might bring the issue to social
media, which could harm the startup’s image. The HR Department, located at the company’s headquarters,
investigates and recommends disciplinary action against Karan, emphasizing the importance of a respectful,
inclusive workplace. Their recommendation puts you in a difficult situation. The project is already delayed, and
losing a senior developer like Karan could jeopardize its timely completion.
You are now faced with a complex dilemma. On one hand, it’s vital to address the inappropriate comment and
ensure a respectful work culture. On the other hand, you must keep the project on track without further
demotivating your team.
a. Discuss the ethical issues involved in this case.
b. As the Operations Manager, how would you deal with the given situation?
c. Based on the case study, discuss the challenges faced by women at workplace. How can such challenges be
addressed?

Approach: Start the answer by summarizing the case. In the body, first discuss the ethical issues involved. Next,
outline the strategy to deal with the situation. Then, discuss the challenges faced by women at workplace.
Finally, suggest measures to resolve these challenges. Conclude by emphasizing the need to address them.

The case involves balancing the need to maintain a respectful and inclusive work culture with the timely
completion of a crucial project. An insensitive remark by a senior developer, about the commitment of female
team members due to personal responsibilities has sparked backlash. An HR recommendation for strict action
adds further strain on an already overworked team.
a) The ethical issues involved in this case are:
1. Karan's remark can create a hostile work environment for women employees, making them feel
undervalued and discouraged from seeking support when needed. His comment also raises ethical
concern related to respect and inclusivity.
2. His remark implies a gender bias, suggesting that women with caregiving responsibilities are less
valuable to the team, which is discriminatory.
3. It also raises ethical concerns related to violations of constitutional principles such as Article 14 (Right
to Equality); Article 15 (Prohibition of Discrimination).
4. The demanding work culture potentially prevents a healthy work-life balance for all team members,
raising concern about employee well-being.
5. Neha’s threat to expose the issue on social media, while understandable, could harm the company's
reputation if not handled appropriately.

b) As the Operations Manager following actions can be taken to deal with the situation:
1. Speak with Karan privately to discuss the inappropriate nature of his comment. Mediate discussions
between Karan and the affected team members to resolve the conflict and promote understanding.

2. Collaborate with HR to determine appropriate disciplinary action for Karan, ensuring it is fair and
balanced with the need to maintain project progress.
3. Assess the project workload and consider delegating tasks to maintain a healthy work-life balance for
everyone. Consider hiring temporary or freelance developers to alleviate the increased workload and
stress on the current team.
4. Ensure Priya and Ayesha feel supported and valued. Explore options for flexible work arrangements for
them, such as adjusted schedules or work from home (if feasible).
5. Facilitate open communication within the team to address any concerns and reinforce a culture of
respect. Suggesting HR department implement training programs focused on inclusivity, diversity, and
sensitivity to prevent future incidents.

c) Challenges faced by women at workplace can be discussed as:

1. Women often face the dual burden of professional responsibilities and caregiving duties.
2. Women may encounter bias or discrimination, particularly when balancing work with family
obligations.
3. Caregiving responsibilities can impact women's opportunities for career growth and advancement
(Glass ceiling).
4. Inadequate support from employers regarding flexible working arrangements and understanding of
personal responsibilities.

Such challenges can be resolved in following way:

1. Implement policies that allow flexible hours, remote work, and part-time options to help women
balance work and personal life.
2. Establish and enforce policies that support parental leave, caregiving leave, and return-to-work
programs.
3. Provide regular training to all employees to promote a culture of inclusivity and respect, addressing
unconscious biases.
4. Create mentorship programs and career development initiatives to support women's growth and
advancement within the company.
5. Ensure that women have equal opportunities for challenging projects, leadership roles, and career
progression.
By addressing these challenges and creating a supportive, inclusive work environment, Next Gen Solutions can
not only resolve the current situation but also foster a more equitable workplace for all employees. (546 words)

Q.11) With stubble burning leading to rising pollution levels, the district is facing severe air quality deterioration,
affecting both public health and environmental sustainability. The District Collector is mobilizing his team to
implement measures to control stubble burning in an effort to check the rising pollution levels. Along with an
awareness campaign on the hazards of stubble burning, strict measures are being taken to prevent farmers from
setting fire to crop residue. Vigilance teams are being deployed to monitor rural areas and catch farmers
engaging in this practice. This action is agitating the farmers. A delegation of farmers meets with the District
Collector to voice their concerns, alleging that while they are being penalized, industries in the region contribute
far more to air pollution yet face no such restrictions. However, a recent study commissioned by the state
government highlighted that industrial sources are not the major contributors to air pollution in the district while
stubble burning is. On the contrary, farmers claim that the administration is biased, favoring industrial interests
over agricultural needs. They also allege that the administration is corrupt and is being bribed by industries to
overlook the significant pollution they cause. The administration needs to resolve the farmers’ grievances, as
they are threatening to go on a prolonged protest. At the same time, it must also address the issue of
deteriorating air quality.
a. What are the ethical dilemmas for the District Collector?

b. Identify and evaluate the options available to the District Collector.

c. What steps can be taken to address the stakeholders’ interests in a mutually compatible way?

Approach: Introduce the answer by providing a brief summary of the case study. In the body, first bring out the
ethical dilemmas for the District Collector. Next, identify and evaluate the options available to him. Lastly,
suggest the steps that can be taken to address the interests of the stakeholders. Conclude by highlighting the
significance of this approach.

The case study highlights the issue of air quality deterioration due to various factors. It also spotlights the
resistance faced by the government machinery in curbing them despite the public health threat.
a) Ethical dilemmas faced by the District Collector:
1. The acts of farmers causing environmental harm (air pollution) vs economic efficiency (ease of
clearing crop residue through burning); long-term vision (impact of pollution on public health) vs
short term outlook (prevent protests by farmers).
2. Strict measures through vigilance teams or persuasion through awareness generation to curb
burning (means v/s ends); objective governance (report highlighting low contribution of industrial
sources) vs getting influenced by pressure groups (threat to go on a prolonged protest by farmer
groups).
3. Tackling allegations of bias and restoring trust in the fairness of the district administration
(suggestions of favouring industrial interests over agricultural needs); Ensuring probity by
addressing accusations of collusive corruption (claims of being bribed by industries to overlook
their polluting activities).
b) Different options are available with the District Collector:
Option Merits Demerits
1. Stop the penal 1. Resolve the grievances of the 1. Violation of the principle of
action being taken farmers and stop their protest; objectivity in governance;
against farmers; remove doubts in their minds primary cause of air pollution
deal further with regarding the fairness of the district remains unaddressed.
industrial sources of administration and build public 2. May create a climate of fear
pollution. trust. among the industrial sector,
2. Possible reduction in pollution from causing deindustrialization and
industrial sources and consequent economic stagnation in the
improvement in air quality. region.
2. Ignore the demands 1. Bring down stubble burning; 1. May anger the farmers who may
of the farmers and improvement in air quality and launch the proposed prolonged
continue with the public health. protests leading to law and order
ongoing drive. 2. Upholds objectivity in governance. challenges.
(Actions based on evidence) 2. Strengthen the doubts regarding
3. Enhances the trust of the industry in the impartiality of the district
the ability of the district administration among farmers.
administration to resist populist 3. Sole focus on stubble burning
pressures and improve the may lead to neglect of other
business climate. sources of pollution.

3. Consultation with 1. Reconciliation with the farmers; 1. May result in no immediate relief
farmers and taking steps build long-term trust regarding the from air pollution; may have
to check other sources neutrality of district administration. disastrous consequences for
of pollution as well. public health; violation of
utilitarian principle.

2. Democratic and participatory 2. Perception among industries of

governance; allow the farmers to being unfairly targeted.
present their point of view (empathy
in governance)

c) The district administration can take several steps to address the interests of all stakeholders in a
mutually compatible way:
1. Consultation with farmers and explain to them the harms of stubble burning; promote practices for in-
situ (“Happy Seeder”, bio-decomposers) and ex-situ management of crop residue (generation of bio
ethanol).
2. Financial incentives for preventing stubble burning; bring about changes in cultivation practices
(integrated farming systems). Incentivize establishment of anti-pollution technologies in industrial
units (air scrubbers); facilitate the use of crop residue as raw material (paperboard, packaging);
checking other sources of pollution (covering construction sites).
3. Expanding the coverage of green spaces in the district; deployment of anti-pollution infrastructure
(smog towers, anti-smog guns). Establish stakeholder consultation and emergency response
mechanisms (CAQM); create policy framework to establish predictability and fairness in the response
of the district administration.
Such an approach fosters trust and cooperation among the stakeholders involved and makes everyone an equal
stakeholder in protecting the environment. (596 words)

Q.12) Arushi is a young IPS officer known for her competence, integrity, and relentless dedication to challenging
tasks. Recognizing her excellent track record, her superiors have chosen her to handle a sensitive assignment
in a tribal-dominated district notorious for illegal bauxite mining. Here, the mafia mines bauxite from mineral-
rich lands, transports it by truck, and sells it on the black market. This illegal operation thrives with the support
of certain local officials and tribal musclemen who intimidate the local population and bribe selected poor
tribals to maintain control and silence.
Upon assuming the new role, Arushi quickly grasps the ground realities and identifies the mafia’s modus
operandi, characterized by a series of devious tactics. Her inquiries reveal that several employees in her office
are colluding with the mafia, forming an unholy nexus that enables these illegal operations. Determined to
dismantle this network, she initiates strict actions, including raids on trucks transporting illegally mined bauxite.
These actions significantly disrupt the mafia’s operations, unsettling criminals unaccustomed to such
resistance. Some office employees allegedly allied with the mafia inform the criminals of her determination to
dismantle their operations, posing a serious threat to their profits. In response, the mafia adopts a counter-
offensive strategy. Tribal strongmen and mafia operatives, begin issuing direct threats to her, warning of severe
consequences if the raids continue. Her family (husband and elderly mother) are stalked and placed under
virtual surveillance, causing mental anguish and stress for them all. Matters assume serious propositions when
a muscleman appears in her office and threatens that if she does not halt raids, etc., she will suffer the same
fate as a predecessor officer who was killed by the mafia a decade earlier.
a. Discuss the ethical issues involved in this case.
b. Identify and evaluate the different options available to Arushi under the given situation.
c. Which option would she adopt, and why?

Approach: Introduce with a summary of the case. In the body, first highlight the ethical issues involved in the
case. Secondly, identify the options available with Arushi along with their merits and demerits. Thirdly, provide
a detailed description of the options that she should adopt. Conclude with justifying the choice.

The case presents an ethical dilemma involving an IPS officer's duty to uphold law and order while facing serious
threats to personal and family safety from the mining mafia.
a) Arushi faces several ethical issues in this case, as discussed:
1. The fundamental tension between protecting oneself and family (Maslow’s basic need) versus fulfilling
official responsibilities (categorical imperative); mental stress and psychological pressure affecting
decision-making capacity (cognitive dissonance); compromised institutional mechanisms due to the
unholy nexus between officials and criminals; violation of public trust through misuse of official
position (institutional integrity); dereliction of duty by colluding officials (corruption).
2. Exploitation of tribal resources violating their Constitutional rights; environmental degradation through
illegal mining violating environmental ethics; economic exploitation of vulnerable tribal populations
(Gandhi’s Talisman); challenge to state authority and democratic governance; undermining of legal
frameworks designed to protect tribal rights and natural resources (Article 46 and 48A); threat to
institutional legitimacy and effectiveness (capacity to maintain rule of law).

b) There are several options available with Arushi, each with their merits and demerits, as discussed:
Options Merit Demerit
Option 1: Continue action against the 1. Upholds rule of law and 1. Puts personal and family
mafia. professional integrity. safety at serious risk.
2. Demonstrates moral 2. May lead to violent
courage and commitment retaliation by mafia.
to duty. 3. Could affect mental health
3. Sets strong deterrent for and work efficiency.
future illegal activities.
Option 2: Temporarily suspend 1. Allows time for strategic 1. May be perceived as
operations while building stronger planning and resource yielding to pressure.
support systems. mobilization. 2. Temporary setback to
2. Reduces immediate risk to ongoing operations.
family. 3. Could embolden the
3. Provides opportunity to mafia, allowing them to
build stronger alliances regroup.
(with local community
leaders).
Option 3: Request transfer to another 1. Ensures immediate safety 1. Represents moral defeat
posting. of self and family. and abdication of duty.
2. Allows another officer to 2. Sets negative precedent
take fresh approach. for future officers.
3. Validates mafia's
intimidation tactics.

c) In this situation, Arushi should choose to continue aggressive action while implementing additional
protective measures:
1. Immediate steps: file FIRs regarding threats and establish official record; request additional security
coverage for family; coordinate with superior authorities for support; install surveillance systems
(CCTV cameras, panic button) at residence and office.
2. Strategic measures: create a dedicated task force (SIT) with trusted officers; build intelligence network
within tribal communities; document and share evidence with multiple authorities; engage media to
ensure transparency and public support; coordinate with adjacent districts to prevent displacement
of illegal activities.

3. Long-term initiatives: develop rehabilitation programs for tribal communities; implement systematic
anti-corruption measures; build community support through regular interactions (partner with NGOs
working in tribal welfare); strengthen institutional mechanisms against illegal mining.

This approach reflects the essence of public service leadership - standing firm against organized crime while
implementing systematic reforms. It demonstrates that effective law enforcement requires both courage and
strategic thinking. By combining immediate action with long-term institutional strengthening, she can create
lasting change that serves both justice and public welfare (karma yoga - duty without attachment to outcomes).
(519 words)

Common questions

Arushi faces ethical challenges including combating corruption within her department as employees collude with the mafia, addressing threats to her personal safety and that of her family, and maintaining her integrity and commitment to law enforcement despite significant intimidation. These issues highlight the conflict between duty and personal risk, alongside the systemic corruption she must navigate .

Arushi's options include continuing raids and enforcement against the mining operations despite personal threats, seeking higher-level support from government agencies for protection and resources, or negotiating with local leaders to mitigate immediate threats while strengthening future enforcement strategies. She must consider the potential risks to her safety and career, the legal and procedural tools available, and the systemic support required to sustain her efforts against illegal mining .

Empathy enables governance to address diverse interests and conflicts by understanding and incorporating stakeholder perspectives. In environmental regulation, such as managing stubble burning, empathy helps in acknowledging the socio-economic conditions of farmers while formulating balanced policies that seek to mitigate environmental harm and promote sustainable practices, fostering trust and cooperation .

The administration can address stakeholder interests by consulting with farmers to discuss the harms of stubble burning and promoting alternative practices such as bio-decomposers. Offering financial incentives for reducing stubble burning and integrating pollution control technologies in industries can balance interests. Expanding green spaces and deploying anti-pollution infrastructure will foster mutual trust and cooperation among all stakeholders .

Anonymity on social media can challenge governance by making it difficult to identify and engage with official accounts or intended beneficiaries. This creates opportunities for fraud, as individuals or entities may pose as government officials. However, anonymity also enables increased engagement and participation in societal discussions without fear of personal backlash, which can be seen as a democratic benefit .

The use of digital surveillance technologies such as CCTV, facial recognition, and drones by law enforcement raises ethical concerns primarily regarding the infringement of privacy rights and potential abuse of power. These technologies can lead to a chilling effect on freedom of expression and assembly, as people may change their behavior due to the fear of being watched. Additionally, there is a risk of mass surveillance, where personal data collected can be misused, leading to a violation of human dignity and fundamental rights .

Arushi can navigate the threat environment by garnering support from higher authorities to ensure protection, leveraging media and public awareness to build societal support for her actions, and strengthening internal checks and transparency within her department to root out corruption. Engaging community leaders to gain local support against the mafia while implementing robust enforcement can ensure sustainable success .

The District Collector faces ethical dilemmas such as balancing long-term public health benefits against short-term economic efficiency for farmers, choosing between strict enforcement measures versus persuasion to prevent stubble burning, and navigating allegations of bias by appearing to favor industrial interests. This involves maintaining objectivity while addressing farmers' grievances and ensuring fair governance amid potential corruption claims .

The District Collector has several options: 1) Stopping penal actions against farmers which would appease them but not address the primary pollution cause; 2) Continuing current enforcement which would improve air quality but potentially incite farmer protests; 3) Consulting farmers and checking other pollution sources which would be democratic but may not resolve immediate pollution issues. Each option involves trade-offs between stakeholder satisfaction and achieving pollution control objectives .

Strategies to increase societal acceptance of LGBTQIA+ initiatives include launching educational initiatives such as 'Living Library' sessions where LGBTQIA+ individuals share personal stories to foster empathy, engaging religious leaders in dialogues focusing on shared principles of compassion, and implementing legal awareness sessions that highlight constitutional protections. Gradually introducing non-controversial measures like workplace non-discrimination policies can create a ripple effect of acceptance without provoking immediate resistance .

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Ethical Implications of Digital Surveillance

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Ethical Implications of Digital Surveillance

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MGP 2025

Test Code : 814403

For any feedback, please write to us at helpdesk@[Link]

However, it also raises ethical concerns:

These concerned can be addressed through following measures:

audits of sponsored research programs; implementing whistleblower protection policies; providing

Following steps can be taken to counter evil;

There exists an intricate relationship between empathy and objectivity:

b) Given the complexities, Arijit has several options as discussed:

b) Prioritizing either conservation or development has its own merit as discussed:

c) Challenges faced by women at workplace can be discussed as:

Such challenges can be resolved in following way:

b. Identify and evaluate the options available to the District Collector.

2. Democratic and participatory 2. Perception among industries of

Common questions

What ethical challenges does Arushi face in her role as an IPS officer combating illegal bauxite mining?

What options does Arushi have for dealing with threats and dismantling illegal mining operations, and what factors should she consider?

What role does empathy play in governance, especially when managing conflicts involving diverse interests such as in the case of environmental regulation?

How can the district administration effectively address stakeholder interests in reducing air pollution while maintaining fairness and trust?

How can social media anonymity present challenges for governance while promoting engagement in societal affairs?

What are the ethical concerns associated with the use of digital surveillance technologies in law enforcement?

How can Arushi navigate the threat environment and ensure successful implementation of law enforcement against the bauxite mafia?

What ethical dilemmas does the District Collector face in addressing air pollution caused by stubble burning versus industrial emissions?

What options are available to the District Collector in handling the air pollution issue caused by stubble burning and what are their merits and demerits?

What strategies could be employed to increase societal acceptance of LGBTQIA+ initiatives while respecting traditional values?

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