Bachelor's degree 2 and 3

School year 2006-2007

BARRAGES
Harouna KARAMBIRI
UTER GVEA
E-mail:[Link]@[Link]
Ismaïla GUEYE
UTER ISM
E-mail:[Link]@[Link]
COURSE PLAN (45 h)
********

1- Introduction (H. K.)

2- Site selection and preliminary studies (H. K.)
3- Study of the retention (H. K.)
4- Description, types and selection of dams (H. K.)
5- Flood evacuators and auxiliary works (H. K.)
6- The dam (I. G.)
7- Concrete dam (I. G.)
8- Monitoring and maintenance of dams (I.G.)
2
Course Objectives
Acquire basic knowledge for design,
the implementation and operation of a small dam in
land.
Prerequisites

Hydrology1, free surface hydraulics, hydraulics

underground, soil mechanics, geotechnics
Course organization
Courses + Tutorials: 39 hours
- Written exam: 2 hours (1h+1h) + final exam
Departure: 4 hours
3
1. INTRODUCTION
4
Why do we build a dam?
In the Sahel, during the long dry season, the
populations are led to seek water.
A dam allows for the storage, in a way
economic, a large volume of water, which can
to be employed for:
• the irrigation of cultivated lands,
• the drinking water supply of communities,
• the watering of animals,
• the reduction of peak flood flows,
• water storage for energy production
electric
• fish farming,
• the tourist and sporting use of a body of water.
5
DIFFERENT USES OF WATER
6
A dam is a structure
artificial that cuts a stream of water
Barrage

A dam must withstand the thrust of

the water

It is equipped with an overflow that allows

pass the water that the dam cannot
stocking, in particular that of floods,
It is equipped with a bottom drain, which
allows to empty the retention,
It has one or more water outlets that
used to ensure the function for which
he was designed.
7
View from the dam of Korsimoro
View from the spillway of the Korsimoro dam
Taking of the Donsé dam
8
Earth embankments
Currently more than 30,000 works of this
type by part of the world (or 30%),
then
that before 1900 only a thousand were
reviewed. Why?
This development originates from a
genuine
technological leap marked by:
the development of soil mechanics,
the appearance of super earthmoving equipment
puissants,

research in hydrology.
9
Earthen dams
Fundamental requirements
Do not be overwhelmed by a flood,
Infiltrations must not cause
of internal erosion (Foxes),
The embankments must have a slope such
that they do not
do not slip.
10
Status of earth dams
in Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso has made a lot of efforts in the
area of
small hydraulic; the first dams date back
nevertheless, the 1920s and about a hundred were
accomplished.
in 1960.
They have very variable dimensions of a few
tens of thousands of m3to millions. They serve to
the water supply for populations and livestock,
but also for agriculture since the 1970s.
The builders are the State and its branches.
like ONBAH, ONEA, the Rural Engineering Services
and Hydraulics, the parastatal companies such as the
SOSUCO; but also the NGOs and missionaries.
11
Situation of earth dams
in Burkina Faso
It is a success with about 1500 works:
The geological conditions are quite favorable:
the
availability of lateritic materials promotes the
implementation of
place of embankments and protections.
But above all, the presence of the Precambrian
substrate on the
almost the entire territory of the Central Plateau is
condemned
the groundwater supply.
Surface waters then frequently constitute the
only easily usable resource.
12
The major dams in Burkina Faso
Height Volume stored
(m)
50
40
16
21
32
11

(million m ) 3

2,050
1,700
200
Kompienga
Bagré
Ziga

O. Kanazoé
How is it?
Loumbilla
100
38
36
(42 with the enhancement
of the threshold of 40 cm in 2004)
13
Steps of a "Dam" project
The study of a project "Dam" is broken
down into:
Choice of a site
Study of needs,
Study of the retention,
Study of floods and their drainage
Study of the foundations at the level of the axis of the structure
Study of the dyke and its protections
Management and maintenance mode
Principles of monitoring
14
2. SITE SELECTION AND
PRELIMINARY STUDIES
15
The dam and its surroundings
16
The layout solutions
The project idea can come from the populations, the
authorities
administrative and political or operating companies.
Search for alternative solutions
Opportunity solutions (variant analyses)
(See example table)
Option solutions
Opting for a policy of socio-economic development
economic based on water resources. The project
the dam is then part of the priorities defined by
the government.
17
18
19
Site search and feasibility
If the chosen alternative or the option made is the
dam, it
it is advisable to search for the most suitable site.
Avoid costly operations for the study beforehand
to be sure that the site is suitable.
Two important phases:
1. Office work: Documents, cards, photos
aerial. For each site, estimation of
physical, geometric characteristics
geomorphological features of the dam site and the
basin,
examination of communication routes and housing.
Quickly review the capacity estimate of
retention, hydrology, geomorphology and geology
of the watershed, the local weather data.
20
2. Field visits to complete the information
general

• Multidisciplinary team: 1 experienced GR/TS

in
dams and hydraulic facilities, 1 surveyor, 1
geographer and maneuvers.
• Local contacts to get information about the
identified sites,
crop failures, land issues, etc..
• Examination of physical conditions: access,
vegetation,
morphology of the river and the site, nature and
thickness
soils, rocky outcrops, borrowing areas, etc.
Identify the specific difficulties: water inflow,
losses,
faults, karst, bank slippage, peats, etc..

Estimate the extent of the preparatory work:

clearing, access development, topographical survey,
etc..
21
The comparative study of the inventoried sites
(characteristics
techniques, advantages, integration into the
environment
physical and socio-economic, etc...) allows to draw up
a
restricted list of potential sites and the final choice.
In practice, site search is limited in
space, and often the choice of a site obeys
more to some
purely social or political considerations.
22
Site selection and preliminary studies
If the preliminary diagnosis favors the study
towards the choice of a dam site, the adoption of
this
the solution remains subordinate to the verification of a
certain
number of criteria :
- socio-economic issues related to opportunities to
highlighting.
- technical orders such as topography,
geology and geotechnics, and hydrology,
These studies, called preliminary, will allow for
clarification.
the initial findings, to lift the uncertainties
to pronounce on the feasibility of the project in
order to
to reach the APS file. They will be the basis for
launch the definitive studies (APS).
23
Preliminary Studies
Socio-economic aspects
The socio-economic survey prior to construction
a dam in a rural area will focus on examining:
the land organization, administrative or customary (size of
exploits, mode of access to land, etc.)
the favorable conditions for the proper operation of the
facility,
– conflicts between or within social groups,
the current and future agricultural production strategies,
the organization of pastoralism (if applicable),
the possibilities of marketing the productions,
the consequences of the flooding of the basin,
the estimation of needs,
the risks of misuse of water,
the possibility of additional valorization of a portion of the
water,
– the expected benefits and census of the affected
population.
24
Preliminary studies
Geology and geotechnics
They will aim to assess the tightness of
the
foundation and the basin and to ensure the
availability of construction materials
good quality.
We will then conduct surveys along the
axis of
dam, in the basin and at the level of
borrowed rooms.
• The permeability of soils, as well as
their
physical and mechanical characteristics
will be studied in the laboratory and in situ.
25
Preliminary studies
Topography

They will aim to find a site that meets the

times
to the needs
under good operating conditions (proximity, altitude)
– to the profitability criteria with the highest value
possible to (Held volume / Cost of work)
We establish a plan at a specific scale
(1/5000 to
1/1000) with contour lines (0.5 to 1m).
This is in order to calculate the footprint of the retention,
its
volume and build the height-volume curve.
26
Preliminary studies
Hydrology

Objectives: conditions for filling the retention and

the estimation of the project flood.
Gather all the documents on the watershed
studied (hydrography, topography, geology, vegetation,
etc..)
Search for gauging stations on the watercourse
studied and the neighboring waterways.
Hydrometric and rainfall data
pluviometric.

Field reconnaissance: flows, beds, deposits of

crude, works of art, neighboring dams, etc.
Surveys among the riverside residents: memories of the floods
27
Preliminary studies
Volume of the retention
L
l
S
S2
H

The basin is considered as an inverted cone

of height H.
and base S (surface of the reservoir): V = 1/3 H * S
• We use the correlation established in Burkina
Faso:
V = (L * l * H) / 2.67
with the greatest length of the retention and it
wet length of the dam.
28
3. STUDY OF
RETENTION
29
Assessment of needs
The construction of a dam meets the
objective
to establish a water reserve to satisfy
several water needs.
• If in some cases, such as for the
needs
industrial needs for water
are well quantified, in the case of
human food, livestock or
agriculture, they deserve an assessment
that
is not always easy.
The following evaluation principles are
proposed.
30
Needs assessment
Agricultural needs
Agriculture around dams concerns the
highlighting the perimeter of the bowl and
gravity irrigation of the plains or by
pumping.

The assessment of water needs for crops

takes into account the surface, the infiltration
and
the ETP.

• Calculation of PET: the Penman formula

seems
being the most suitable for West Africa and
Central; we read the monthly values of the
ETP
directly on the atlases of the CILSS and the
CIEH.
31
Assessment of needs
Atlas for calculating ETP
32
Needs assessment
Agricultural needs
The needs are approached by the following
figures:
– Rice
Market gardening
Cereals
150 to 175 m3/ day / ha
100 m3/ day / ha
100 m3/ day / ha
Let:
Rice (rainy season) 13,000 m3/ ha
Rice (dry season)
25,000 m3/ ha
(fully irrigated from December to May)
Market gardening (dry season) 15,000 m3/ ha
(fully irrigated from November to April)
33
Needs assessment
Drinking water supply
Dams are not the most economical structures.
to supply rural areas with drinking water.
We generally keep the following figures:
Urban centers
Secondary centers
Rural centers
150 liters/day/person
70 l/day/person
40 l/day/person
15 liters per day per person is a minimum in rural areas
Population update:
Popa+n Popa(1 +) n
Consider the population located within a 5 km radius around the
dam.
34
Assessment of needs
Livestock watering
The following figures are generally retained:
Cattle or UBT
Small ruminants
Camels
30 to 40 L/day
5 l / day
100 l / 5 days
1 UBT = 1 beef = 5 small ruminants
It is difficult to quantify the animals involved
especially
in transhumance zone: An animal drinks at a
retention if it grazes less than 10km, or 30,000 ha
and
6000 UBT (density = 1 head for 4 to 6 hectares in the
area
Sahelian.

It is necessary to develop the watering points.

35
Estimation of losses
To properly design and manage a retention, it
it is also necessary to take into account the various water
losses
inherent to the site itself.
It mainly concerns losses by infiltration, by
evaporation and also the capacity losses of the
cuvette following the solid deposits.
• Unlike needs that are expressed in volume,
losses generally correspond to
water heights.
36
Estimation of losses
Infiltration into the basin
Unless searching for the power supply of the
cable, we ensure
of the good impermeability of the bowl
(thickness
minimal waterproof materials of 0.5m with a
permeability < 10-4cm/s).
Infiltration normally decreases over time as
as the deposition of colloidal clays occurs.
Attention must be paid to the large
permeabilities:
exposed sandy passes or lateritic crusts.
• Losses are often difficult to quantify, even to
to be managed through treatment; but they
can be
economically acceptable as long as they do not put
in
danger the work.
• Usual values = 1 to 3 mm/j on average or
10% of the
useful height of the retention during the preliminary project phase.
37
Estimation of losses
Quelques cas d’infiltration dans la cuvette
Case of a permeable soil at the bottom of a basin on a certain
thickness (easy to detect) :
38
Estimation of losses
Some cases of infiltration in the basin
Case of an outcrop of a sandy area somewhere in
the basin and which communicates with the downstream.
39
Estimation of losses
Some cases of infiltration in the basin
Case of an outcrop of lateritic armor somewhere in
the bowl
40
Means of combating infiltrations in small-sized basins
If the bowl material has a wide grain size
with at least 3 to 4% fines (< 0.05 mm), we can
scarify the bottom of the bowl and compact it
properly
(with the addition of water).
If the bowl material does not contain enough
of fine elements or if we want to cover a sandy area
Or lateritic, we can spread and compact clay.
about 50 cm deep.
Contribution of "soil-cement": costly and dosage problem.
Bentonite contribution (special clay): cost issue and
constructive dispositions.
Covering the surface of the bowl with film
very thin plastic (1/10 mm): cost issue and
constructive dispositions.
Bitumen emulsion from the water surface for
seal the cracks at the bottom of the bowl.
41
Methods of combating infiltrations in important structures
Background wallpapering solutions impossible
Upstream carpet
1

L−l = l*(−1)
p
With the flow rate reduction.
x
100
e(m)= 0.60+
you
L−lK'
≈ ’
E K
« ◊
e(m)= x*
*
∆ ÷
42
Parafouilles: waterproof screen in the foundation
Sheet pile curtain
(metal sheets 30 to 50 cm thick)
Concrete wall/diaphragm wall
43
Injections: Cracked rocks or successive layers more or less
deeply permeable.
Clay (small cracks), clay-cement (medium cracks), sand-clay-
cement (significant cracks)
44
Estimation of losses
Evaporation
Evaporation losses are related
Piche evaporometer
on the surface of the water body (therefore
expressed in mm) and depend on:
The duration of sunshine,
the exposure to the wind,
the air saturation deficit,
the presence of aquatic vegetation,
the depth of the detention.
The formulas yield results
uncertain, we prefer to use
data obtained from the evaporometer
or at the "Class A" baccalaureate.
45
Estimation of losses
Evaporation
Use of the evaporation tank
Evaporation basin
"Class A"
Class A
One must apply a coefficient
corrector
It varies from 0.5 to 0.68 under conditions
Sahelian and dry tropical.
It varies from 0.70 to 0.80 at steady state.
tropical.
Pouyaud proposes the formula:
0.602
with r = 0.93
Elake=1.664E
High School Diploma A
correlation
In tropical regions, evaporation varies between 1500 to 3000 mm/year
46
Estimation of losses
Solid deposits
Sedimentation mechanism in a dam
47
Consequences
Socio-economic consequences
reduction in the capacity of the reservoir ∆decrease in electricity production.
- reduction of stored water volumes ∆ water shortages, decrease in
agricultural yields
deposits in the channels or water supply conduits;
obstruction of irrigation injectors by spraying or localized;
appearance of almost indelible spots on fruits which are thus depreciated;
fouling of heat exchangers in the industry;
disruption of the operation of urban water treatment plants or
industrial especially when sediments are loaded with organic matter
or in toxic residues.
development of aquatic vegetation ∆ impact on tourism and development
of diseases (malaria, onchocerciasis)
elevation of the water level and flooding upstream
48
Technical consequences
In the tank
rise of the water level, bank erosion
blocking, by consolidating deposits, the deep drainage organs
(drainage, valves, etc... ).
- thrusts due to solid deposits ∆ decrease in the stability of dams
Upstream
The formation of a delta deposits in the riverbed that obstructs navigation,
and a rise in water levels and a wandering of the riverbed
Downstream
The water having deposited its materials in
the tank, his skill
increases and thus its erosive power. This causes erosion at the base.
evaluation of the work and the erosion of the banks
49
Measures
Sand traps or sand pits:imprecise and punctual
E
E
sediment pit: reliable but 'heavy' to set up
sediment marking: unreliable as sediments are difficult to
to find in the retention after a flood or season (erosion, wear, etc..).
E
river sampling using special bottles: punctual and
difficult to implement in the medium and long term.
nephelometry: optical method for detecting 'clouds' of
sediments. Limited and costly use.
sediment dating: fits well with historical sedimentation and not
to the current silting of the reservoirs.
remote sensing: development of the topography of the basin from
aerial photos and satellite images. Very expensive.
topographic surveys: topo and/or bathymetric measurements, profiles in
travers or contour lines.
E
E
E
E
E
Surveys: coring or penetrometry according to a grid.
Tedious and less precise.
50
Formulas
Fournier's formula
COLLET formula
Meyer-Peter formula
EFormula of ENGELUNG HANSEN
Erosion model of WISCHMEIER and SMITH
EFormula of GOTTSCHALK
D= 260*S−0.1and V= D*S
D: annual specific degradation (m)3/km²/yr)
S: watershed area (km²)
V: annual volume of solid deposits (m3/an)
51
EFORMULA of EIER - CIEH ( GRESILLON )
−2.2
P
≈ ’

D= 700*
*S−0.1and V= D*S
∆ ÷
500
« ◊
D: annual specific degradation (m)3/km²/year)
S: surface area of the watershed (km²)
V: annual volume of solid deposits (m3/an)
Modified GRESILLON formula or KARAMBIRI formula
−2.02
*S−0.05*»0.25+ 1.13*h+ rÿ1.15
P
≈ ’
D=137*
( )
∆ ÷
⁄
700
« ◊
and V= D*S
D: specific annual degradation (m)3/km²/year)
S: watershed area (km²)
V: annual volume of solid deposits (m3/an)
h: anthropo parameter
r: morpho parameter
52
The parameter h is defined as follows:
Watershed containing large cities,
• h∈ [0.7 – 1]
large villages or located near them.
Probability of rapid expansion of cities or
villages on the basin.
Watershed containing small towns,
medium-sized villages or located nearby
these.
• h∈ [0.4 – 0.7]
-Probability of average city expansion or
villages on the basin.
Watershed consisting of small villages or
• h∈ [0.1 - 0.4]
located nearby them.
Relatively uninhabited or remote watershed
• h ∈ [0 – 0.1]
from any town or village.
The parameter r is defined as follows:
Highly rugged, accused relief.
• r ∈ [0.7 - 1]
• r ∈ [0.4 - 0.7]
• r∈ [0.1 - 0.4]
• r∈ [0 – 0.1]
Moderately uneven relief, accused.
Slightly uneven terrain, accused.
Relatively flat and monotonous relief.
53
The means of struggle
Before the siltation
Water and Soil Conservation (WSC)
The settling basins
The short-circuiting of the dam
During the siltation
The establishment of a dead tranche
The elevation of the dam
The living force of the floods
After the siltation
The extraction
The hunting with an empty chamber
Stripping
The dredging
The siphoning
54
To remember:
In reality, there is no radical method of struggle.
against siltation. All of the above methods
used only delay the deadline of the
sedimentation. The deposits removed from the dams
pose
a storage problem and nowadays, several
solutions are implemented:
formation of 'natural' spreading areas in the
basins limited by gabions
use of deposits for fine enrichment
arable land
brick making for construction
- etc...
55
Measurement of solid deposits at the scale of a few reservoirs in
Burkina
Degradation
annual specific
Rain
average
annual
(mm)
Period
study
Surface Dams
(km²)
Organism
or author
m3/km²/year t/ha/year
(density of
1.2)
Return
30,200 1977 ORSTOM 625
6.2
0.07
Blanche
Kompienga 5 800
Goundi 38
Samboendi 148
1980
HER
EGGS
EGGS
EGGS
905
900
724
53
160
260
52
0.67
1.92
3.1
0.64
0.95
1.64
3.5
0.37
1.10
0.19
0.68
64 - 80
64 - 80
64 - 80
We
Boulbi
Water quota distribution
in the restraint
57
Calculation of the retention volume
S1
S2
S3
S4
(
Sn+ Sn+1
)
Vn,n+1=
*h
2
Quotes
Surface Hauteur Surf. moy.
Volume
Cumulative volume
elementary
Background side
0
0
h
h
h
0
0
0
V1
Backside + h
Cote fond + 2h
Cote background + 3h
S1
S2
S3
S1/ 2
(S1/ 2) * h = V1
(S1+ S2) / 2 (S1+ S2) * h/2 = V2
(S2+ S3) / 2 (S2+ S3) *h/2 = V3
V1+V2
V1+V2+V3
Backside + nh
Sn
h
(Sn-1+ Sn/ 2 (Sn-1+ Sn) *h/2 = Vn
V
ƒ
i
i
58
Height-Volume Curves and
Heights-Surfaces
59
Retention usage curve
We trace it to verify the adequacy of the
capacity
the retention with the water needs. It allows
to optimize the management of the retention and the
choice of
cultural speculations.
Spillway
60
Study of contributions - Study
hydrological - predetermination of
the project flood
(PM, see hydrology course)
FAO, 1996. Floods and Contributions. Manual for Estimating
Floods
decennial and annual contributions for small basins
unjauged slopes of the Sahelian and dry tropical Africa.
Bulletin No. 54, Rome, 244 p.
Available at: [Link]
H2V
< 5 5 à 30 30 à 100 100 à 700 > 700
Return period
(years)
100 500 1,000
5,000 10,000
H: hauteur du barrage (m), V: volume de la retenue (hm3),
according to G. DEGOUTTE, 1997
61
4. DESCRIPTION, TYPOLOGY
AND CHOICE OF BARRIERS
62
Overall view of a dam
63
Typical cross-section profile of a dike
64
Typology of dams
COMPACT WATERPROOF FILL
HOMOGENEOUS
UPSTREAM MASK
WATERPROOF CLAY CORE
SOIL WALL
Earth
A ZONES
UPSTREAM MASK
EARMARKS
GABIONS
REINFORCEMENT
FLEXIBLE
INNER CORE
Vertical downstream cladding
RECESSED PAVING IN TERRACES
Inclined bottom coating
BARRICADES
Masonry
WEIGHT BARRIERS
CONCRETE
RIGID
A BUTTRESS
A VOUTES
65
Embankment dam compacted
Mini 5-10% fines < 0.08 mm
Dam with a mask has climbed
66
Central core dam
Mini 20-30% fines < 0.08 mm
Molded wall dam
67
Embankment dam with a clay core
Concrete barrage with an internal screen in enrochem
68
Gabion dam with a vertical downstream parement
Saouga 1 (Burkina Faso)
69
Gabions
Definition: a gift in the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped.
galvanized grating (with hexagonal or square meshes) and filled
with
rocky material of appropriate grain size.
Category:
Classic gabion: thickness equal to width
Gabion base: thickness equal to half the width
Reno mattress: thickness much lower than other sizes
Multi-cell gabions: Reno mattress with a thickness of 0.5 m.
70
Advantages of choosing gabions
Technical advantages:
Flexibility of structures: the flexibility of gabions allows for
monitor the ground deformations (drainage, basin of
dissipation, ...
Ease of implementation: easy construction and modification
Drainage effect: prevents under-pressure
Economic advantages:
Proximity of fill material borrowing areas
Easy execution of gabions without heavy equipment and
expensive, but abundant labor.
Social benefits:
Good involvement of the populations due to the simplicity of the
employed technologies and maintenance work requiring
a HIMO
The artisanal production of gabions creates jobs.
71
Gabion dams with vertical downstream parapet
Simple and better suited for low drop heights (< 3m).
• Often used in rivers to regulate the watercourse, to supply
the branch connections or to regularize the transport of materials.
72
Stepwise dams with spillways downstream
The steps dissipate the energy of the water, which helps to reduce the
length.
of the dissipation basin.
These spillways can handle high flows (up to 3 m3/s/ml).
73
Weirs with a sloped downstream part
No water flow, so the gabion mesh is less stressed during floods.
But they do not effectively dissipate flood energy, so well
dimension the basin.
74
Concrete gravity dams
Buttress dams
75
Arch dams
Amount
Aval
Aval
Amont
76
Criteria for choosing a dam
Morphology of the thalweg and quality of the
foundation
Morphology of the thalweg:
The topography of a site influences the choice of the work;
Concrete dams are reserved for narrow valleys;
In the Sudanese-Sahelian zone, the reliefs of plain or
plateau,
where the valleys are very little marked, impose the choice of
a
earthen dam.
Quality of the foundation:
Healthy rock foundations for rigid structures;
Embankment dams accept small deformations;
The foundation also orders the sealing system to be
provided.
77
Criteria for selecting a dam
Availability of materials
According to the types of works, one must
ensure that
availability in quantity and quality of materials.
Earth dam: good availability of material
good mechanical quality, otherwise zone or dam to
upstream mask; materials for protection and for
drains and filter.
Mixed dam: plan in addition to the rock fills
good quality.
Rockfill dam: availability of
rockfill and materials to ensure waterproofing.
Concrete or masonry dam: sands and
aggregates,
cement, good quality rock works (masonry).
78
Criteria for choosing a dam
Hydraulic criteria
Concrete or masonry dams provide
best security guarantees in relation to uncertainties
of hydrology.
Without adjustments, an earthen dam cannot
support.
an overflow over the crest. It is nevertheless
possible to arrange it so that it is completely
spilling (use of gabions, coating of the
digue…) .
79
Criteria for choosing a dam
Socio-economic criteria
An abundant workforce is necessary for the
buildings in masonry or in gabions. It is
interesting in terms of appropriation.
It is essential to adapt to the context of the
project.
to search for a type of work related to
the intended use and not only address
technical considerations (particularly at
level of accessory works).
The maintenance of the work must be taken
into account.
preferably look for simple works that have
good longevity and limited maintenance especially if
the
the site is isolated.
80
CHAPTER 5
FLOOD EVACUATORS AND
ANNEXED WORKS
81
Introduction
The choice, the location, the sizing of the evacuator
are essential questions for the construction of a
barrier (security, longevity).
The dam, even though it holds back the flows, cannot,
generally, to contain exceptional floods and it is
also
interesting to let water flow downstream. It's at this
end that we size on all or part of the work a
flood evacuator.
This one must be able to operate automatically for
to face a sudden rise in water levels.
It must also be able to drain the highest flows of the stream.
of water.
In Africa, priority is given to surface evacuators.
free.
Generally, the spillway occupies only a part of the dam.
82
Introduction (continued)
After crossing the overflow threshold, the water retains the most
often its direction in the channel, then the courier
(entertainment
frontal.
A device for dissipating falling energy should be anticipated.
before returning the water to the watercourse.
The evacuator is often placed laterally to take advantage of
the support provided by the slope. We enhance the best
foundation
or the shortest route to reach downstream or the proper
holding of
floors in place.
In Africa, the very wide valleys and the high erodibility of
floods challenge the lateral location of the spillway.
For small dams and to limit the cost of a structure in
central position, we aim to place it directly on the fill
on the right of the thalweg.
83
Constitution of a flood discharge system
Generally speaking, in the case of small earth dams,
the flood evacuator is composed of:
A overflow or threshold: generally linear
A channel: lateral or frontal astonishment
A courier: allows you to catch up with the riverbed.
A work of dissipating the erosive energy of water
Some technical terms related to flood evacuation:
•Bajoyers: vertical walls on the right and left banks of the spillway.
They
act as retaining walls against the pressure of the earth.
•Barbicans: openings through concrete structures to bring back
the
pressure under these structures at atmospheric pressure.
Joint waterstop: joint between two concrete blocks to prevent
leaks
of water.
84
Different parts of a flood discharge system
85
Different types of flood evacuators
Free surface evacuators
Concrete or masonry spillway: very common, well mastered,
often a very large volume of concrete.
•2 types of profiles: Creager and pseudo-Creager
Lateral overflow weir: if located on the bank, provide a walkway
long.
Reinforced concrete spillway of the 'duck beak' type: Startling of
mixed type (frontal and lateral) placed on the embankment of the
dyke.
Stone spillway treated with bituminous mastic: good method
employee in Africa.
Gabion spillway: simple and common, but requires proper execution.
according to the rules of the art.
Reinforced concrete spillway veil
86
Craeger profile spillway
The shape follows the
parabola described by a
drop of water thrown into
the acceleration zone
upstream of the overflow.
87
Trapezoidal spillway
Yakouta Dam (Burkina Faso)
88
Trapezoidal spillway
Korsimoro Dam (Burkina Faso)
89
Duckbill spillway
Kanazoé Dam (Burkina Faso)
90
Duckbill spillway
Lumbila Dam (Burkina Faso)
91
Duckbill spillway
92
Overflow structure made of masonry treated with bitumen mastic
Frondobo Dam (Ivory Coast)
93
Dams and weirs in gabions
Gabion dam with vertical downstream facing of Saouga 1 (Burkina Faso)
94
Reinforced concrete spillway
View in perspective of a type of spillway-
voile en béton armé. 1 : plan d'eau ; 2 : voile
in reinforced concrete; 3: buttress; 4: raft of
dissipation ; 5 : joint de dilatation ; 6 : talus ; 7 :
bajoyers ; 8 : becquet ; 9: joint waterstop.
View from downstream of the
concrete spillway sail
braced by buttresses of
Balavé (Burkina Faso)
95
Selection criteria for the type of evacuator
The nature of foundation
The design of the dam
Availability of materials
The availability of labor
The cost in relation to the total cost of the dam
The possibilities of monitoring and maintenance
The use of the dam's approval
Environmental issues and conditions
sanitary facilities

The hydraulic conditions (fall height, flow rate)

96
Hydraulicdimensioningof
free surface evacuators
Flow law and calculation of the spill length
For a body with a free surface, we seek a
solution.
optimal on the length of the spillway. The calculations
concern
first:
Consideration of the highest floods,
The knowledge of the maximum load
admissible on the work and its annexes,
The sizing of the overflow length.
97
The consideration of the highest floods:
See project flow determination
Recommended maximum allowable charge on the
spillways
Type Maximum height
(m)
Gabbion spillway 0.40 < hmax< 0.70
Spillway in
masonry

0.40 < hmax< 0.70

Concrete spillway 0.70 < hmax< 1.00
98
Calculation of the spill length:
Case of a drowned threshold
We apply the flow formula on a drowned threshold:
Q = m*L* 2g*h3/2
with
flow over the threshold (m3/s)
L: overhanging length (m)
h: charge on the threshold (m)
m: flow coefficient of the threshold (-)
g: acceleration of gravity (g = 10 m/s2)
99
Determination of the discharge coefficient
depends on the shape of the threshold, but also on the load.
Flow coefficient of a rectangular weir.
100
Flow coefficient of a Craeger weir
101
Calculation of the spillover length:
Case of a submerged threshold
If the evacuation conditions at
the aval are such that the level
h
h1
the downstream water level is higher than the elevation
2
3
of the threshold and when
h1≥ h

So the overflow is flooded.

( )

Q k*m*L*h12gh
= − h1

aveck:reduction factor
102
Reduction factor k
103
Taking into account the effect of lamination
Given the importance of the surface area of the body of
water, the
cruces make it possible to move the PEN plan to the PHE, thus
constituting a
temporary volume of water that is gradually
released.
this is about the lamination of the flood.
The effect of rolling depends on:
from the shape of the flood hydrograph,
of the spillway’s discharge capacity,
of the storage capacity of the retention, in particular
according to the shape of its upper part.
Taking the effect of rolling into account helps to reduce
the
length of the spillway without increasing the risk
of
submersion of the dam.
104
Taking into account the effect of lamination (continuation)
The calculation of the rolling effect can only be carried out if one
knows
with precision:
the characteristics of the flood hydrograph,
the Height / Volume curve of the reservoir.
Differential equation of rolling
Q(t)−Q z(t)
[ ]
e
dz
dt
c
=

= f t,z(t)
[ ]

S z(t)
[ ]
Manual numerical resolution
(method "x0or graphic) or
automatic (software example
CERES of CEMAGREF
105
EIER-CIEH method or the 'x' method 0"
The effect of rolling is evaluated in the form of a coefficient such
that:
With
Qe
Qc

Qcmax the maximum flow of the flood hydrograph

max
β
=
entrant (project income) (m)3/s)
max
Qemaxthe maximum flow rate discharged (m3/s)
It is read on an abacus according to the log.10x0
With

m2gL2 Q t m
3

L1 is the approximate length of the spillway (m)

1cmax
S3
S: the normal surface of the retention (m2)
m: discharge coefficient of the evacuator (-)
tmwater rise time (s)
Qcmaxproject flow (m)3/s)
x0=

g: acceleration due to gravity (g = 10 m/s2)

106
Determination of the rolling coefficient
107
Practical methodology
CalculateL1regardless of the effect of rolling
Qc= m*L* 2g*h3/2
1
max
m2gL2 Q tm3
1cmax
S3
Calculate x01thenlog10x01:
x01=

Read1on the abacus and calculate Qemax= 1Qcmax

β

1Qc = m*L2 2g*h3/2

CalculateL2with:
max
m2gL22Qctm3
max
Start the calculation again with L2:
puislog10x02
x02 =
S3

2Qc= m*L3 2g*h3/2

•Calculate Q = Q and L3 :
β
emax
2 cmax
max
and so on through successive iterations, until obtaining a value
convergent of L.
108
Limits of the 'x' method0"
The validity of these calculations is limited in the case of very strong
laminations.
When=Qemax/Qcmaxfound is less than valueQ/Qcmaxdata
by the abacus below, one should be cautious about the value
of
QemaxIt's a rare situation.
Validity abacus of the
determination of the effect of
lamination based on the hydrogram
triangular schematic.
109
Graphic methods
The shape of the flood hydrograph is either triangular (sharp) or
rounded.
Qc = m*L* 2g*Zc3/2
We associate with Qc, a fictitious height Zcon the threshold:
Qe= m*L* 2g*Ze3/2
We associate with Qea heightZeon the threshold:
We determine:
Tm(s) = rise time of the project flood hydrogram
A (m²) = surface of the normal water level
a (m) = water height on the threshold for 2A
110
Two calculation cases:
1erIn
principle, we set a pouring length.
We calculate the following terms:
Qe
Qc
A*Zc
Qc*Tm
Zc
a
We read the ratio on the abacus
and
2thWeinitially set a spill height.
We calculate the following terms:
Qe
Qc
A*Ze
Qc*Tm
Ze
a
We read the ratio on the abacus
and
Pay attention to the units!
Q (m3/s)
A (m²)
Tm(s)
Z (m)
a (m)
111
Flood with rounded hydrogram:
1hecase
2thcase
A*Z
Abscissa:
Qc Tm
Qe
Qc
Coordinates:
Z
a
-Curves:
112
Flood with sharp hydrograph:
1ercase
2èmecase
A*Z
Abscissa:
Qc Tm
Qe
Qc
-Ordonnées :
Z
a
-Curves:
113
Valuation of the effect of laminating
Given the significantly lower cost of the fill compared to
to concrete structures and when the retention benefits from a
good
By lamination, we can significantly reduce the cost of the
evacuator.
of floods by optimizing rolling through the choice of a
high charge on the overflow threshold.
This choice is not binding for safety regarding the
uncertainties related to hydrological knowledge.
However, account must be taken of the increase in areas.
drowned and additional difficulties to dissipate the energy of
fall.
114
Dimensioningofancillaryworks
It consists of applying the flow rates found for sizing.
(length, shape, depth) of the flow channel, of the stream and
the
dissipation basin.
Drainage channel
• Directly following the overflow, usually rectangular
• Low length, low slope, river flow
Normal depthnis determined by Manning-Strickler:
Q= KSR 2/3I1/2

With Q: flow rate (m3/s)

2
2/3
1Q
≈ ’
Q
L
« ◊
≈ ’
3
yc=
= 0.47
∆ ÷
g L
∆ ÷
« ◊
S
R: hydraulic radius (m):
R=
River flow if yn>c
L+ 2yn
I: channel slope (m/m)
S: wet section (m²):
S = Lyn
K: Manning-Strickler roughness coefficient
L: channel width (m)
115
Some values of K
Surface condition
K

Very smooth wall (metal - very cement)

100
smooth

Screeded mortar
85
75
70
60
50
40
Smooth concrete with joints
Ordinary masonry
Rough concrete, old masonry
Very uneven ground with grass
Channel filled with pebbles
116
Courier
• Follows the drainage channel and is generally rectangular
steep slope, torrential flow
117
The minimum length L of the convergent can be calculated by:
L= 2.5(l1−l2)
l1width at the ceiling of the upstream pool
l2width at the ceiling of the control section
The width of the courier can be approximated by:
(water draw line)(economic section by experience)

l= 2y
l≈ Q0.4(len m and Qen m (in the first approximation)
3

Calculation of the draft y

To the control section: y=ycand along the pathc
We determine the length of the runner from a graph that provides:
Q
y
Hs

The report
depending on
3/2
2g*l*Hs
118
Hsspecific energy (specific charge reduced to the sill of the watercourse)
At the control section:
Hc =1.5yc
In any section:
H
Hs = ∆ − discharge losses
Pertesdecharge=pertes de charge linéaires (j)
+ singular pressure losses (js)
ESi les convergents sont dimensionnés de telle sorte que :
α
1
3F
V
tgα
B
F=
with
Újs = 0
gy
α
Otherwise, calculate according to the usual formulas.
j= k*∆H
Linear pressure losses:
j= 0.1*∆HΩHs = 0.9*∆H
If the courier runs (length < 5∆H)Ù
If courier long (length > 5∆H)Ùj= 0.2*∆HΩHs= 0.8*∆H
119
120
We thus determine the draft y in different sections (in particular at each
change in slope) and we linearly interpolate the waterline.
To determine the width of the channel
l= 2y
We will proceed by successive approximations starting from an initial one.
value of, then refining gradually.
Calculation of revenge R
R= 0.6+ 0.05*V*3y
Avec R(m), V(m/s), y(m)
For topographical reasons, the course of the courier is often curved.
Sir= rayon de courbure etV= vitesse moyenne de l'eau
A centrifugal acceleration V occurs.2training between the two banks of
the courier
of width a difference in level∆such as:
V2*l
g*r
In torrential flows, it is
h
∆ =
recommended to adopt symmetrical layouts
and straight lines (increase the radii of
curvature
121
Dissipation basin
At the crossing of the spillway or at the bottom of the watercourse, the waters
arrive with
a significant kinetic energy that must be dissipated as much as
possible in the
liquid itself.
The diverter lips or 'ski jumps'
The jet disintegrates and falls back to
a distance x from the beak:
V2
2g
≈
’
∆
÷
( )
x= 1.8y+ sin 2
θ
∆
÷
«
◊
[
]
θ
∈ 35° − 45°

r≥ 5y
y: tirant d'eau (m)
V: speed at the nozzle exit (m/s)
122
It is recommended for a concrete or masonry work to
more than 5 m because it is more economical than a drop pool.
yet are calculated by successive iterations (from the relation of
BERNOULLI) :
V02
2g
À
»
ÿ
Ÿ
⁄
≈
’
Œ
V= 2 grams of 0.9 Hydrogen+ h+ − y
…
∆
«
÷
◊
Œ
Ã
Œ
Q q
y= =
Œ
l*V V
Õ
length of the overflow threshold or width of the channel (m)
l

qspecific discharge (discharge per length of the threshold or width of the

courier) in m3/s/ml
123
The submerged dissipation basins
In a shape similar to the deflector beak, a submerged basin
diverts
the water up while remaining submerged. Two rolls are then
formed, one in
surface above the bowl and the other at the bottom downstream from the
edge of the
rotating cuvette in the opposite direction
Ù
nested movements and
dissipation of water energy.
To reserve for little erodible land.
Sizing tables available in 'Design of Small Dams'.
124
Impact basins
Shock incident on a vertical screen at the exit of a courier or a
driving under load.
Use limited to speeds below 10 m/s
Plan the screen reinforcements accordingly.
Plan a downstream parapet and protection.
rockfill (D>l/20) of the evacuation channel.
Q
Q
125
The drop or diving pools
Suitable in the case of small falls.
Two solutions are possible: a coated and an uncoated basin bottom.
1her basin with coated slab
The sizing is done by construction and with the help of a chart.
h = H+ y1− y2
yn
We estimatepby:
h= H+ y1− B− 0.06Lp − yn
126
Determination chart of
characteristics of a small waterfall
2thBasin with uncoated slab
The principle is to leave the blade of water
dig the bottom of the bed to create a
water bed sufficient to absorb
the kinetic energy of water.
The maximum depth of scouring
the pit after stabilization is given
by :
Veronese formula
y= 1.90*h0.225*q0.54
SCHOKLITSCH Formula
h0.2*q0.57
y= 4.74*
0.32
d90
With y (m): maximum depth of the pit
h (m) : hauteur de chute
q (m3specific flow rate
d90(mm): diameter of materials
The drop pools
Very effective means to dissipate water energy and return it with
a
speed compatible with the stability of the banks downstream.
The shape of the step and its characteristics depend directly on
the
Froude number:
V
With it1water draw in torrential regime before the step
V : vitesse de l'eau
F=
gy1
2
H0
yn
129
Sizing the basin means giving it a length greater than the
length of the step, and a depth such as Z2≤ yn,soity2D≤ yn
Determination of yn
Using the calibration curve if it exists (rare case)
If the channel is long enough downstream of the basin, apply
Manning-Strickler and
determinenby iterations (most common case)
Q= KSR 2/3I1/2

With Q: flow rate (m3/s)

R : rayon hydraulique (m) :
I: channel slope (m/m)
S: wet section (m²):
K: Manning-Strickler roughness coefficient
130
Determination of D
Practically, if 0.05≤ h/H0≤ 0.7et0.1≤ yn/H0≤ 0.8, we can
determine D using the following abacus: (for weight spillways with
basin)
in concrete!)
h/H0= 0.3
D/H0equal to 0.25
Yn/H00.25
131
Generally, one can use the following abacus when knowing:
The linear flow rate
The difference in level between the level
from the retention and the downstream flow
The pressure drop in the runnerαH
with:
- α = 0 for pressure losses
negligible (direct basin cases
(m3/s/ml)
downstream of the spillway)
-α= 0.1 for (channel + courier) short,
less than 5 times the drop height
- α = 0.2 for (channel + courier) long,
greater than 5 times the fall height
Determination of V and y1
D being determined, we calculate H = H0+ D
We determine the values of Vety.1through successive iterations:
you
l
length of the overflow threshold or width of the chute (m)
q
specific discharge (discharge per length of the threshold or width of the
courier ) in m3/s/ml
Determination of the Froude number F
From Vety1, on calculeF:
133
Different types of basins depending on F:
1) For F = 1, y = yc, there is no step
2) For 1 < F < 1.7, surface agitation, it is not necessary to
build a dissipation basin.
3) F = 1.7, y2≈ 2y1etV2≈ V1/2, just concrete the basin on a
length L from 4 to 6 times y2.
4) 1.7 < F < 2.5, a jump starts to appear but not very
turbulent (pre-jump). The deflectors and thresholds not
yet
necessary. Please contain the rebound in a basin of
minimum length L (length of the bump) given by the tables
following:
134
Determination of the characteristics of the waterfall
for a Froude number between 1.7 and 2.5
135
5) For 2.5 < F < 4.5, phase
transitory, unstable ledge
and difficult to control.
Take basin of type I
To dampen the movement
waves, take in
accounty'2= 1.1y2
One can take type II for
be sure to contain the step
For F > 4.5, the step is
clearly produced.
Drop blocks and deflectors
(chicanes) to shorten the
basin and contain the overflow
4
Input speed < 15 m/s,
take basin type II
If entry speed > 15 m/s,
take type III basin
To better stabilize the breakthrough,
to take2= 1.05y2
For all types of
basins, the revenge
may be taken equal to:
R = 0.1(y2+V1)
R (m), y2(m), V1(m/s)
Downstream protection of the basin
The basin only dissipates 75% of the water's energy, so it needs to be
protected.
the downstream with riprap and/or gabions over a certain
distance.
1. Determine the initial training speed (Ve)
For clay soils,andvaries from 0.8 to 1.2 m/s
For non-cohesive soils (sands, gravels, ...), read the
chart.
next
139
2. Determine the minimum diameter of the required rock fills D:
3. Calculate the thickness of the rockfill layer Erockfill≥ 3D
4. Calculate the length to be protected Lprotection≥ 2*L
140
Drainage and intake works
The drainage works
Intended to completely or partially empty the reservoir
in case of
danger or necessity
Different types: pressure pipes, free-flowing pipes,
cofferdams, etc..
Taking works
- Used for the use of retention (agriculture, water
supply,
pastoral
- Different types: buried conduits (generally under
pressure), siphon, etc.
141
Work of
take/empty
to order
aval
Size
the depth
screens
anti-foxes
by the rule
of LANE.
Work of
price/drainage
with tower
142
Drainage work
integrated cofferdam
at the spillway (dam
from Keita, Niger
Intake structure
by siphon
143
144
145
Fight against infiltrations
(dimensioningoftheparapets)
In contact with a rigid structure, the infiltrations
under
the work can be attributed to its sustainability. That is
why
we are trying to prolong the water circulation
by
adding countersignatures.
The parafoils are sized using the rule of
LANE :
1

Lv+ Lh≥ C*H

3
With
LvLength of vertical pathways (m)
LhLength of horizontal pathways (m)

H: upstream water height at the spillway (m)

C: Coefficient that depends on the nature of the terrain
146
Values of the coefficient C of LANE
Nature of the ground C
Fine sands and silts
8.5
Fine sands
7
Medium sands
Large sands
6
5
Small pebbles
Large gravel
4
3
Mix of gravel and large
pebbles
2.5
Plastic clay
Consistent clay
Hard clay
3
2
1.8
147
The revenge
For all types of spillways, a height must be imposed.
supplémentaire au dessus du niveau des plus hautes eaux
(PHE) afin de
shelter the crest of the dam from waves and turbulence. This
height
called revenge allows to protect the dike from risks
of
overflow.
The revenge R(m) is estimated by the formula:
V2
2g
≈
’
÷
◊

R= A*h+
∆
«
With
1 2
h= + f
2 3
h: la hauteur des vagues (m) :
Where is the fetch in km.
3 2
V= + h
2 3
V: wave propagation speed (m/s):
Safety coefficient between 1 and 2 (often A = 0.75)
There are other formulas in the handout!
148