NCERT Name Reactions – Class 12 (Concise Notes)
1. Friedel–Crafts Reaction:
Introduction of alkyl or acyl group into benzene using anhydrous AlCl3.
2. Swarts Reaction:
Conversion of alkyl halides to alkyl fluorides using SbF3.
3. Wurtz Reaction:
Coupling of alkyl halides with sodium in dry ether to form higher alkanes.
4. Diazotization:
Aniline is converted to diazonium salt using NaNO2 + HCl at 273–278 K.
5. Sandmeyer Reaction:
Diazonium salt gives aryl chlorides/bromides/cyanides using CuCl, CuBr, CuCN.
6. Gattermann Reaction:
Diazonium salt reacts with HCl/HBr in presence of Cu powder to form aryl chloride/bromide.
7. Balz–Schiemann Reaction:
Diazonium salt on treatment with HBF4 and heating gives aryl fluoride.
8. Hunsdiecker Reaction:
Silver salt of carboxylic acid reacts with Br2 to give alkyl bromide with one carbon less.
9. Dow’s Process:
Chlorobenzene heated with NaOH (623 K, 300 atm) forms phenol.
10. Fittig Reaction:
Aryl halides react with sodium in dry ether to form biaryl compounds.
11. Wurtz–Fittig Reaction:
Aryl halide reacts with alkyl halide and sodium in dry ether to give alkyl benzene.
12. Hydroboration–Oxidation:
Alkene reacts with BH3/THF followed by H2O2/OH– to give anti■Markovnikov alcohol.
13. Raschig Process:
Formation of hydrazine from ammonia and sodium hypochlorite.
14. Schotten–Baumann Reaction:
Formation of esters and amides using acid chloride + base (NaOH or pyridine).
15. Kolbe’s Reaction:
Electrolysis of sodium salts of fatty acids → alkanes (dimerization).
16. Reimer–Tiemann Reaction:
Phenol with chloroform + NaOH forms salicylaldehyde (–CHO group at ortho).
17. Coupling Reaction:
Diazonium salt reacts with phenol or amine to form azo dyes.
18. Williamson Ether Synthesis:
Alkoxide reacts with primary alkyl halide to form ethers (SN2).
19. Ammonolysis:
Alkyl halides react with NH3 to form amines.
20. Mendius Reduction:
Nitriles reduced to primary amines using Na + alcohol.
21. Hoffmann Bromamide Reaction:
Amide + Br2 + KOH → primary amine (loss of one carbon).
22. Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis:
Preparation of primary amines from phthalimide + alkyl halide.
23. Carbylamine Reaction:
Primary amine + CHCl3 + KOH → isocyanide (foul smell).
24. Rosenmund Reduction:
Acid chloride reduced to aldehyde using H2 + Pd/BaSO4.
25. Stephens Reduction:
Nitrile reduced to aldehyde using SnCl2/HCl.
26. Etard Reaction:
Oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde using CrO2Cl2 (Etard reagent).
27. Gattermann–Koch Reaction:
Benzene + CO + HCl in presence of AlCl3/CuCl → benzaldehyde.
28. Aldol Reaction:
Aldehydes/ketones with α■H undergo condensation to form β■hydroxy aldehydes/ketones.
29. Cannizzaro Reaction:
Aldehydes without α■H disproportionate into alcohol and carboxylate in base.
30. Clemenson Reduction:
Carbonyl compounds reduced to CH2 using Zn■Hg + conc. HCl.
31. Wolff–Kishner Reduction:
Carbonyl → CH2 using NH2NH2 + KOH (heat).
32. Koch Reaction:
Formation of tertiary acids from alkenes/CO/H2O using acid catalyst.
33. Decarboxylation:
Carboxylic acids lose CO2 using soda■lime.
34. Esterification:
Alcohol + acid → ester + water (H2SO4 catalyst).
35. Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky Reaction:
α■halogenation of carboxylic acids using Br2 + PBr3.
