DIVINATORS EDUCATION
4/2708 III FLOOR STREET NO.04
BIHARI COLONY SHAHDARA DELHI 110032
Mail at divinatorseducation@[Link]
PH-9873744640
NOTES CHEMISTRY CLASS X
CHAPTER-1
CHEMICAL REACTIONS & EQUATIONS
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1. CHEMICAL REACTION-
Whenever a chemical change occurs we can say that chemical reaction has
taken place therefore chemical reaction can be defined as the process in which
new substances with new properties are formed.
For example when magnesium ribbon is heated in air it burns with white dazzling
flame and a white powder is formed this powder is magnesium oxide it is formed
due to reaction between magnesium and oxygen present in air.
2Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(s)
(Magnesium) (Oxygen) (Magnesium oxide)
(Magnesium is an extremely reactive metal. When stored, it reacts with oxygen to
form a layer of magnesium oxide on its surface. This layer prevents further
reaction of magnesium with oxygen. The magnesium ribbon is cleaned by sand
paper for removing this layer so that the underlying metal can be exposed to air.)
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF CHEMICAL REACTION-
(i) CHANGE IN STATE- The combustion reaction of candle wax is characterized
by change in state.
C25H52(s) + 38 O2 (g) → 25 CO2 (g) + 26 H2O (l)
(Wax) (Oxygen) (Carbon dioxide) (Water)
(ii) CHANGE IN COLOUR- The reaction between copper sulphate iron is
characterized by change in colour from blue to green.
Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq) → FeSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
(Iron) (Copper sulphate) (Iron sulphate) (Copper)
(iii) EVOLOUTION OF GAS- The reaction between zinc granules and sulphuric
acid is characterized by evolution of hydrogen gas.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
(Zinc) (Sulphuric acid) (Zinc sulphate) (Hydrogen)
(iv) CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE- The reaction between lime and water is
characterized by change in temperature.
CaO (s) + H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + Heat
(Quick lime) (Slaked lime)
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(v) FORMATION OF PRECIPITATE- The reaction between lead nitrate solution
and potassium iodide solution is chracterised by the formation of precipitate.
Pb(No3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
(Lead Nitrate) (Potassium (lead iodide) (Potassium nitrate)
iodide) (yellow ppt.)
3. CHEMICAL EQUATION- The method of representing a chemical reaction with
the help of symbols and formulae of substances involved in it is known as
chemical equation.
4. REACTANTS- The substances that undergo chemical change in a chemical
reaction are called reactants.
5. PRODUCTS- The new substances formed in a chemical reaction are called
products.
6. WRITING A CHEMICAL REACTION-
(i) In a chemical equation the reactants are written on the left hand side with a
plus sign between them.
(ii) Products are written on the right hand side with a plus sign between them.
(iii) Two sides are separated by an arrow between the arrowhead shows the
direction of chemical reaction.
Example- The reaction between zinc and sulphuric acid to form zinc sulphate
and hydrogen can be written as
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
(Reactants) (Products)
7. BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION- The chemical equation in which the
number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of equation is called
balanced chemical equation.
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
8. UNBALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION- The chemical equation in which the
number of atoms of each element is not equal on both side of equation is
called unbalanced chemical equation.
H2 + O2 → H2O
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9. WHY CHEMICAL EQUATIONS ARE BALANCED- The chemical equations
are balanced to satisfy the law of conservation of mass.
10. HOW CHEMICAL EQUATION CAN BE MADE MORE INFORMATIVE-
(i) By mentioning the physical state of reactants and products along with
their formulae.
(a) Solid state is indicated by notation (s)
(b) Gaseous state is indicated by notation (g)
(c) Liquid state is indicated by notation (l)
(d) Solution in water or aqueous state is indicated by notation (aq)
(ii) By mentioning the condition under which reaction takes place.
(a) If heat is required for the reaction then (∆) sign or heat is put over the
arrow.
(b) If reaction takes place in the presence of catalyst then symbol and
formula of catalyst is written over or below the arrow.
(c) If reaction takes place at a particular temperature and pressure it is
written over or below the arrow.
11. TYPES OF CHEMICAL FREACTION-
(i) COMBINATION REACTION- The reaction in which two or more substances
combine together to form a single substance is called combination reaction.
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Example- calcium oxide combines with water to form calcium hydroxide. The
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solution of calcium hydroxide is used for white washing.
(ii) DECOMPOSITION REACTION- The reaction in which a compound splits up
into two or more simpler substances is known as decomposition reaction.
(a) DECOMPOSITION THROUGH HEAT-When calcium carbonate is heated, it
decomposes to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
(b) DECOMPOSITOION THROUGHT ELECTRICITY- When electricity is
supplied through acidified water it decomposes to give hydrogen gas and oxygen
gas.
electricity
2H2O 2H2 + O2
(During this experiment of electrolysis of water the amount of gas collected in
one test tube is double because water molecule consists of two atom of
hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. The gas collected in double the amount is
hydrogen.)
(c) DECOMPOSITION THROUGH LIGHT- When silver chloride is exposed to
light it decomposes to form silver metal and chlorine gas.
USES OF DECOMPOSITION REACTION-
(a) Decomposition reaction of silver bromied by light is used in black and white
photography. When silver bromide is exposed to light it decomposes to form
silver metal and bromine.
(b) Decomposition reactions are also used to extract several metals from their
chloride and oxide.
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electricity
2Al2O3 (l) 4Al + 3O2
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(iv) EXOTHERMIC REACTION- Reactions in which heat is released along with
the formation of products are called exothermic chemical reactions.
EXAMPLE- (i) Burning of natural gas in air to form carbon dioxide and water
along with a lot of heat is an exothermic reaction.
(ii) During respiration glucose oxidized to form carbon dioxide and water. A large
amount of energy is also released. Since energy is released in this process,
respiration is considered as an exothermic reaction.
(v) ENDOTHERMIC REACTION- Reactions in which energy is absorbed are
known as endothermic reaction.
EXAMPLE- (i) The decomposition of calcium carbonate into calcium oxide and
carbon dioxide on heating is an endothermic reaction.
(ii) During photosynthesis carbon dioxide combines with water to form glucose
and oxygen by using sunlight energy. Since energy is absorbed in this process it
is considered as an endothermic reaction.
(vi) DISPLACEMENT REACTION- The reaction in which a more reactive
element displaces a less reactive element from its compound is called
displacement reaction.
Example-
1. When a strip of zinc metal is placed in copper sulphate solution, then zinc
displaces copper from copper sulphate. The blue colour of copper sulphate
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solution fades away due to the formation of colourless solution of zinc sulphate
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and red brown deposit of copper is formed on the zinc strip.
2. When a strip of iron metal is placed in copper sulphate solution, then iron
displaces copper from copper sulphate. The blue colour of copper sulphate
solution fades away and solution become light green due to the formation of iron
sulphate and red brown deposit of copper is formed on the iron strip.
3. When a strip of lead metal is placed in copper chloride solution, then lead
displaces copper from copper chloride. The green colour of copper chloride
solution fades away due to the formation of colourless solution of leadchloride
and red brown deposit of copper is formed on the lead strip.
(vii) DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION- The reactions in which there is an
exchange of ions between two reactants are called double displacement
reaction.
Example- When silver nitrate solution is added to sodium chloride solution, then
a white precipitate of silver chloride is formed along with sodium nitrate solution.
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
(Silver nitrate) (Sodium chloride) (Silver chloride) (Sodium nitrate)
(White ppt.)
(viii) PRECIPITATION REACTION- The reactions in which an insoluble solid
(precipitate) is formed, that separates from the solution are called precipitation
reaction.
Example- When barium chloride solution is added to sodium sulphate solution,
then a white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed along with sodium chloride
solution.
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(ix) OXIDADTION- The addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen is called
oxidation reaction.
(x) REDUCTION- The addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen is called
reduction.
Example- (i) when copper is heated in air it forms a black coloured compound
copper oxide.
(ii) When hydrogen sulphide reacts with chlorine, then sulphur and hydrogen
chloride are formed.
H2S +Cl2 S + 2HCl
Here hydrogen sulphide is being oxidized to sulphur (hydrogen is removed) and
chlorine is reduced (hydrogen is added) to hydrogen chloride.
OXIDISING AGENT- The substance that gives oxygen or removes hydrogen (or
gets reduced) is called oxidising agent.
REDUCING AGENT- The substance that gives hydrogen or removes oxygen (or
gets oxidized) is called reducing agent.
OXIDATION AND REDUCTION IN TERMS OF ELECTRON- The gain of
electron is called reduction and loss of electron is called oxidation.
REDOX REACTION- The reaction in which one reactant gets oxidized and other
gets reduced or oxidation and reduction takes place simultaneously is called
redox reaction.
Example- When copper oxide is heated with hydrogen, then copper metal and
water are formed.
12. EFFECTS OF OXIDATION-
(i) CORROSION- The process in which metals are eaten up gradually by the
action of air moisture of a chemical like acid is called corrosion.
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Example-
(i) The rusting of iron is the most common example of corrosion. When an iron
object is left in damp air for a considerable time, it gets covered with a red brown
flaky substance called rust. This is called rusting.
4Fe + 3O2 + 2xH2O 2Fe2O3.xH2O
(Iron) (Oxygen) (Water) (Hydrated iron oxide)
(Rust)
(ii) Copper in moist air slowly acquires a dull green coating because its top layer
has oxidised with the air. The green material is a 1:1 mole mixture of Cu (OH)2
and CuCO3.
2Cu(s) + H2O(g) + CO2 + O2 → Cu(OH)2 + CuCO3(s)
(iii) The black coating of silver sulphide (Ag2S) formed on silver objects is due to
the corrosion of silver objects in air containing hydrogen sulphide gas.
4Ag + O2 + 2H2S → 2Ag2S + 2H2O
13. RANCIDITY- The aerial oxidation of fats and oil marked by unpleasant smell
and taste is called rancidity.
14. METHODS TO PREVENT RANCIDITY-
(i) By adding anti-oxidants to the food containing fats and oils. Anti-oxidants are
the substances that prevent oxidation.
(ii) By packing fat and oil containing foods in nitrogen gas.
(iii) By keeping the food in a refrigerator.
(iv) By keeping food in air tight container.
15. WHY WHITE WASHED WALLS SHINES AFTER TWO TO THREE DAYS
OF WHITE WASHING-
The calcium hydroxide solution when applied to the walls, it reacts slowly with the
carbon dioxide gas present in air to form a thin layer of calcium carbonate on the
walls and give a shiny finish to the walls. Since the formation of calcium
carbonate takes two to three days the walls get a shiny finish after two to three
days.
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16. DECOMPOSITION OF FERROUS SULPHATE- When ferrous sulphate is
heated strongly, it decomposes to form ferric oxide, sulphur dioxide and sulphur
trioxide. In this reaction the green colour of ferrous sulphate changes to brown
due to the formation of ferric oxide. A smell of burning sulphur is obtained due to
the formation of sulphur dioxide.
17. DECOMPOSITION OF LEAD NITRATE- when lead nitrate is heated strongly
it decomposes to form yellow coloured lead oxide, oxygen and brown fumes of
nitrogen dioxide are evolved.
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