UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA KAMPUS SHAH ALAM
FACULTY OF SPORT SCIENCE AND RECREATION
SR243 DEGREE IN SPORT SCIENCE
SPS611 APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE
LAB REPORT (VO2MAX)
NAME STUDENT ID
AHMAD RAFSHAN HAZIM BIN AHMAD RISHAM 2023189881
ASYRAF IMRAN BIN SYAHIZAM 2023178439
AHMAD SUHAIMI BIN KAMARUDDIN 2023365657
NURUL ATHILAH ALIAH BT MUHAMMAD NASIR 2023399747
SITI NUR BALQISH BINTI MOHD ROSLI 2023189991
PREPARED FOR:
PROF. DR. HASHBULLAH ISMAIL & DR. NURUL NADIAH BINTI SHAHUDIN
SUBMISSION DATE:
19 May 2025
Table of Content
ABSTRACT 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 2
2.0 METHODOLOGY 4
2.1 STUDY DESIGN 4
2.2 STUDY SETTING 4
2.3 SUBJECT 4
2.4 EQUIPMENT 4
2.5 PROCEDURE 6
2.6 PROTOCOL 7
Stage 1 7
Stage 2 7
Stage 3 7
Stage 4 7
Stage 5 8
Recovery 8
3.0 RESULTS 9
Table 4.1 Data of the client during exercise 10
Table 4.2 Data of the client during exercise 10
Graph 4.3.1 Heart rate and volume of oxygen per kilogram over time 11
Graph 4.3.2 Blood lactate over time 11
Graph 4.3.3 Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure over time 12
Graph 4.3.4 Respiratory Exchange Ratio over time 12
Graph 4.3.5 Volume of oxygen and carbon dioxide over time 13
Graph 4.3.6 Minute of ventilation and volume of carbon dioxide over time 13
Table 4.3.7 Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) norms for men 14
4.0 DISCUSSION 15
5.0 CONCLUSION 17
6.0 REFERENCES 18
7 .0 ATTACHMENT 20
Image 7.1 Summary results of the client’s data of VO₂ max test 20
Image 7.2 Graphs of the client’s results 21
Image 7.3 Graphs of the client’s results 21
Image 7.4 Results of the client’s VO₂ max test 21
ABSTRACT
Background: A significant indicator of aerobic capacity and cardiovascular fitness is maximal
oxygen uptake, or VO₂max. To properly evaluate a person's capacity for endurance and general
cardiorespiratory health, a graded exercise test needs to provide a true VO₂max.
Purpose: Using a graded treadmill test, the evaluation's goals were to determine the client's
maximal aerobic capacity and whether a true VO₂max was reached consistent with physiological
guidelines.
Method: A treadmill exercise test that was graded up until deliberate exhaustion was finished by
the client. Throughout and right after the test, physiological indicators such as blood lactate
concentration, heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood pressure (BP), and VO₂
were measured. The difference in oxygen uptake between the final two workload stages was used
to calculate the VO₂ plateau.
Results: At 49.7 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, the client's VO₂max is in the "excellent" range for their age and
sex. With only a 2.4 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ increase between the last stages, a VO₂ plateau was seen. The
client's maximum heart rate, which was 99% of their age-predicted maximum, was 185 bpm. The
shift towards anaerobic metabolism was indicated by a highest RER of 1.21. Blood lactate levels
after exercise were 16.4 mmol/L, which is much higher than the usual limit of 8 mmol/L for
maximal effort. Following exercise, the blood pressure response was appropriately decreased,
indicating normal cardiovascular regulation.
Conclusion: The client's ability to achieve true VO₂max and maximal exertion during the test
has been verified by the combination of physiological markers. Strong aerobic training and
endurance capacity, which are advantageous for cardiovascular health, metabolic efficiency, and
performance in endurance-based activities, are reflected in this high level of cardiorespiratory
fitness.
1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The gold standard for assessing a person's aerobic capacity in the domains of exercise
science and sports physiology is VO₂max, or maximal oxygen uptake. Milliliters of oxygen per
kilogram of body weight per minute (ml/kg/min) is the term used to describe the maximum
amount of oxygen that the body can transport and use during intense exercise. Under physical
stress, VO2max measures how well the respiratory, circulatory, and muscular systems integrate
and function (Bassett & Howley, 2000). A person's capacity to maintain aerobic exercise and
long-term physical labor increases with their VO₂max.
The idea of VO₂max was first proposed by physiologist Archibald Hill in the early 1900s.
Hill proposed that the human body had a maximum oxygen consumption capacity during
exercise, beyond which performance cannot be improved (Hill & Lupton, 1923). VO2max is
now a fundamental physiological measure utilized in clinical assessments, sports training, and
exercise recommendations. It assists practitioners in establishing baseline levels of fitness,
evaluating the risk of disease, and creating customized aerobic conditioning regimens
(American College of Sports Medicine [ACSM], 2021).
One important measure of cardiovascular efficiency and aerobic fitness is the VO₂max
test, which calculates the maximum amount of oxygen the body can use during vigorous activity.
Through evaluating the efficiency of the heart, lungs, and muscles in transporting and utilizing
oxygen, the test offers important information about a person's endurance capability. In
therapeutic contexts, it aids in the detection and monitoring of problems including heart disease,
respiratory illnesses, or general functional restrictions. In athletic training, it is frequently used to
assess performance levels and direct conditioning programs. In the end, VO₂max is a valid metric
for evaluating physical performance and cardiorespiratory health.
The graded treadmill test is a popular and highly successful way to determine VO₂max.
Using a mask attached to a metabolic cart, the person breathes while walking or running on a
treadmill at progressively higher speeds and slopes. According to Ghosh (2004), this apparatus
gathers and examines expired air in order to determine oxygen consumption. Maximum effort is
presumed to have been reached when the individual reaches volitional exhaustion, which is
reached at the end of the test.
The treadmill test is frequently preferred over step or cycle tests because walking and
running are weight-bearing activities that naturally entail larger muscle mass and frequently
result in higher VO₂max scores (Midgley et al., 2007). To guarantee test validity, heart rate,
subjective effort, and respiratory exchange ratios are also tracked throughout the evaluation.
Athlete performance, mortality risk, and cardiorespiratory fitness are all strongly predicted by the
ultimate VO₂max value (Kodama et al., 2009).
2
There are many elements that affect VO₂max, such as age, sex, heredity, degree of
physical activity, and environmental factors like temperature or altitude (Shephard, 2009).
Long-distance runners and cross-country skiers are examples of elite endurance athletes who can
reach VO₂max levels exceeding 80 ml/kg/min, whereas sedentary or untrained people usually
measure between 30 and 40 ml/kg/min. By increasing cardiac output, mitochondrial density, and
capillary supply to working muscles, consistent aerobic exercise can dramatically increase
VO₂max, even if it is partially genetically dictated (Joyner & Coyle, 2008).
VO2max testing is essential in clinical and rehabilitative medicine in addition to sports
science. It is frequently used to guide recovery strategies after heart surgery or chronic disease,
as well as to assess patients with cardiovascular or pulmonary disorders. According to Arena et
al. (2007), the test offers an objective measure of functional capacity, which is essential for both
diagnosis and treatment.
To sum up, VO₂max is a strong and thorough predictor of cardiovascular health and
aerobic performance. One of the most reliable and easily available ways to measure this
parameter is still the treadmill VO₂max test. Understanding and applying VO₂ VO₂max offers
useful information for enhancing health, fitness, and general well-being, whether athletes are
looking for performance insights or patients are undergoing medical evaluation.
3
2.0 METHODOLOGY
2.1 STUDY DESIGN
The VO₂max test using the Bruce protocol is a step-by-step exercise test done on a treadmill.
Every 3 minutes, the speed and incline increase. The person keeps walking or running until they
are too tired to continue or reach a set limit. During the test, measurements like heart rate and
breathing are taken to estimate how much oxygen the body can use. (VO₂ Master,2024).
2.2 STUDY SETTING
The test was conducted in the human performance laboratory at the Faculty of Sport Science and
Recreation, UITM Shah Alam.
2.3 SUBJECT
The subject is a 23-year-old male with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 23.9. He is an international
hockey athlete and is currently active, as the season is ongoing.
2.4 EQUIPMENT
Treadmill Heart Rate Monitor
4
Manual Blood Pressure Monitor Face Mask
Lactate Analyzer
5
2.5 PROCEDURE
According to [Link]
1. Attach all necessary equipment (e.g., headgear for support of respiratory valve) and
optional equipment (e.g., heart-rate monitor) insert the mouthpiece of the respiratory
valve into the participant's mouth; attach the breathing tube to the
"out" port of the valve; and affix the nose clip to the participant's nose (do not forget the
nose clip).
2. Instruct the participant to begin exercising at the initial stage of the exercise test protocol.
3. Simultaneously start all equipment (e.g. heart-rate monitor) and timers.
4. Follow the test protocol by increasing treadmill speed and power at the appropriate times
(if not done automatically by the ergometer).
5. Record any desired data (not recorded automatically) at specific intervals. It is typical to
record heart rate each minute; RPE at 1, 2, or 3 min intervals; and if recording the Heart
Rate or blood pressure, they are typically recorded at 3 min intervals (but this can vary
based on the protocol).
6. Monitor the participant for any signs or symptoms that could warrant stopping the test
prematurely (e.g., chest pain, leg pain, blood pressure changes, dizziness, nausea).
7. Determine when the participant is approaching a maximal effort through the use of heart
rate (approaching a previously measured HRmax or within 10 beats of age-predicted
HRmax); respiratory exchange ratio (ap-proaching an RER of 1.15 or above); rating of
perceived exertion (approaching an RPE of 18 or above); and other observations (e.g.,
participant no longer gives thumbs-up sign, changes in treadmill gait, changes in cycling
mechanics).
8. When signs of maximal effort begin to appear, encourage the participant to continue as
long as possible without jeopardizing safety. If the test is being done on a treadmill, a
spotter should be used to assist the participant to reduce the likelihood of injury.
9. When the participant voluntarily stops at what is assumed to be the point of exhaustion,
safely end the test. As quickly as possible, begin a cool-down.
10. Remove all equipment. Discard any disposable equipment , and clean and sanitize all
reusable equipment (e.g., mouthpiece, nose clip, respiratory valve, breathing tube,
heart-rate monitor, blood pressure cuff) according to accepted practices.
6
2.6 PROTOCOL
This phase is designed for lower fitness levels or initial warm-up, especially in rehabilitation or
less trained populations. It consists of 4 progressive stages, each lasting 3 minutes, and includes
gradually increasing intensity. (VO2 Master,2024)
Stage 1
● Speed: 2.70 kmh
● Incline: 10%
● Duration: 3 minutes
● Description: This is the starting phase. Used to assess the participant’s ability to handle
moderate exertion. If the athlete maintains form and physiological stability, proceed to
the next step.
Stage 2
● Speed: 4.00 kmh
● Incline: 12%
● Duration: 3 minutes
● Description: Slight increase in both speed and incline. This stage begins to increase
workload on the cardiovascular system.
Stage 3
● Speed: 5.50 kmh
● Incline: 14%
● Duration: 3 minutes
● Description: Faster pace with a steeper grade. At this point, the subject should begin to
feel more challenged.
Stage 4
● Speed: 6.80 kmh
● Incline: 16%
● Duration: 3 minutes
● Description: High brisk walking or light jogging pace at a significant incline. This
concludes Stage 1 if completed successfully.
Progression: If all stages are completed with good performance (e.g., stable heart
rate, no excessive fatigue or symptoms), move to the next stage .
7
Stage 5
This phase starts at a higher intensity than the earlier steps and is designed to push
cardiovascular performance. It's used more commonly in fit or trained individuals.
● Speed: 8.00 kmh
● Incline: 18%
● Duration: 3 minutes
● Description: Slightly fast jog at a steep incline. Demands significant effort from both
cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems.
Recovery
● Speed: 2.70 kmh
● Incline: 0%
● Duration: 3 minutes
● Description: This is the recovery phase. After finish the whole set, the subject need to
slow the tempo to recovery theirself from fatigue.
8
3.0 RESULTS
Client : Ahmad Suhaimi Bin Kamaruddin
Age : 23 years old
Height: 171 cm
Weight: 70 kg
Pre- & Post Test Blood Pressure : 110 / 68 mmHg & 124 / 88 mmHg
Pre- & Post test Blood Lactate : 2.0 mmol/L & 16.2 mmol/L
Pre- & Post test Heart Rate : 104 bpm & 125 bpm
Stage Time Blood Blood Heart VO₂/Kg Grade Speed
(min) Pressure Lactate Rate (mL/min/ (%) (Km/h)
(mmHg) (mmol/L) (bpm) Kg)
1 1:00 101 12.7 10.0 2.70
180 / 110 5.2
2:00 132 18.2 10.0 2.70
3:00 136 18.9 12.0 4.00
2 4:00 135 22.1 12.0 4.00
168 / 116 4.5
5:00 137 25.9 12.0 4.00
6:00 140 27.7 12.0 4.00
3 7:00 150 28.5 14.0 5.50
128 / 110 7.8
8:00 156 32.9 14.0 5.50
9:00 155 30.8 14.0 5.50
4 10:00 162 36.2 16.0 6.80
142 / 110 14.1
11:00 174 43.8 16.0 6.80
12:00 178 47.3 16.0 6.80
5 13:00 183 48.3 18.0 8.00
132 / 100 16.4
14:00 185 49.7 18.0 8.00
15:00 183 46.8 18.0 8.00
Recovery 16:00 164 29.6 00 2.70
148 / 98 16.1
17:00 144 19.8 0.0 2.70
18:00 137 18.1 0.0 0.00
Table 4.1 Data of the client during exercise
9
Stage Time VE Ventilatory VO₂ VCO₂ RER Rf
(min) (L/min) Threshold (mL/min) (mL/min) (1/min)
L (btps)
1 1:00 30.6 1.284 889 819 0.92 24.5
2:00 29.6 1.207 1271 870 0.68 24.5
3:00 30.9 1.332 1320 972 0.74 23.2
2 4:00 35.5 1.276 1548 1152 0.74 27.8
5:00 42.7 1.877 1814 1478 0.81 22.8
6:00 48.4 1.898 1938 1658 0.86 25.5
3 7:00 50.2 1.890 1995 1764 0.88 26.6
8:00 61.4 2.559 2305 2232 0.97 24.0
9:00 58.0 2.206 2154 2090 0.97 26.3
4 10:00 70.8 2.487 2533 2479 0.98 28.5
11:00 94.7 3.034 3064 3289 . 31.2
12:00 117.2 3.122 3308 3786 1.14 37.5
5 13:00 132.5 3.070 3379 3995 1.18 43.2
14:00 157.0 3.023 3482 4197 1.21 51.9
15:00 142.7 2.927 3278 3746 1.14 48.7
Recovery 16:00 104.5 2.565 2069 2686 1.30 40.7
17:00 74.0 2.114 1384 1783 1.29 35.0
18:00 62.1 1.879 1270 1487 1.17 33.0
Table 4.2 Data of the client during exercise
10
Graph 4.3.1 Heart rate and volume of oxygen per kilogram over time
Graph 4.3.2 Blood lactate over time
11
Graph 4.3.3 Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure over time
Graph 4.3.4 Respiratory Exchange Ratio over time
12
Graph 4.3.5 Volume of oxygen and carbon dioxide over time
Graph 4.3.6 Minute of ventilation and volume of carbon dioxide over time
13
Based on the tables and graphs shown, both the client’s heart rate (HR) and volume of
oxygen (VO₂/kg) increased irregularly, where they plateaued at certain minutes, but they still
escalated until they reached his maximum volume of oxygen consumption, VO₂max, the highest
peak of the amount of VO₂/kg that the client can utilize. Once he met his VO₂max, his HR and
VO₂/kg started to decrease as the exercise’s intensity decreased. The client’s blood lactate (BL)
had spiked at the minute of four and increased until the minute of 14, where he produced the
highest amount of lactic acid in blood. From the data, the client had high readings of systolic
blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (SBP) at the very first minute of the exercise.
His SBP then began to reduce and slightly rise at several minutes, while his DBP remained in the
range between 100 mmHg and 116 mmHg throughout the exercise regardless of the intensity
levels. Additionally, the client started the exercise with 0.92 of respiratory exchange ratio (RER)
at the first minute, a bit high compared to the second minute of the exercise. Then, it continued
to elevate every minute from 0.68 to 1.21, the highest point of the ratio of carbon dioxide
produced to oxygen consumed during respiration. As the exercise intensity rose, the volume of
oxygen uptake (VO₂) generally increased until the highest peak was reached, which is referred to
as peak VO₂ or VO₂ max. The VCO₂ increased linearly with VO₂ from the start, but at the minute
of 14, the rate of VCO₂ increase became disproportionate to the increase in VO₂. There is a
significant difference between the VO₂ and VCO₂ at the minute of 14, where the VO₂ max is, and
both indicators are also at the highest peak. Based on the graph 4.6, initially, ventilation
increased proportionally to CO₂ production, but as exercise intensity increased, the linear
relationship broke down, leading to more VCO₂ rise than VO₂. Below are the norms of VO₂ max
for men.
Rating Age (years)
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 > 65
Excellent > 60 > 56 > 51 > 45 > 41 > 37
Good 52-60 49-56 43-51 39-45 36-41 33-37
Above average 47-51 43-48 39-42 36-38 32-35 29-32
Average 42-46 40-42 35-38 32-35 30-31 26-28
Below average 37-41 35-39 31-34 29-31 26-29 22-25
Poor 30-36 30-34 26-30 25-28 22-25 20-21
Very poor < 30 < 30 < 26 < 25 < 22 < 20
Table 4.3.7 Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) norms for men
14
4.0 DISCUSSION
Based on table 4.1, The result shows that the subject's VO₂max reached the 14th minute
of the test, as well as all the parameters, and also reached its highest peak at the same minute.
The subject hit the HR max at 185 bpm, which is the highest HR reading throughout the
exercise. For the maximum consumption of oxygen per minute, or VO2max, the subject
achieves the amount of 49.7 mL/min/kg. This data shows that the subject consumed 49.7 mL per
minute of oxygen at the 14th minute of the exercise, and based on Garmin, the subject has a good
level of VO2Max in the population range from 20 to 29 years old (Garmin, 2022). For the VE
result, which is the total volume of air entering the lungs in a minute, the subject recorded 157.0
L/min of air entering his lungs in a minute. Different from others, the subject ventilation
threshold recorded the highest amount at 3.023 L(bpts) in the 13th minute of the exercise instead
of in the 14th minute. As for the total oxygen (VO2) and the carbon dioxide consumption
(VCO2), they were recorded at 3482 and 4197 mL/min, and they are increasing linearly with the
VO2Max. For the Respiratory Exchange Rate, (RER) the highest ratio recorded was 1.21 in
minute 14. The last parameter, which is the breathing rate, or RF, also recorded the highest value
in minute 14 of the test, which is 51.9 breaths per minute.
From the VO2Max of the subject, factors such as Blood Lactate (BL), Blood Lactate
Threshold (BL Threshold) and Blood Pressure (BP) were related with the total Oxygen
Consumption. From the result, it shows that the blood lactate amount is increasing as the
intensity increases. The subject achieves the highest amount at 16.4 mmol/L, which means his
body can’t get enough oxygen supply, which results in anaerobic threshold. Based on the graph
4.2, it shows that the lactate threshold happened at minutes 7-10 in the exercise. This shows a
higher lactate threshold, which means the athlete can sustain a higher intensity for a longer
duration before lactate begins to accumulate in the blood (High North, 2024). For Blood
Pressure, BP has a negative correlation with VO₂max because in Table 4.1, the BP of the subject
was somehow decreased as the intensity increased. The BP was decreased because it indicates
that the subject's heart and lungs are more efficiently providing blood to his muscles, and his
muscles are extracting and utilizing oxygen from his blood (Warner, 2024).
Next is to relate the oxygen consumption with heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and
cardiac output (Q). Heart rate has an almost linear relationship with VO₂max, where it both
increases when the intensity increases because when the body needs more oxygen, the hormones
will accelerate the breathing rate, and after that more oxygen will get supplied to the body
(Hurley, 2025). As for the SV, the SV will increase in the couple of minutes of the exercise and
will plateau until the exercise is finished. It is because there is enough oxygen to support the
metabolic demands of physical exercise (Polar, 2017). Cardiac output (Q) is also one of the
determinants of VO₂max, and Q will determine how much oxygen your body can utilize in a
very long duration exercise.
15
The other parameters, like RER or RQ, VO₂, and VCO, also affected the VO₂ max value.
As for the RQ, the subject has attained the VO₂ max because he achieved the peak RQ ratio of
1.21. His VO₂max result is legit because, based on PubMed Central, a respiratory exchange ratio
(RERmax) of ≥1.10 is usually used to evaluate if a "true" maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) has
been obtained during maximal-effort exercise testing (Niekamp, 2013). VO₂max can be used to
calculate the anaerobic threshold (AT), which is the point at which the body's reliance on
anaerobic metabolism becomes significantly higher. This is shown by a shift in the slope of the
VCO₂–VO₂relationship (Oxford Academy, 2006).
In the context of breathing, minute ventilation, or VE for short, is the total amount of air
that is inhaled or exhaled in a minute. Ventilatory thresholds (VTs) and minute ventilation (VE)
are related in that VTs are points of inflection in the VE graph that occur during exercise. In
particular, VT1 and VT2 stand for breakpoints when VE rises more quickly than carbon dioxide
production (VCO₂) and oxygen consumption (VO₂) (VO2 Master, 2024). Based on the results,
the highest peak of VE value is 157.0 L/min, at the same time as VO₂max whereabouts. The first
VT, VT1 of the client is at minute 7, with the volume of oxygen, VO2, at 1995 mL/min, having
rapidly increased to 2305. VE rises disproportionately to VO₂ at this initial inflection point,
which is sometimes linked to an increase in tidal volume (the amount of air inhaled or expelled
in a single breath) (VO₂ Master, 2024). Then, the second VT, VT2 is at the minute of 9, with the
volume of oxygen, VO₂, at 2154 mL/min increased even more to the minute of 11, with 3064
mL/min. This is the second inflection point where VE rises even more, frequently with a
flattening or reduction in tidal volume and a non-linear rise in respiratory frequency (VO₂
Master, 2024).
16
5.0 CONCLUSION
For the participant's age and sex, the VO₂max test demonstrated a peak oxygen uptake of
49.7 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, which has been classified as good. This indicates that the individual is highly
aerobically fit. The participant's breathing and oxygen consumption increased steadily as the
treadmill test became more difficult, which is a normal and healthy reaction. The participant put
forth their best effort, as evidenced by the respiratory exchange ratio (RER), which was 1.21,
higher than the usual cutoff of 1.10.
The test showed a strong heart response as the heart rate increased to 184 beats per
minute, which was almost the maximum expected for their age. Additionally, blood pressure
increased, which is standard during physical activity. The diastolic pressure remained within a
safe range while the systolic pressure increased from 112 to 188 mmHg. The body was exerting
more effort and generating more energy without enough oxygen, as evidenced by the rise in
lactate levels from 5.2 to 16.4 mmol/L.
The participant demonstrated strong heart, lung, and muscle responses during exercise,
indicating overall excellent fitness. This implies that they are probably highly active or
frequently engage in endurance training.
17
6.0 REFERENCES
Bell, T. (2025, April 4). Blood lactate testing protocols for cycling — High North Performance.
High North Performance. Retrieved May 19, 2025, from
[Link]
Hurley, S. (n.d.). Why Does Heart Rate Increase During Exercise and How It Affects Cycling
Performance. TrainerRoad. Retrieved May 19, 2025, from
[Link]
at-it-means-for-cycling-performance/
MIdgley, A. w., & McNaughton, L. R. (2012, October 2). Criteria for Determination of Maximal
Oxygen Uptake. Link Springer. Retrieved May 19, 2025, from
[Link]
Norm values for VO2max. (n.d.). Topend Sports. Retrieved May 19, 2025, from
[Link]
Pedersen, T., & Ajmera, R. (2024, February 5). 8 Best Heart Rate Monitors in 2024. Healthline.
Retrieved May 19, 2025, from
[Link]
Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing in chronic heart failure due to left ventricular
dysfunction: recommendations for performance and interpretation Part I: Definition of
cardiopulmonary exercise testing parameters for appropriate use in chronic. (2006, April
1). European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation, 13(2), 150-164.
[Link]
Warner, L., & LeWine, H. E. (2024, July 8). VO2 max: What is it and how can you improve it?
Harvard Health. Retrieved May 19, 2025, from
[Link]
prove-it#app
Weiss, E. P. (n.d.). Systemic acid load from the diet affects maximal exercise respiratory
exchange ratio. PubMed Central. Retrieved May 19, 2025, from
[Link]
What Is Cardiac Drift And How It Affects Your Training. (2017, February 28). Polar. Retrieved
May 19, 2025, from [Link]
18
Bassett, D. R., & Howley, E. T. (2000). Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and
determinants of endurance performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32(1),
70–84. [Link]
Kodama, S., Saito, K., Tanaka, S., Maki, M., Yachi, Y., Asumi, M., Sugawara, A., Totsuka, K.,
Shimano, H., Ohashi, Y., Yamada, N., & Sone, H. (2009). Cardiorespiratory fitness as a
quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and
women: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 301(19), 2024–2035. [Link]
Shephard, R. J. (2009). Maximal oxygen intake and independence in old age. British Journal of
Sports Medicine, 43(5), 342–346. [Link]
Midgley, A. W., McNaughton, L. R., Polman, R., & Marchant, D. (2007). Criteria for
determination of maximal oxygen uptake: A brief critique and recommendations for future
research. Sports Medicine, 37(12), 1019–1028.
Everything You Need to Know About Ventilatory Thresholds. (2024, July 5). VO2 Master.
Retrieved May 19, 2025, from
[Link]
19
7 .0 ATTACHMENT
Image 7.1 Summary results of the client’s data of VO₂ max test
Image 7.2 Graphs of the client’s results
20
Image 7.3 Graphs of the client’s results
Image 7.4 Results of the client’s VO₂ max test
21
