NOTES (NUMBER 1)
CHAPTER 6, LIFE PROCESSES
• All living things perform certain life processes like growth, excretion,
respiration, circulation etc.
• The basic functions performed by living organisms for their survival and
body maintenance are called life processes.
Basic life processes are : Nutrition, Respiration, Transportation, Excretion
etc.
Life Processes require energy which is provided by nutrition.
NUTRITION
Modes of Nutrition
1. Autotrophic Nutrition :-Kind of nutrition in which organisms can
synthesize their own food Eg. Green Plants,some bacteria.(Blue green bacteria)
2. Heterotrophic Nutrition :- Kind of nutrition in which organisms do not
possess the ability to synthesize their own food. They depend on autotrophs for
their food supply directly or indirectly. Eg. Animals, Fungi.
[Link] Nutrition
• Autotrophs : The organisms which can make their own food are called
autotrophs (green plants).
• Photosynthesis : The process by which green plants make their own food with
the help of CO and H O in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight is also
called photosynthesis.
• Raw Materials for Photosynthesis :
• Site of Photosynthesis : Chloroplast in the leaf. Chloroplast contain
chlorophyll. (green pigment).
Absorption of Sunlight energy by chlorophyll to carbohydrates.
Events/ Steps of photosynthesis-
(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy & Splitting of water molecule
into Hydrogen & oxygen
(iii) Reduction of Carbon dioxide to Carbohydrate
• Stomata : Tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves.
• Functions of Stomata
• (i) Exchange of gases
• (ii) Loses large amount of water [water vapour] during transpiration and helps
in up flow of water
•
Opening and closing of stomatal pores:
The opening and closing of stomatal pores are controlled by the turgidity of guard
cells.
1 Stomatal Opening When guard cells uptake water from surrounding cells, they
swell to become a turgid body, which enlarges the pore in between
[Link] Closing when water is released, guard cells shrink Which closes the
stomatal pore .
[Link] NUTRION:
Steps of Holozoic Nutrition:
1 Ingestion: The process of taking in the food is called ingestion.
2 Digestion: The process of breaking complex food substances into simple
molecules is called digestion. Simple molecules, thus obtained, can be absorbed by
the body.
3 Absorption: The process of absorption of digested food is called absorption.
4 Assimilation: The process of utilization of digested food, for energy and for
growth and repair is called assimilation.
5 Egestion: The process of removing undigested food from the body is called
egestion.
Process of food intake in Amoeba
[Link] is a unicellular animal which follows the holozoic mode of nutrition.
[Link] cell membrane of amoeba keeps on protruding into pseudopodia.
[Link] surrounds a food particle with pseudopodia and makes a food vacuole.
[Link] food vacuole contains food particle and water.
[Link] enzymes are secreted in the food vacuole and digestion takes place.
[Link] that, digested food is absorbed from the food vacuole.
[Link],the food vacuole moves near the cell and undigested food is expelled out.
[Link]
Nutrition in Human Beings
Structure of the Human Digestive System:
The human digestive system comprises of the alimentary canal and associated
digestive glands.
• Alimentary Canal: It comprises of mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small
intestine and large intestine,anus.
• Associated Glands: Main associated glands are
1) Salivary gland
2) Gastric Glands
3) Liver
4) Pancreas
A)Mouth or Buccal Cavity:The mouth has
I. Tongue.
II. teeth
III Salivary glands.
I The tongue
a) Has gustatory receptors(taste) which perceive the sense of taste.
b) The tongue helps in turning over the food so that saliva can be properly mixed
in it.
II Teeth
• Help in breaking down the food into smaller particles so that, swallowing of
food becomes easier.
There are four types of teeth in human beings.
a) The incisor teeth(4+4) are used for cutting the food.
b) The canine teeth(2+2) are used for tearing the food and for cracking hard
substances.
c) The premolars(4+4) are used for the coarse grinding of food.
d) The molars(6+6) are used for fine grinding of food.
III Salivary glands secrete saliva:
1 Saliva makes the food slippery which makes it easy to swallow the food.
2 Saliva also contains the enzyme salivary amylase or ptyalin. Salivary
amylase digests starch and converts it into sucrose, (maltose).
Starch Salivary amylase sucrose, (maltose).
B Oesophagus: Taking food from mouth to stomach by Peristaltic movement.
• Peristaltic movement: Rhythmic contraction of muscles of the lining of the
alimentary canal to push the food forward.
C Stomach
• Stomach is a bag-like organ. Highly muscular walls of the stomach help in
churning the food.
• The walls of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid.
➢ Hydrochloric acid
a) kills the germs which may be present in food.
b) It makes the medium inside the stomach as acidic. The acidic medium is
necessary for gastric enzymes to work.
➢ Enzyme pepsin,
secreted in the stomach, does partial digestion of protein.
➢ Mucus,
secreted by the walls of the stomach saves the inner lining of the stomach
from getting damaged from hydrochloric acid.
D Small Intestine: It is a highly coiled tube-like structure. The small intestine is
longer than the large intestine but its lumen is smaller than that of the large
intestine.
Length of small intestine varies according to food [Link] need
long small intestine for cellulose digestion While carnivores have shorter
small intestine as meat is comparatively easy to digest
• Liver:
a) Liver is the largest organ in the human body. The liver manufactures bile,
which gets stored in the gall bladder. From the gall bladder, bile is released
as and when required.
b) Bile breaks down large fat globules into smaller fat globules. This process is
called emulsification of fat
• Pancreas: Pancreas is situated below the stomach. It secretes pancreatic juice
which contains many digestive enzymes like Lipase and Trypsin.
a) Enzyme lipase digests fat into fatty acids and glycerol.
Fat Enzyme lipase fatty acids and glycerol.
b) Enzyme Trypsin digest protein into peptones
Protein Enzyme Trypsin Peptones
• Intestinal juice convert
a)Complex carbohydrates to glucose.
b)Protein to amino acids
c)Fats to fatty acids and glycerol.
[Link]
a)The inner wall of small intestine is projected into numerous finger-like
structures, called villi.
b)Villi increase the surface area inside the small intestine to increase the area for
absorption
c)Moreover, villi also reduce the lumen so that food can stay for a longer duration
in small intestine for optimum absorption.
d) Digested food is absorbed by villi.
[Link]
villi
E Large Intestine
c) Large intestine is smaller than the small intestine.
d) Undigested food goes into the large intestine.
e) Some water and salt are absorbed by the walls of the large intestine. After
that, the undigested food goes to the rectum, from where it is expelled out
through the anus. (Egestion).
Respiration:
-The process by which a living being utilises the food to get energy, is called
respiration.
-Respiration is an oxidation reaction in which carbohydrate is oxidized to produce
energy. Mitochondria is the site of respiration and the energy released is stored in
the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is stored in mitochondria and is
broken down giving rise to a fixed amount of energy which can drive endothermic
reactions taking place in the cell
Respiration involves:
1) Gaseous exchange: Intake of oxygen from the atmosphere and release of CO2
→ Breathing.
2)Cellular respiration Breakdown of simple food in order to release energy inside
the cell
Steps of respiration:
Breaking down of glucose into pyruvate: This step happens in the cytoplasm.
Glucose molecule(6 carbon molecule) is broken down into pyruvic acid(3 carbon
molecule)and energy is produced.
Fate of Pyruvic Acid: Further breaking down of pyruvic acid depend on the type of
respiration in a particular organism. Respiration is of two types
Types of Respiration
Aerobic respiration: This type of respiration happens in the presence of oxygen.
Pyruvic acid is converted into carbon dioxide water and Energy.
Anaerobic respiration: This type of respiration happens in the absence of oxygen.
Pyruvic acid is either converted into ethyl alcohol\Ethanol(Yeast or bacteria) or
lactic acid(muscles). Lactic acid is formed in the leg muscles during sudden
activity causes cramps
Exchange of gases
Gills are the respiratory organs for fishes. Fishes take in oxygen which is dissolved
in water through [Link], availability oxygen is less in the aquatic environment,
so the breathing rate of aquatic organisms is faster.
-Terrestrial organisms have developed lungs for exchange of [Link] of
oxygen is not a problem in the terrestrial environment so breathing rate is slower as
compared to what it is in fshes.
Terrestrial organisms: Use atmospheric oxygen for respiration.
Aquatic organisms: Use dissolve oxygen for respiration.
Human respiratory system
Following are the main structures in the human respiratory system:
1. Nostrils: There are two nostrils which converge to form a nasal passage. The
inner lining of the nostrils is lined by hair and remains wet due to mucus secretion.
The mucus and the hair help in filtering the dust particles out from inhaled air.
Further, air is warmed up when it enters the nasal passage.
2. Pharynx: It is a tube-like structure which continues after the nasal passage.
3. Larynx: This part comes after the pharynx. This is also called voice box.
4. Trachea: This is composed of rings of cartilage. Cartilaginous rings prevent
the collapse of trachea in the absence of air.
5. Bronchi: A pair of bronchi comes out from the trachea, with one bronchus
going to each lung.
6. Bronchioles: A bronchus divides into branches and subbranches inside the lung.
7. Alveoli: These are air sacs at the end of bronchioles. The alveolus is composed
of a very thin membrane and is the place where blood capillaries open. This is
alveolus, where the oxygen mixes with the blood and carbon dioxide exits from the
blood. The exchange of gases, in alveoli, takes place due to the pressure
differential.
Exchange of gases.
• Respiration in Plants : Respiration in plants is simpler than the respiration
in animals. Gaseous exchange occur through
1. Stomata in leaves
2. Lenticels in stem
3. General surface of the roots.
Transportation
1. Human beings like other multicellular organism need regular supply of food,
oxygen etc., This function is performed by circulatory system or Transport
system.
The circulatory system in human beings consists of :
Section view of the Human Heart
[Link]
Circulation of blood in the Heart
(Deoxygenated Blood) (Oxygenated Blood)
Tissues Lungssngs
Vena cava Pulmonary
vein
HEART MUSCLES RELAX
Right Atrium Left Atrium
ATRIUM CONTRACT & VALVES OPEN
Right
VENTRICLE CONTRACT & VALVES CLOSE
Ventricle Left Ventricle
Pulmonary
Artery Aorta
Lungs Tissues
Double Circulation : In the human heart, blood passes through the heart twice in
one cardiac cycle. This type of circulation is called double circulation.
- Double circulation ensures complete segregation of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood which is necessary for optimum energy production in warm-
blooded animals.
- One complete heartbeat in which all the chambers of the heart contract and relax
once is called cardiac cycle.
-The heart beats about 72 times per minute in a normal adult. In one cardiac
cycle, the heart pumps out 70 mL blood and thus, about 4900 mL blood in a
minute.
Systolic pressure: Maximum pressure at which blood flows during contraction of
the heart. (120 mmHg)
Diastolic pressure: Minimum pressure at which blood flows during relaxation of
the heart. (80 mmHg)
Sphygmomanometer: Instrument which measures blood pressure.
Pulmonary circulation : blood moves from the heart to the lungs and back the
heart.
Heart to lungs
Systemic circulation :blood moves from the heart to rest of the body and back to
the heart
Heart to body
Lymph:
• Lymph is similar to blood but RBCs are absent in lymph.
• Lymph is formed from the fluid which leaks from blood capillaries and goes
to the intercellular space in the tissues. This fluid is collected through lymph
vessels and finally return to the blood capillaries.
• Lymph also plays an important role in the immune system.
• Lymph is a yellowish fluids,have less proteins than blood.
• Lymph flows from the tissues to the heart assisting in transportation and
destroying [Link] following [Link] green is lymph circulation.
[Link]
[Link]
Transportation in Plants : Plants have specialized vascular tissues for
transportation of substances. There are two types of vascular tissues in plants.
➢ Xylem:
-Xylem is responsible for transportation of water and minerals.
-It is composed of tracheids, xylem vessels, xylem parenchyma and
xylem_fibre. Tracheids and xylem vessels are the conducting elements.
-The xylem makes a continuous tube in plants which runs from roots to stem
and right up to the veins of leaves.
-Carry water and minerals from the leaves to the other part of the plant.
➢ Phloem:
- is responsible for transportation of food.
- Phloem is composed of sieve tubes,companion cells, phloem parenchyma and
fibers. Sieve tubes are the conducting elements in phloem.
-Carries product of photosynthesis from leaves to other part of the plant.
Transportation of water in plants
Ascent of sap: The upward movement of water and minerals from roots to
different plant parts is called ascent of sap. Many factors are at play in ascent of
sap and it takes place in many steps. They are explained as follows :
1) Root pressure: The walls of cells of root hairs are very thin. Water from soil
enters the root hairs because of osmosis. Root pressure is responsible for
movement of water up to the base of the stem.
2Transpiration pull: Loss of water vapour through stomata and lenticels, in
plants, is called transpiration. Transpiration through stomata creates vacuum which
creates a suction, called transpiration pull. The transpiration pull sucks the water
column from the xylem tubes and thus, water is able to rise to great heights in even
the tallest plants.
Transport of food:
-Transport of food from leaves (food factory) to different parts of the plant is
called Translocation.
-Transport of food in plants happens because of utilization of energy. Thus, unlike
the transport through xylem, it is a form of active transport.
- flow of substances through phloem takes place in both directions, i.e., it is a two-
way traffc in phloem.
Transpiration is the process of loss of water as vapour from aerial parts of the
plant.
Functions
- Absorption and upward movement of water and minerals by creating pull.
- Helps in temperature regulation in plant.
TRANSPORT OF FOOD IN PLANTS TRANSPORT OF WATER
SUCROSE (CHLOROPLAST) WATER(SOIL)
Using ATP
molecules CREATES A DIFFERENCE IN
PHLOEM TISSUES CONCENTRATION OF WATER BETWEEN
ROOT CELLS AND SOIL
SUCROSE CONCENTRATION INCREASES
IN PHLOEM TISSUES ROOT ACTIVELY TAKES WATER IONS
INCREASES OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE IT RESULTS IN THE MOVEMENT OF
PHLOEM TISSUE WATER FROM SOIL INTO THE CELLS BY
OSMOSIS PROCESS
HELPS TO MOVE SUCROSE INTO THE
NEIGHBOURING TISSUES HAVING LESS WATER REACHES XYLEM CELLS AND IS
CONCENTRATION ACCORDING TO THE PUSHED UPWARDS TOWARDS LEAF BY
PLANT NEED. TRANSPIRATIONAL PULL
Excretion in human beings :
The process of the removal of the harmful metabolic wastes from the body is
called [Link] need to be removed in time because their
accumulation in the body can be harmful and even lethal for an organism.
Human Excretory System:
Excretory system of human beings includes :
• A pair of kidneys. Kidney is a bean-shaped organ which lies near the
vertebral column in the abdominal cavity.
• A pair of the ureter. A tube, called ureter, comes out of each kidney and goes
to the urinary bladder.
• A urinary bladder Urine is collected in the urinary bladder,
• A urethra urine is expelled out through urethra as and when
required.
Kidney:
The kidney is composed of many filtering units, called nephrons.
Nephron is called the functional unit of kidney.
Nephron
• It is composed of a tangled mass of tubes and a filtering part, called
glomerulus.
• The glomerulus is a network of blood capillaries to which renal artery is
attached.
Renal Artery: Blood vessels which bring blood from heart to kidney.
Renal Vein: Blood vessel which brings blood from kidney to heart.
• The glomerulus is enclosed in a capsule like portion, called bowman’s
capsule. The bowman’s capsule extends into a tube which is highly coiled.
• Tubes from various nephrons converge into collecting duct, which finally
goes to the ureter.
• Urine formation in the kidney: The urine formation involves three steps:
• Glomerular filtration: Nitrogenous wastes, glucose, water, amino acid
filter from the blood into bowman’s capsule of the nephron.
• Tubular reabsorption: Now, useful substances like glucose,amino acids,
salts and major amount of water from the filtrate are reabsorbed back by
capillaries surrounding the nephron.
• Secretion: Extra water, salts are secreted into the tubule which opens up into
the collecting duct and then into the ureter.
• Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the urinary
bladder where it is stored until it is released through the urethra. Bladder is
muscular,so it is under nervous [Link] a result ,we can usually control
the urge to urinate
[Link]
Haemodialysis: The process of purifying blood by an artificial kidney. It is meant
for kidney failure patient
Excretion in Plants
1) wastes may be stored in leaves, bark etc. which fall off from the plant.
2) Plants excrete some waste into the soil around them.
3) Gums, resin → In old xylem
4) Some metabolic wastes in the form of crystals of calcium oxalates in the
leaves of colocasia and stem of Zimikand.
5) Oxygen released during photosynthesis.
6) by transpiration
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